Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Conserving the restored, yet fragile, World Nature Heritage Sites has become increasingly important in the aftermath of unforeseen disasters. Sociocultural barriers often pose greater challenges to natural protection than biophysical-technical obstacles do. This research comprised four studies. The first interviewed stakeholders (N = 25) to investigate key factors in protecting restored natural wonders. The second (N = 412) and third (N = 275) explored how tourists’ sense of awe mediates the relationship between perceived authenticity and environmentally responsible behavior intention in two scenarios. The fourth was a field quasi-experiment (N = 501), examining how the timing and framing of information provided to tourists serve to mitigate the potential broken window effect in sites under restoration and encourage more responsible behaviors. This research elucidates the vital role of awe in shaping tourist experiences at restored natural sites and introduces time perspectives and framing strategies to help site managers safeguard natural heritage sites effectively.

Keywords

awe environmentally responsible behavior intention timing framing objective authenticity

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ajzen

Kruglanski

A. W.

(2019). Reasoned action in the service of goal pursuit. Psychological Review, 126(5), 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000155

Akkuş

Arslan

(2021). Intention to visit a destination from the perspective of broken windows theory. European Journal of Tourism Research, 28, 2802–2802. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v28i.2215

Anderson

C. L.

Monroy

Keltner

(2018). Awe in nature heals: Evidence from military veterans, at-risk youth, and college students. Emotion, 18, 1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000442

Armstrong

J. S.

Overton

T. S.

(1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377701400320

Baral

Hazen

Thapa

(2017). Visitor perceptions of World Heritage value at Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(10), 1494–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1291647

Bendapudi

Singh

S. N.

Bendapudi

(1996). Enhancing helping behavior: An integrative framework for promotion planning. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299606000303

Boateng

Okoe

A. F.

Hinson

R. E.

(2018). Dark tourism: Exploring tourist’s experience at the Cape Coast Castle, Ghana. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.05.004

Bonner

E. T.

Friedman

H. L.

(2011). A conceptual clarification of the experience of awe: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Humanistic Psychologist, 39(3), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2011.593372

Bruner

E. M.

(1994). Abraham Lincoln as authentic reproduction: A critique of postmodernism. American Anthropologist, 96(2), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1994.96.2.02a00070

10.

Canavan

McCamley

(2021). Negotiating authenticity: Three modernities. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103185

11.

CCTV (2022, August 12). Why can’t tourists step on the water of Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area Valley when they are punished for taking photos in the water? Xinhua News. https://xhby.net/index/202208/t20220813_7656621.shtml

12.

Chang

M. C.

C. C.

(2015). The effect of message framing on pro-environmental behavior intentions: An information processing view. British Food Journal, 117(1), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2013-0247

13.

Cheng

T. M.

H. C.

(2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.965177

14.

Chen

M. F.

Tung

P. J.

(2014). Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.09.006

15.

Chen

(2017, August 16). Expert: Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area Valley can be repaired according to the existing technology. Zaobao.http://imde.cas.cn/mtjj_2015/201708/t20170816_4848947.html

16.

Chhabra

(2012). Authenticity of the objectively authentic. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 499–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.09.005

17.

Coghlan

Buckley

Weaver

(2012). A framework for analysing awe in tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 689–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.03.007

18.

Conner

McMillan

(1999). Interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour: Studying cannabis use. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 195–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.09.005

19.

Conner

Wilding

van Harreveld

Dalege

(2021). Cognitive-affective inconsistency and ambivalence: Impact on the overall attitude–behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(4), 673–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220945900

20.

Corbin

Strauss

A. L.

(2008). Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153

21.

Dean

A. J.

Barnett

A. G.

Wilson

K. A.

Turrell

(2019). Beyond the ‘extinction of experience’– Novel pathways between nature experience and support for nature conservation. Global Environmental Change, 55, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.02.002

22.

Decrop

(1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00102-2

23.

Demeter

Fechner

Dolnicar

(2023). Progress in field experimentation for environmentally sustainable tourism – A knowledge map and research agenda. Tourism Management, 94, 104–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104633

24.

