This paper compares two case studies of prepaid card technology where the same ``technology'' is applied in two separate industries, the public telephone industry and the pachinko game industry in Japan. The different outcomes in the two areas are analyzed in terms of the functions of what is introduced here as ``socio-technological aggregates'' (STA). A socio-technological aggregate is composed of an initiating innovator component and heterogeneous components necessary for the technology to function in a given society. The analysis of technology as an STA gained insights from the phenomena of aggregates in other areas: the socio-literary aggregate created by Russell McCormmach in Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist; by the ``collage'' phenomenon created by Picasso, Braque; and others, and the socio-musical aggregates of John Cage. Two important aspects of an STA are: the bonding/managing component that dictates how a technology is applied; and the evaluator component that triggers multimodality.
Asahi Shimbun [The Asahi Newspaper]. June 25, 1995; June 11 and July16, 1996; February 14, 1997.
2.
Aeteyu pachinko wa iho da [We dare to say: pachinko is illegal]. 1996. AERA, 2 September, 15-17.
3.
Akiyama, Kunihiko.1973. Gendai ongaku o dokikuka [How does one listen to modern music?]. Tokyo: Shobunsha.
4.
Bijker, Wiebe E.1995. Of bicycle, bakelites, and bulbs. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5.
Cage, John.1990. I have nothing to say and I am saying it (The Music Project for Television, Inc. and American Masters). KULUR no. 0063 (video).
6.
Callon, Michel.1986. Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay, In Power, action and belief: A new sociology of knowledge? ed. John Law, 196-229. Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
7.
---. 1990. Society in the making: The study of technology as a tool for sociological analysis. In The social construction of technological systems, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, 83-103. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
8.
---. 1991. Techno-economic networks and irreversibility. In Sociology of monsters. Essays on power, technology and domination. Sociological Review Monograph, ed. John Law , 132-64. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
9.
Dai Mitsubishi: Pachinko kado bakuretsu [Giant Mitsubishi: The pachinko card explotion].1996. Shukan Toyo Keizai [East Asian Weekly Economy], June 8, 56-7.
10.
Dugdale, Anni.Materiality: Juggling sameness and difference. In Actor network theory and after, ed. John Law and John Hassard, 113-35. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
11.
Gang, Seong.1996. 5 guramu no kobosen [Offensive and defensive battles over 5 grams]. Tokyo: Shueisha.
12.
Hughes, Thomas P.1983. Networks of power: Electrification in western society, 1880-1930. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
13.
---. 1990. The evolution of large technological systems, In The social construction of technological systems, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, 51-82. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
14.
Inoue, Teruyuki.2000. Denden min'eika no kenkyu [A study of the privatization process of Denden]. Tokyo: Seiunsha .
15.
Kado gijutsu tanto toshite no NTT deta no sekinin [Responsibility of the person in charge of card technology for NTT Data]. 1996. Zaikai [Finance World], June 25.
16.
Kaminogo, Toshiaki.1986. Terehon kado seiko no himitsu [The secrets of the success of the telephone card]. Tokyo: NTT Ado.
17.
Kobayashi, Kazuo.1998. Puripeido kado o meguru hoteki shomondai-jo [Legal problems on the prepaid cards-Part one]. NBL, 646:52.
18.
Latour, Bruno.1987. Science in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
19.
---. 1999. On recalling ANT. In Actor network theory and after, ed. John Law and John Hassard, 15-25. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
20.
Law, John.2002. Aircraft stories. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
21.
Law, John and John Hassard (ed.). 1999. Actor Network Theory and After . Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers .
22.
Law, John and Michel Callon.1992. The life and death of an aircraft: A network analysis of technological change. In Shaping technology/building society, ed. Wiebe B. Bijker and John Law, 21-52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23.
Lenoir, Timothy.1994. Was the last turn the right turn? The semiotic turn and A. J. Greiman. Configurations1:119-36.
24.
Maugham, W. Somerset.1937. Theatre. New York: Vintage Books.
25.
