The hardening phenomenon and effect of loading frequency on low-cycle fatigue for 304 austenitic stainless steel (SS304) manufactured by laser metal deposition (LMD) are studied in the paper. The strain hardening exponent n of SS304 manufactured by LMD is obtained by fitting the static tensile data with the least square method, which is about 0.35. The SS304 manufactured by LMD has cyclic hardening under cyclic load with strain control. Under the different loading frequencies, SS304 manufactured by LMD has different cyclic hardening phenomenon. The fatigue life of SS304 manufactured by LMD decreases with the increase of loading frequency. As the increase of loading frequency, the average strain and strain amplitude increase. According to the observation of fatigue fracture morphology under the different loading frequencies, SS304 manufactured by LMD has the typical fatigue fracture characteristics under the lower loading frequencies (such as 5 Hz and 10 Hz), namely fatigue crack initiation zone, fatigue crack propagation zone and fatigue crack instantaneous fracture zone. However, because of the large plastic deformation at the initial stage, the typical fatigue fracture characteristics of SS304 manufactured by LMD cannot be observed under the higher loading frequency (such as 20 Hz).
ZhangCCZhuHHLiaoHL, et al.Effect of heat treatment on fatigue property of selective laser melting AlSi10Mg[J]. Int J Fatigue2018; 116: 513–522.
2.
WangBZhangPDuanQQ, et al.High-cycle fatigue properties and damage mechanisms of pre-strained Fe-30Mn-0.9C twinning-induced plasticity steel[J]. Mater Sci Eng: A2017; 679: 258–271.
3.
ChiouYJenYWengW. Experimental investigation on the effect of tensile pre-strain on ratcheting behavior of 430 Stainless Steel under fully reversed loading condition[J]. Eng Fail Anal2011; 18: 766–775.
4.
XieXNingDSunJ. Strain-controlled fatigue behavior of cold-drawn type 316 austenitic stainless steel at room temperature[J]. Mater Charact2016; 120: 195–202.
5.
ChangLMaTWenJ, et al.The distinct influences of pre-strain on low cycle fatigue behavior of CPTi along rolling direction at different strain amplitudes[J]. Mater Sci Eng A2019; 763: 138150.
6.
KimJHParkWSChunMS, et al.Effect of prestraining on low-temperature mechanical behavior of AISI 304L[J]. Mater Sci Eng: A2012; 543: 50–57.
7.
AbreuHFGCarvalhoSSLimaNP, et al.Deformation induced martensite in an AISI 301LN stainless steel: characterization and influence on pitting corrosion resistance[J]. Mater Res2007; 10: 359–366.
8.
TajikAZarei-HanzakiALeeG, et al.Metastability-driven room temperature strain hardening in a nitrogen added FeMnCoCrN high-entropy alloy[J]. Mater Sci Eng A2024; 918: 147443.
9.
JoshiSSKellerCMasL, et al.On the origin of the strain hardening mechanisms of Ni20Cr alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion[J]. Int J Plast2023; 165: 103610.
10.
OliveirDMMarchCWSMedlinDL, et al.The influence of hydrogen on the low cycle fatigue behavior of strain-hardened 316L stainless steel[J]. Mater Sci Eng: A2022; 849: 143477.
11.
SongKWangKZhaoL, et al.A combined elastic-plastic framework unifying the various cyclic softening/hardening behaviors for heat resistant steels: experiment and modeling[J]. Int J Fatigue2022; 158: 106736.
12.
KangGLiuY. Uniaxial ratchetting and low-cycle fatigue failure of the steel with cyclic stabilizing or softening feature[J]. Mater Sci Eng A2008; 472: 258–268.
13.
GentetDFeaugasXRisbetM, et al.Several aspects of the temperature history in relation to the cyclic behaviour of an austenitic stainless steel[J]. Mater Sci Eng: A2011; 528: 7696–7707.
14.
HondtCDDoquetVCouziniéJ. Cyclic hardening/softening and deformation mechanisms of a twip steel under reversed loading[J]. Materialia2022; 22: 101421.
15.
WuBSongLDuanG, et al.Effect of cyclic frequency on uniaxial ratcheting behavior of a textured AZ31B magnesium alloy under stress control[J]. Mater Sci Eng: A2020; 795: 139675.
16.
SuiGYWangZQJiangFC, et al.Effects of loading frequency, mean stress and stress amplitude on ratchetting-fatigue behavior in 42CrMo steel under near-yield stress-controlled condition[J]. Metall Mater Trans A2024; 55: 361–367.
17.
MorrisseyRJMcDowellDLNicholasT, et al.Frequency and stress ratio effects in high cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V[J]. Int J Fatigue1999; 21: 679–685.
18.
TsutsumiNMurakamiYDoquetV. Effect of test frequency on fatigue strength of low carbon steel[J]. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct2009; 32: 473–483.
19.
ZhaoAXieJSunC, et al.Effects of strength level and loading frequency on very-high-cycle fatigue behavior for a bearing steel[J]. Int J Fatigue2012; 38: 46–56.
20.
BayaRMSchrockDJAkmanAM, et al.The effect of sensitization and fatigue loading frequency on corrosion fatigue of AA5083-H131[J]. Int J Fatigue2019; 124: 1–9.