Dolnicar

Demeter

(2023). Why targeting attitudes often fails to elicit sustainable tourist behaviour. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(3), 730–742. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2022-0828

25.

Domínguez-Quintero

A. M.

González-Rodríguez

M. R.

Roldán

J. L.

(2019). The role of authenticity, experience quality, emotions, and satisfaction in a cultural heritage destination. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(5-6), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2018.1554666

26.

Dudley

(2012). Authenticity in nature: making choices about the naturalness of ecosystems. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203129197

27.

Ebert

J. E. J.

Prelec

(2007). The fragility of time: Time-insensitivity and valuation of the near and far future. Management Science, 53(9), 1423–1438. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0671

28.

Esfandiar

Dowling

Pearce

Goh

(2020). Personal norms and the adoption of pro-environmental binning behaviour in national parks: An integrated structural model approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 10–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1663203

29.

Fornell

Larcker

D. F.

(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

30.

Freeman

Kaye

S. A.

Truelove

Davey

(2017). Age, gender and deterrability: Are younger male drivers more likely to discount the future? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 104, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.022

31.

Galletta

(2013). Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001

32.

Gao

Huang

Zhang

(2017). Tourists’ perceptions of responsibility: An application of norm-activation theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1202954

33.

Gessa

S. J.

Rothman

J. M.

(2021). The importance of message framing in rule compliance by visitors during wildlife tourism. Conservation Science and Practice, 3(10), e515. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.515

34.

Gifford

Nilsson

(2014). Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: A review. Texila International Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12034

35.

Goh

Ritchie

Wang

(2017). Non-compliance in national parks: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour model with pro-environmental values. Tourism Management, 59, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.004

36.

Gordon

A. M.

Stellar

J. E.

Anderson

C. L.

McNeil

G. D.

Loew

Keltner

(2017). The dark side of the sublime: Distinguishing a threat-based variant of awe. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(2), 310–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000120

37.

Grazzini

Rodrigo

Aiello

Viglia

(2018). Loss or gain? The role of message framing in hotel guests’ recycling behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1944–1966. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1526294

38.

Gursoy

Zhang

Chi

O. H.

(2019). Determinants of locals’ heritage resource protection and conservation responsibility behaviors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(6), 2339–2357. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2018-0344

39.

Hahnel

U. J. J.

Chatelain

Conte

Piana

Brosch

(2020). Mental accounting mechanisms in energy decision-making and behaviour. Nature Energy, 5(12), 952–958. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00704-6

40.

Hair

J. F.

Anderson

R. E.

Tatham

R. L.

Black

W. C.

(Eds.). (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.

41.

Halpenny

E. A.

(2010). Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.006

42.

Han

(2014). The norm activation model and theory-broadening: Individuals’ decision-making on environmentally-responsible convention attendance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.10.006

43.

Han

(2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.014

44.

Han

Yoon

H. J.

(2015). Hotel customers’ environmentally responsible behavioral intention: Impact of key constructs on decision in green consumerism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 45, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.11.004

45.

Han

Bai

Raab

Shum

Krishen

A. S.

(2024). Will you choose a low-rating hotel that offers promotions?–Insights from the prospect theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 41(3), 418–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2024.2323960

46.

Hardisty

D. J.

Appelt

K. C.

Weber

E. U.

(2013). Good or bad, we want it now: Fixed-cost present bias for gains and losses explains magnitude asymmetries in intertemporal choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26(4), 348–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1771

47.

Hayes

A. F.

(2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100

48.

Huang

E. J.

Wang

(2021). Message framing strategies, food waste prevention, and diners’ repatronage intentions: The mediating role of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1694–1715. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1867151

49.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

50.

Hayes

A. F.

(2017). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100

51.

International Federation of Red Cross. (2023, January). Trends in disaster. https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/20230130_2022_WDR_DataAnnex.pdf

52.

Jeff

Monte

J. S.

Daniel

Alan

(2012). Promotion orientation explains why future-oriented people exercise and eat healthy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1272–1287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212449362

53.

Jiang

Sedikides

(2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(3), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000381

54.