McCormmach, Russell.Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist, 1982, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mol, Annemarie.1999. Ontological politics. In Actor network theory and after, ed. John Law and John Hassard, 74-89. Oxford , UK: Blackwell Publishers.
28.
Morobushi, Tetsuro.1989. 10 cho yen sangyo: Pachinko ni muragaru riken [The 10 trillion yen industry: Concession hunters swarm the pachinko business]Asahi Journal, February 2.
29.
Morobushi, Tetsuro.1997. Pachinko hakusho 1997 [White paper on pachinko 1997]. Tokyo: Ariadone Kikaku.
30.
Moto keisatsu kanbu wa ima mo tsuyoki [A former high ranking police officer is still a bully]. 1996. AERA, July 1, 18.
Nihon Keizai Shimbun [The Japan Economic Newspaper]. May 10, September 28, October 30, 1989; and February 12 and June 22, 1990.
33.
Nikkei Ryutsu Shimbun [The Japan Financial Newspaper]. December 17, 1996.
34.
Pachinko: Keisatsu ga tsukutta yami shikingen [Pachinko: illegal money resource created by the police]. 1996. AERA, June 24.
35.
Pachinko sangyo hakusho: Henzo, kaiso suru gawa no ronri. [Whitepaper on the pachinko industry: Justification offered by those who altered cards]. 1996. Ekonomisuto [The Economist], June 18.
36.
Pachinko sangyo hakusho: Henzo PC o unda keisatsu no sekinin. [White paper on the pachinko industy: Police responsibility for the emergence of altered pachinko cards]. 1996. Ekonomisuto [The Economist], June 11.
37.
Pachinko sangyo hakusho: kankin toiu jirenma. [White paper on the pachinko industry: The dilemma of kankin]. 1996. Ekonomisuto [The Economist], April 9.
38.
Pachinko sangyo hakusho: Keisatsu shudo no puripeido kado. [White paper on the pachinko industry: Prepaid cards initiated by the police]. 1996. Ekonomisuto [The Economist], April 16.
39.
Pachinko sangyo hakusho: PC kaisha to pachinko ten no aida no fukai mizo. [White paper on the pachinko industry: The deep gap between pachinko card companies and pachinko parlors]. 1996. Ekonomisuto [The Economist], June 4.
40.
Pachinko sangyo hakusho: Shakaiteki futekigoki; Tekkyo ni oikomareru horu no kuno. [White paper on the pachinko industry: Stressed parlors driven to remove `socially inappropriate machines']. 1996. Ekonomisuto [The Economist], October 22.
41.
Read, Herbert.1959. A Concise History of Modern Painting, New York and Toronto, Oxford University Press.
42.
Sankei Shimbun [The Sankei Newspaper]. May 11, 1996.
43.
Seibu Yomiuri Shimbun [The Western Yomiuri Newspaper]. November 17, 1992.
44.
Shimoda, Hirotsugu.1981. Tsushin kakumei to Denden kosha [Communications revolution and the Denden Public Corporation]. Tokyo: Mainichi Shimbunsha.
45.
Tanioka, Ichiro.1998. Gendai pachinko bunkaron [A cultural consideration of pachinko today]. Tokyo: Chikuma shinsho.
46.
Taylor, Michael R.2005. Blind man's bluff: Duchamp, Stieglitz, and the fountain scandal revisited. In Maruseru dyushan to nijuseiki bijutsu [Mirrorical Returns: Marcel Duchamp and the 20th century art], ed. Kokuritsu Kokusai Bijutsukan, 204-13. Tokyo: Asahi shimbun.
47.
Tomizuka Toshio.1997. Pachinko gaku koza [Lectures on the study of pachinko] . Tokyo: Kodansha.
48.
Tokyo Yomiuri Shimbun [The Tokyo Yomiuri Newspaper]. June 17, 1996.
49.
Ushiyama, Satoshi.1989. Puripeido kado o kangaeru [Thoughts on the prepaid card]. Yusei kenkyusho chosa geppo [Postal Policy Institute Monthly Report]. July.
