A wearable physiological bioimpedance measurement system has been designed and implemented. Measured bioimpedance values can be utilized for total body water (TBW) estimation. This information can be useful for, eg, athletes whose performance weakens due to dehydration. The system is integrated into a sport suit and its functionality has been tested by performing walking, fitness cycling and running tests. Also reference tests in a sauna have been performed. Altogether, nine persons have been participating in tests. During long-term exercising, TBW values were decreased. However, more tests are needed in order to analyse the measurement results accurately.
Anliker, U., Ward, J.A., Lukowicz, P., Tröster, G., Dolveck, F., Baer, M., Keita, F., Schenker, E.B., Catarsi, F., Coluccini, L., Belardinelli, A., Shklarski, D., Alon, M., Hirt, E., Schmid, R. and Vuskovic, M.2004: AMON: a wearable multimeter medical monitoring and alert system. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine8, 415—27.
2.
Asada, H., Shaltis, P., Reisner, A., Rhee, S. and Hutchinson, R.C.2003: Mobile monitoring with wearable photoplethysmographic biosensors. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine22, 28—40.
3.
Axisa, F., Gehin, C., Delhomme, G., Collert, C., Robin, O. and Dittmar, A.2004: Wrist ambulatory monitoring system and smart glove for real time emotional, sensorial and physiological analysis. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, CA, 1—5 September, 2161—64.
4.
Baker, L.E.1989: Principles of the impedance technique. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine8, 11—15.
5.
Branche, P.C., Johnston, W.S., Pujary, C.J. and Mendelson Y.2004: Measurement reproducibility and sensor placement considerations in designing a wearable pulse oximeter for military applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 30th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference , Springfield, MA, 17—18 April, 216—17.
6.
Cornish, B.H., Thomas, B.J. and Ward, L.C.1998: Effect of temperature and sweating on bioimpedance measurements . Applied Radiation and Isotopes49, 475—76.
7.
Ellis, K.J.2000: Human body composition: in vivo methods. Physiological Reviews80, 649—80.
8.
Fenech, M. and Jaffrin, M.Y.2004: Extracellular and intracellular volume variations during postural change measured by segmental and wrist-ankle bioimpedance spectroscopy . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering51, 166—75.
9.
Grimnes, S. and Martinsen, Ø.G.2000: Bioimpedance & bioelectricity basics. Academic Press.
10.
Grossman, P.2004: The LifeShirt: a multifunction ambulatory system monitoring health, disease, and medical intervention in the real world. In Lymberis, A. & de Rossi, D, editors. Wearable ehealth systems for personalised health management. IOS Press, 133—41.
11.
Liedtke, R.J.1998: The fundamentals of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Available at: http://www.rjlsystems.com/docs/bia_info/fundamentals/fundamentals.pdf , Accessed 16 September 2005, 1—9.
12.
Mühlsteff, J., Such, O., Schmidt, R., Perkuhn, M., Reiter, H., Lauter, J., Thijs, J., Müsch, G. and Harris, M.2004: Wearable approach for continuous ECG- and activity patient-monitoring . Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, CA, 1—5 September, 2184—87.
13.
Neuman, M.R.1998: Biopotential electrodes. In Webster, J.G., editor. Medical instrumentation application and design. John Wiley & Sons, 183—232.
14.
Nienstedt, W., Hänninen, O., Arstila, A. and Björkqvist, S.-E.1993: Human physiology and anatomy (in Finnish). WSOY.
15.
Noury, N., Dittmar, A., Corroy, C., Baghai, R., Weber, J.L., Blanc, D., Klefstat, F., Blinovska, A., Vaysse, A. and Comet B.2004: VTAMN — a smart clothe for ambulatory remote monitoring of physiological parameters and activity. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, CA, 1—5 September, 3266—69.
16.
Omron health care products web page, http://www.omron-healthcare.com/ , Accessed 16 September 2005.
17.
Ottenbacher, J., Römer, S., Kunze, C., Grossman, U. and Stork, W.2004: Integration of a bluetooth based ECG system into clothing . Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium of Wearable Computers, Arlington, VA, 31 October—3 November, 186—87.
18.
Park, S. and Jayaraman, S.2004: e-Health and quality of life: the role of the wearable motherboard. In Lymberis, A. & de Rossi, D, editors. Wearable ehealth systems for personalised health management. IOS Press, 239—52.
19.
Polar Electro's web page, http://www.pursuit-performance.com.au/polar/html/local/accessories/WearLink.html, Accessed 16 September 2005.
20.
Press release. 2005: Adidas and Polar introduce the world's first completely integrated training system. Available at: http://www.press.adidas.com/en/DesktopDefault.aspx/tabid-11/16_read-3002/, Accessed 16 September 2005.
21.
Rantanen, J., Impiö, J., Karinsalo, T., Malmivaara, M., Reho, A., Tasanen, M. and Vanhala, J.2002: Smart clothing prototype for the arctic environment. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing6, 3—16.
22.
Sarvazyan, A., Tatarinov, A. and Sarvazyan, N.2005: Ultrasonic assessment of tissue hydration status. Ultrasonics43, 661—71.
23.
Teller, A.2004: A platform for wearable physiological computing. Interacting with Computers16, 917—37.
24.
Vuorela, T., Hännikäinen, J., Vähäkuopus, K. and Vanhala, J.2005: Textile electrode usage in a bioimpedance measurement . Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference on Intelligent Ambience and Well-Being, Tampere , 19—20 September.
25.
Vuorela, T., Kukkonen, K., Rantanen, J., Järvinen, T. and Vanhala, J.2003: Bioimpedance measurement system for smart clothing. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wearable Computers , White Plains, NY, 21—23 October, 98—107.
