The history of acupuncture is described up to the present day. The different methods are explained and both empirical and controlled studies on acupuncture are reviewed. The neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of acupuncture are discussed, including the contribution of endorphins.
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Klide A., Kung S.Veterinary acupuncture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977.
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Chen GS, Hwang Y-C.Therapeutic effect of acupuncture for chronic pain. Am J Chin Med, 1977; 5(1): 45-61.
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Cheung Jyt.Effect of electroacupuncture on chronic painful conditions in general medical practice - a 4 years' study. Am J Chin Med1985; 13: 33-38.
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Sodipo Joa.Therapeutic acupuncture for chronic pain. Pain1979; 7: 359-65.
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Co LL, Schmitz TH, Havdala H., Reyes A., Westerman MPAcupuncture: an evaluation in the painful crises of sickle cell anaemia . Pain1979; 7: 181-85.
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Lewith GTAcupuncture: its place in western medical science. London : Thorsens Publishers Limited. 1982 .
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Filshie J., Redman D.Acupuncture and malignant pain problems. European Journal of Surgical Oncology1985; 11(4): 389-94.
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Han JS, Tang J., Ren MF, Zhou ZF, Fan SG, Qiu XCCentral neurotransmitters and acupuncture analgesia. Am J Chin Med1980; 8(4): 331-48.
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Wen HLCancer pain treated with acupuncture and electrical stimulation. Mod Med Asia1977; 13(2): 12-16.
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Lewith GT, Machin D.Review article - on the evaluation of the clinical effects of acupuncture . Pain1983; 16: 111-27.
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Vincent CA, Richardson PHReview article - the evaluation of therapeutic acupuncture: concepts and methods . Pain1986; 24: 1-13.
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Richardson PH, Vincent CAAcupuncture for the treatment of pain: a review of evaluative research. Pain1986; 24: 15-40.
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Lewith GTHow effective is acupuncture in the management of pain? J R Coll Gen Pract, 1984; 34: 275-78.
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Macdonald Aja , Macrae KD, Master BR, Rubin APSuperficial acupuncture in the relief of chronic low back pain. Ann R Coll Surg Eng , 1983; 65: 44-46.
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Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KFThe impact of patients with nonorganic physical findings on a controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and electroacupuncture . Spine1983; 8: 625-34.
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Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KF, Colby H., King Liu Y., Fairchild ML, Christensen S.Efficacy of electroacupuncture and TENS in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain patients. Pain1986; 26: 277-90.
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Mendelson G. , Kidson MA, Loh ST, Scott DF, Selwood TS, Kranz H.Acupuncture analgesia for chronic low back pain. Clin Exp Neurol1978; 15: 182-85.
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Mendelson G. , Selwood TS, Kranz H., Loh TS, Kidson MA, Scott DSAcupuncture treatment of chronic back pain - a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Med1983; 74: 49-55.
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Petrie JP, Hazleman BLA controlled study of acupuncture in neck pain. Br J Rheumatol1986; 25: 271-75.
41.
Petrie JP, Langley GBAcupuncture in the treatment of chronic cervical pain. A pilot study . Clin Exp Rheumatol1983; 1: 333-35.
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Hansen PE, Hansen JHAcupuncture treatment of chronic tension headache - a controlled cross-over trial. Cephalalgia1985; 5: 137-42.
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Gaw AC, Chang LW, Shaw L-C.Efficacy of acupuncture on osteoarthritic pain. A controlled, double-blind study. N Eng J Med1975; August 21: 375-78.
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Godfrey CM, Morgan P.A controlled trial of the theory of acupuncture in musculoskeletal pain. J Rheumatol1978; 5: 121-24.
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Ballegaard S., Christophersen SJ, Gamwell Dawids S. Hesse J., Vestergaard Olsen N.Acupuncture and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain associated with chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol1985; 20: 1249-54.
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Lundeberg T.A comparative study of the pain alleviating effect of vibratory stimulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, electroacupuncture and placebo. Am J Chin Med,1984; 12(1-4): 72-79.
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Hansen PE, Hansen JHAcupuncture treatment of chronic facial pain - a controlled cross-over trial . Headache1983; March: 66-69.
48.
Krieger DTBrain peptides: what, where and why?Science1983; 222: 975-85.
49.
Bannerman RHAcupuncture: the WHO view. World Health1980; December: 24-29.
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Hayhoe S.Effects of acupuncture in bronchial asthma. (Letter). J R Soc Med1982; 75: 917.
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Dundee JW, Chestnutt WN, Ghaly RG, Lynas Aga.Traditional Chinese acupuncture: a potentially useful antiemetic?Br Med J1986; 293: 583-84.
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Bowsher D.The physiology of acupuncture. Intractable Pain Society1986; 5(1): 15-18.
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Melzack R., Wall PDAcupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Postgrad Med J1984; 60: 893-96.
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Lewith GT, Kenyon JNPhysiological and psychological explanations for the mechanism of acupuncture as a treatment for chronic pain. Soc Sci Med1984; 19(12): 1367-78.
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Thompson JWNeuropharmacology of acupuncture and electroacupuncture . Intractable Pain Society1986; 5(1): 11-13.
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Chan Shh.What is being stimulated in acupuncture: evaluation of the existence of a specific substrate. Neurosci Biobehav Rev1984; 8: 25-33.
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Chiang CY, Chang CT, Chu HL, Yang LFPeripheral afferent pathway for acupuncture analgesia. Sci Sin1973; 16: 210-17.
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Melzack R., Wall PDPain mechanisms: a new theory. Science1965 ; 150: 971-79.
