Major developments in machine-vision light microscopy and in reagent chemistry have led to a renaissance and revolution in the use of the light microscope in biology, biotechnology, and medicine. The potential use of this technology in the field of toxicologic pathology is discussed. It is suggested that a combination of investigating living cells and tissues and fixed samples using the new technologies will lead to understanding mechanisms of toxicity. Examples of the use of the methods in basic cell biology and medicine are presented.
1. Bright GR, Fisher GW, Rogowska J, and Taylor DL (1989). Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy. In: Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture, Part B: Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy–-Imaging and Spectroscopy; Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, DL Taylor and Y-L Wang (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 157–192.
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2. Bright GR and Taylor DL (1986). Imaging at low light level in fluorescence microscopy. In: Applications of Fluorescence in the Biomedical Sciences, DL Taylor, AS Waggoner, RF Murphy, F. Lanni, and R Birge (eds). Alan R. Liss; New York, pp. 257–288.
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3. Conrad P, Giuliano K, Fisher G, Collins K, Matsudaira P, and Taylor DL (1993). Relative distribution of actin, myosin I, and myosin II during the wound healing response of fibroblasts.J. Cell Biol.120: 1381–1391.
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4. DeBiasio R, Wang L-L, Fisher GW, and Taylor DL (1988). The dynamic distribution of fluorescent analogues, of actin and myosin in protrusions at the leading edge of migrating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.J. Cell Biol.107: 2631–2645.
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5. Farkas DL, Baxter G, DeBiasio R, Gough A, Nederlof MA, Pane D, Pane J, Patek DR, Ryan KW, and Taylor DL (1993). Multimode light microscopy and the dynamics of molecules, cells, and tissues.Annu. Rev. Physiol.55: 785–817.
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6. Giuliano K, Kolega J, DeBiasio R, and Taylor DL (1992). Myosin II phosphorylation and the dynamics of stress fibers in serum-deprived and stimulated fibroblasts.Mol. Biol. Cell3: 1037–1048.
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7. Gough A and Taylor DL (1993). Fluorescent anisotropy imaging microscopy maps calmodulin binding during cellular contraction and locomotion.J. Cell Biol.121: 1095–1107.
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8. Hahn K, DeBiasio R, and Taylor DL (1992). Patterns of elevated free calcium and calmodulin activation in living cells.Nature (London)359: 736–738.
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9. Hahn K, Kolega J, Montibeller J, DeBiasio R, Post P, Myers J, and Taylor DL (1993). Fluorescent analogs: Optical biosensors of the chemical and molecular dynamics of macromolecules in living cells. In: Fluorescent Probes for Biological Function of Living Cells–-A Practical Guide, WT Mason (ed). Academic Press, London. pp. 349–359.
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10. Haugland RP (ed) (1992). Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals.Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon.
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11. Kolega J, Giuliano K, and Taylor DL (1993). Gradients in the concentration and assembly of myosin II in living fibroblasts during locomotion and fiber transport.Molec. Biol. Cell4: 819–836.
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12. Kolega J, Janson L, and Taylor DL (1991). The role of solation-contraction coupling in regulating stress fiber dynamics in nonmuscle cells.J. Cell Biol.114: 993–1003.
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13. Kolega J, Nederlof M, and Taylor DL (1993). Quantitation of cytoskeletal fibers in fluorescence images: Stress fiber disassembly accompanies dephosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin II.Biolmaging1: 136–150.
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14. Kolega J and Taylor DL (1991). Regulation of actin and myosin-II dynamics in living cells. In: Ordering the Membrane-Cytoskeleton Trilayer, MS Mooseker and JS Morrow (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 187–206.
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15. Nederlof M, Witkin A, and Taylor DL (1991). Knowledge driven image analysis of cell structures.Proc. SPIE1428: 233–241.
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16. Sawin KE, Theriot JA, and Mitchison TJ (1993). Photoactivation of fluorescence as a probe for cytoskeletal dynamics in mitosis and cell motility. In: Fluorescent Probes for Biological Function of Living Cells–-A Practical Guide, WT Mason (ed). Academic Press, London, pp. 405–419.
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17. Tanasugarn L, McNeil P, Reynolds GT, and Taylor DL (1984). Microspectrofluorometry by digital image processing: Measurement of cytoplasmic pH.J. Cell Biol.98: 171–724.
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18. Taylor DL, Amato PA, Luby-Phelps K, and McNeil P (1984). Fluorescent analog cytochemistry.Trends Biochem. Sci.9: 88–91.
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19. Taylor DL, Amato PA, McNeil PL, Luby-Phelps K, and Tanasugarn L (1986). Spatial and temporal dynamics of specific molecules and ions in living cells. In: Applications of Fluorescence in the Biomedical Sciences, DL Taylor, AS Waggoner, RF Murphy, F Lanni, and RR Birge (eds). Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 347–376.
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20. Taylor DL, Nederlof M, Lanni F, and Waggoner A (1992). The new vision of light microscopy.Am. Sci.80: 322–335.
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21. Taylor DL and Yang Y-L (1978). Molecular cytochemistry: Incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin into living cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA75: 857–861.
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22. Taylor DL and Wang Y-L (eds) (1989). Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture, Part B: Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy–-Imaging and Spectroscopy; Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30. Academic Press, New York.
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23. Tsien RY (1989). Fluorescent probes of cell signaling.Annu. Rev. Neurosci.12: 91–116.
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24. Tsien RY (1992). Intracellular signal transduction in four dimensions: From molecular design to physiology. Am. J. Physiol.263: C723–C728.
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25. Waggoner AS (1986). Fluorescent probes for analysis of cell structure, function, and health by flow and imaging cytometry. In: Applications of Fluorescence in the Biomedical Sciences, DL Taylor, AS Waggoner, RF Murphy, F Lanni, and R Birge (eds). Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 3–28.
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26. Waggoner A, DeBiasio R, Conrad P, Bright GR, Ernst L, Ryan K, Nederlof M, and Taylor DL (1989). In: Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture, Part B: Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy–-Imaging and Spectroscopy; Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, DL Taylor and Y-L Wang (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 449–478.
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27. Wang Y-L (1989). Fluorescent analog cytochemistry: Tracing functional protein components in living cells. In: Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture, Part A: Fluorescent Analogs, Labeling Cells and Basic Microscopy; Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 29, Y-L Wang and DL Taylor (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–12.
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28. Wang Y-L and Taylor DL (eds) (1989). Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture, Part A: Fluorescent Analogs, Labeling Cells and Basic Microscopy; Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 29. Academic Press, New York.
