Design and baseline characteristics of the Biomarkers Of Risk In Colorectal Cancer (BORICC) Follow-Up study: A 12+ years follow-up

Abstract

Background:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Age is the strongest non-modifiable risk factor but it is estimated that over half of CRC cases are linked with lifestyle factors such as diet. The Biomarkers Of RIsk of Colorectal Cancer (BORICC) Study recruited 363 participants in 2005 to investigate the effects of lifestyle factors on biomarkers of CRC risk.

Aim:

In the present BORICC Follow-Up (BFU) Study, we are using a longitudinal study design to investigate the effects of ageing (12+ years) and lifestyle factors on biomarkers of CRC risk and on healthy ageing.

Methods:

BFU Study participants attended a study visit at North Tyneside General Hospital (UK) for collection of biological samples, including blood and rectal biopsies, and information collected included anthropometric measurements, a Health & Medications Questionnaire, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, and habitual diet. Furthermore, musculoskeletal function was assessed by heel bone densitometry, timed up and go and hand grip strength as markers of healthy ageing. The BFU Study outcomes will be similar to those measured at baseline in the BORICC Study, such as DNA methylation and mitochondrial function, with additional measurements including the gut microbiome, faecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and expression of genes associated with CRC.

Results:

Participants’ recruitment to BFU Study and all sample and data collection have been completed. Forty-seven of the original BORICC participants were re-recruited to the BFU Study (mean age 67 years, 51% female). The recruits included 37 initially healthy participants and 10 participants who had adenomatous polyps at baseline. Approximately 70% of participants were over-weight or obese.

Conclusion:

Ultimately, identifying lifestyle factors that can reduce CRC risk, and understanding the underlying mechanisms for the effects of lifestyle and ageing on CRC risk, could lead to early prevention strategies.

Keywords

Colorectal cancer risk biomarkers longitudinal study ageing

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bingham

Gill

Welch

et al. (1997) Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers. International Journal of Epidemiology 26(Supplement 1): S137–151.

Brown

Rumgay

Dunlop

et al. (2018) The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015. British Journal of Cancer 118: 1130–1141.

Cashman

Hill

Lucey

et al. (2008) Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88(6): 1535–1542.

Cust

Smith

Chau

et al. (2008) Validity and repeatability of the EPIC physical activity questionnaire: A validation study using accelerometers as an objective measure. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5(1): 33. Epub ahead of print 2 June 2008. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-33.

Greaves

Nooteboom

Elson

et al. (2014) Clonal expansion of early to mid-life mitochondrial DNA point mutations drives mitochondrial dysfunction during human ageing. PLoS Genet 10(9): e1004620.

Health Survey for England (2018) Health Survey for England, 2017: Adult and Child overweight and obesity. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2017 (accessed February 2019).

Kroke

Klipstein-Grobusch

Voss

et al. (1999) Validation of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire administered in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study: Comparison of energy, protein, and macronutrient intakes estimated with the doubly labeled water, urinary nitrogen, and repeated 24-h dietary recall methods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70(4): 439–447.

Marfell-Jones

Olds

Stewart

et al. (2006) International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. Potchefsroom, South Africa: The International Society for the Advancement of Kim Anthropometric (ISAK).

Meplan

Johnson

Polley

et al. (2016) Transcriptomics and proteomics show that selenium affects inflammation, cytoskeleton, and cancer pathways in human rectal biopsies. FASEB Journal 30(8): 2812–2825.

10.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults – Treatment and Prevention. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Clinical Knowledge Summary. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/vitamin-d-deficiency-in-adults-treatment-and-prevention (accessed February 2019).

11.

Tapp

Commane

Bradburn

et al. (2013) Nutritional factors and gender influence age-related DNA methylation in the human rectal mucosa. Aging Cell 12(1): 148–155.

12.

Visser

Koster

(2013) Development of a questionnaire to assess sedentary time in older persons – A comparative study using accelerometry. BMC Geriatrics 13: 80. Open access 30 July 2013. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-80.

13.

World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer (2018) World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and colorectal cancer. Available at: https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Colorectal-Cancer-2017-Report.pdf (accessed February 2019).

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.01 MB