21.
AnwarUHHaniMTNureddinMA. Failure of weld joints between carbon steel pipe and 304 stainless steel elbows[J]. Eng Fail Anal2005; 12: 181–191.
22.
GrigorescuACHilgendorffPMZimmermannM, et al.Cyclic deformation behavior of austenitic Cr-Ni-steels in the VHCF regime: part I - experimental study[J]. Int J Fatigue2016; 93: 250–260.
23.
NikitinIBeselM. Effect of low-frequency on fatigue behaviour of austenitic steel AISI 304 at room temperature and 25°C[J]. Int J Fatigue2008; 30: 2044–2049.
24.
PessoaDFKirchhoffGZimmermannM, et al.Influence of loading frequency and role of surface micro-defects on fatigue behavior of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304[J]. Int J Fatigue2017; 103: 48–59.
25.
ShihYSChenJJ. The frequency effect on the fatigue crack growth rate of 304 stainless steel[J]. Nucl Eng Des1999; 191: 225–230.
26.
WagnerVStarkePEinflerD. Cyclic deformation behaviour of railway wheel steels in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime[J]. Int J Fatigue2011; 33: 69–74.
27.
GrigorescuACHilgendorffPMZimmermannM, et al.Cyclic deformation behavior of austenitic Cr-Ni-steels in the VHCF regime: part I-experimental study[J]. Int J Fatigue2016; 93: 250–260.
28.
HilgendorffPMGrigorescuACZimmermannM, et al.Cyclic deformation behavior of austenitic Cr-Ni-steels in the VHCF regime: part II-microstructure-sensitive simulation[J]. Int J Fatigue2016; 93: 261–271.
29.
ZeinoddiniMMo’tamediMZandiA, et al.On the ratcheting of defective low-alloy, high-strength steel pipes (api-5 l x80) under cyclic bending: an experimental study. Int J Mech Sci2017; 130: 518–533.
30.
MozafariFThamburajaPSrinivasaA, et al.A rate independent inelasticity model with smooth transition for unifying low-cycle to high-cycle fatigue life prediction. Int J Mech Sci2019; 159: 325–335.
31.
MozafariFThamburajaPSrinivasaA, et al.Fatigue life prediction under variable amplitude loading using a microplasticity-based constitutive model. Int J Fatigue2020; 134: 105477.
32.
CampanelliSLAngelastroASignorileCG, et al.Investigation on direct laser powder deposition of 18Ni(300) marage steel using mathematical model and experimental characterization[J]. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2017; 89: 885–895.
33.
WangDDengGWYangYQ, et al.Research progress on additive manufacturing of metallic heterogeneous materials[J]. J Mech Eng2021; 57: 186–198.
34.
AoNHeZWuS, et al.Recent progress on the mechanical properties of laser additive manufacturing AlSi10Mg alloy[J]. Trans China Weld Inst2022; 43: 1–19.
35.
HuangWBZhaoXYLuWJ, et al.Ratcheting effect of 304 stainless steel manufactured by laser metal deposition[J]. Steel Res Int2024; 95: 2300737.
36.
YuHCYangJJYinJ, et al.Comparison on mechanical anisotropies of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 304 stainless steel[J]. Mater Sci Eng A2017; 695: 92–100.
37.
CasatiRLemkeJVedaniM. Microstructure and fracture behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by selective laser melting[J]. J Mater Sci Technol2016; 32: 738–744.
38.
HuangWBZhangYMDaiWB, et al.Mechanical properties of 304 austenite stainless steel manufactured by laser metal deposition[J]. Mater Sci Eng: A2019; 758: 60–70.
39.
HuangWZhangY. Finite element simulation of thermal behavior in single-track multiple-layers thin wall without-support during selective laser melting[J]. J Manuf Process2019; 42: 139–148.
40.
SoaresGCRodriguesMCMSantosLA. Influence of temperature on mechanical properties, fracture morphology and strain hardening behavior of a 304 Stainless Steel[J]. Mater Res2017; 20: 141–151.
41.
YeDXuYXiaoL, et al.Effects of low-cycle fatigue on static mechanical properties, microstructures and fracture behavior of 304 stainless steel[J]. Mater Sci Eng A2010; 527: 4092–4102.
42.
KangG. A visco-plastic constitutive model for ratcheting of cyclically stable materials and its finite element implementation[J]. Mech Mater2004; 36: 299–312.
43.
QiuCLPanwisawasCWardM, et al.On the role of melt flow into the surface structure and porosity development during selective laser melting[J]. Acta Materials2015; 96: 72–79.
44.
PanwisawasCQiuCLSovaniY, et al.On the role of thermal fluid dynamics into the evolution of porosity during selective laser melting[J]. Scripta Materials2015; 105: 14–17.
45.
YeDMatsuokaSNagashimaN, et al.The low-cycle fatigue, deformation and final fracture behaviour of an austenitic stainless steel[J]. Mater Sci Eng A2006; 415: 104–117.
46.
LiJZhouJLiuL, et al.High-cycle bending fatigue behavior of TC6 titanium alloy subjected to laser shock peening assisted by cryogenic temperature[J]. Surf Coat Technol2021; 409: 126848.