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Thompson JWOpioid peptides. Br Med J1984; 288: 259-61.
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Grossman A. , Clement-Jones V.Opiate receptors: enkephalins and endorphins . Clin Endocrinol Metab1983; 12(1): 31-56.
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Cheng Rss, Pomeranz B.Electroacupuncture analgesia could be mediated by at least two mechanisms; endorphin and nonendorphin systems. Life Sci1979; 25: 1957-62.
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Lianfang HE , Weiqiang P.Activity of opioid peptidergic system in acupuncture analgesia. Acupunct Electrother Res1983; 8: 257-66.
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Bossut Dfb, Leshin LS, Stromberg MW, Malven PVPlasma cortisol and beta-endorphin in horses subjected to electroacupuncture for cutaneous analgesia. Peptides1983; 4: 501-507.
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Pomeranz B. , Chiu D.Naloxone blocks acupuncture analgesia and causes hyperalgesia: endorphin is implicated. Life Sci1976; 19: 1757-62.
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Pomeranz B. , Cheng R.Suppression of noxious responses in single neurons of cats' spinal cord electroacupuncture and its reversibility by the opiate antagonist naloxone. ExplNeurol1979 ; 64: 327-41.
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Cheng Rss, Pomeranz B.A combined treatment with D-amino acids and electroacupuncture produces a greater analgesia than either treatment alone; naloxone reverses these effects . Pain1980; 8: 231-36.
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Chou J., Tang J., Del Rio J., Yang H-YT, Costa E.Action of peptidase inhibitors on methionine5-Enkephalin-Arginine6-Phenylalanine7 (YGGFMRF) and Methionine5-Enkephalin (YGGFM) metabolism and on electroacupuncture antinociception. J Pharm Exp Ther1984; 230(2): 349-52.
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Kiser RS, Khatami M., Gatchel RJ, Huang X-Y., Bhatia K., Altshuler KZAcupuncture relief of chronic pain syndrome correlates with increased plasma met-enkephalin concentrations. Lancet1983 ; ii: 1394-96.
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Nappi G., Facchinetti F., Bono G., Micieli G., Parrini D., Martignoni E., Petraglia F., Genazzani ARPlasma opioid levels in post-traumatic chronic headache and trigeminal neuralgia: maintained response to acupuncture. Headache1982; November: 276-79.
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Facchinetti F., Nappi G, Savoldi, Genazzani AR. Primary headaches: reduced circulating β-lipotropin and β-endorphin levels with impaired reactivity to acupuncture. Cephalalgia1981 ; 1: 194-201.
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Abbate D., Santamaria A., Brambilla A., Panerai AE, Di Giulio AM. β-endorphin and electroacupuncture (Letter). Lancet1980; ii: 1309.
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Clement-Jones V., McLoughlin L., Lowry PJ, Besser GM, Rees LH, Wen HLAcupuncture in heroin addicts: changes in metenkephalin and β-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet1979; ii: 380-83.
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Malizia E., Andreucci G., Paolucci D., Crescenzi F., Fabbri A., Fraioli F.Electroacupuncture and peripheral β-endorphin and ACTH levels . Lancet1979; ii: 535-36.
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Clement-Jones V., McLoughlin L., Somlin S., Besser GM, Rees LH, Wen HLIncreased β-endorphin but not met-enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for recurrent pain. Lancet1980; ii: 946-49.
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Sjolund et al. Increased CSF levels of endorphins after electroacupuncture. Acta Physiol Scand1977; 100: 382-84.
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Sjolund B., Ericksson M.The influence of naloxone on analgesia produced by peripheral conditioning . Brain Res1979; 173: 295-301.
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Mayer DJ, Price DD, Rafii A.Antagonism of acupuncture in man by the narcotic antagonist naloxone . Brain Res1977; 121: 368-72.
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Chapman CR, Colpitts YM, Benedetti C., Kitaeff R., Behrig JDEvoked potential assessment of acupunctural analgesia: attempted reversal with naloxone. Pain1980; 9: 183-97.
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Han JS, Xie GXDynorphin: important mediator for electroacupuncture analgesia in the spinal cord of the rabbit. Pain1984; 18: 367-76.
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Han JS, Xie GX, Ding XZ, Fan SGHigh and low frequency electroacupuncture analgesia are mediated by different opioid peptides. Pain1984; Suppl. 2: 5369.
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Le Bars D., Dickenson AH, Besson J-M.Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat. Pain1979; 6: 283-304.
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Le Bars D., Dickenson AG, Besson J-M.Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC.) II. Lack of effect on non-convergent neurones, supraspinal involvement and theoretical implications . Pain1979; 6: 305-27.
Mao W., Ghia JN, Scott DS, Duncan GH, Gregg JMHigh versus low intensity acupuncture analgesia for treatment of chronic pain: effects on platelet serotonin. Pain1980; 8: 331-42.
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Lee Mhm, Ernst M.The sympatholytic effect of acupuncture as evidenced by thermography: a preliminary report. Orthopaedic Review1983 ; 12(9): 67-72.
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Fan SG, Qu ZC, Zhe QZ, Han JSGABA: antagonistic effect on electroacupuncture analgesia and morphine analgesia in the rat. Life Sci1982; 31: 1225-28.
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Xie Q-W.Endocrinological basis of acupuncture. Am J Chin Med1982; 9(4): 298-304.
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Pullan PT, Finch PM, Yuen Rwm, Watson FEEndogenous opiates modulate release of growth hormone in response to electroacupuncture . Life Sci1983; 32: 1705-1709.