Jin

Sun

Zhang

Feng

(2022). Effect of tourism authenticity on tourist’s environmentally responsible behavior of traditional village: Roles of nostalgia and Taoist ecological value. Journal of Zhejiang University(Science Edition), 49(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.01.016

55.

Jiuzhai Valley. (2015, August). Jiuzhai Valley Culture. https://en.jiuzhai.com/culture/culture

56.

Joireman

J. A.

Van Lange

P. A. M.

Van Vugt

(2004). Who cares about the environmental impact of cars? Those with an eye toward the future. Environment and Behavior, 36(2), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503251476

57.

Kahneman

Tversky

(1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrics, 47(2), 263–391. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185

58.

R. P.

Mak

Ofek

(2023). Before or after? The effects of payment decision timing in pay-what-you-want contexts. Journal of Marketing, 87(4), 618–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429221142234

59.

Keltner

Haidt

(2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17(2), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297

60.

Kiatkawsin

Han

(2017). Young travelers’ intention to behave pro-environmentally: Merging the value-belief-norm theory and the expectancy theory. Tourism Management, 59, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.018

61.

Kidd

L. R.

Garrard

G. E.

Bekessy

S. A.

Mills

Camilleri

A. R.

Fidler

Fielding

K. S.

Gordon

Gregg

E. A.

Kusmanoff

A. M.

Louis

Moon

Robinson

J. A.

Selinske

M. J.

Shanahan

Adams

V. M.

(2019). Messaging matters: A systematic review of the conservation messaging literature. Biological Conservation, 236, 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.020

62.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

Kwon

Sohn

(2024). Effects of value-belief-norm theory, ESG, and AI on space tourist behavior for sustainability with three types of space tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 63(6), 1395–1410. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875231191514

63.

Kline

R. B.

(2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1401932

64.

Klöckner

C. A.

(2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014

65.

Kogler

Kühberger

Gilhofer

(2013). Real and hypothetical endowment effects when exchanging lottery tickets: Is regret a better explanation than loss aversion? Journal of Economic Psychology, 37, 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.05.001

66.

Kolar

Zabkar

(2010). A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing? Tourism Management, 31(5), 652–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.010

67.

Landon

A. C.

Woosnam

K. M.

Boley

B. B.

(2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320

68.

Lang

D. L.

Salazar

L. F.

Crosby

R. A.

DiClemente

R. J.

Brown

L. K.

Donenberg

G. R.

(2010). Neighborhood environment, sexual risk behaviors and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents diagnosed with psychological disorders. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9352-7

69.

Lan

Liu

Burmeister

Zhu

Zhou

(2023). Are crime and collective emotion interrelated? A “broken emotion” conjecture from community Twitter posts. Social Science Computer Review, 41(2), 528–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393221113210

70.

Lau

R. W. K.

(2010). Revisiting authenticity: A social realist approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 478–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.11.002

71.

Lavidge

R. J.

Steiner

G. A.

(1961). A model for predictive measurements of advertising effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 25(6), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224296102500611

72.

Becken

Curnock

(2022). Gaining public engagement to restore coral reef ecosystems in the face of acute crisis. Global Environmental Change, 74, 102513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102513

73.

Lee

D. B.

Hsieh

H.-F.

Stoddard

S. A.

Heinze

J. E.

Carter

P. M.

Goldstick

J. E.

Cunningham

M. C.

Cunningham

R. M.

Zimmerman

M. A.

(2020). Longitudinal pathway from violence exposure to firearm carriage among adolescents: The role of future expectation. Journal of Adolescence, 81, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.009

74.

Lefebvre

Pestieau

Riedl

Villeval

M. C.

(2015). Tax evasion and social information: An experiment in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. International Tax and Public Finance, 22(3), 401–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-014-9318-z

75.

Lin

M.-T.

Zhu

Liu

Kim

P. B.

(2022). A meta-analysis of antecedents of pro-environmental behavioral intention of tourists and hospitality consumers. Tourism Management, 93, 104566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104566

76.

Lin

Dai

Wang

(2023, February). Jiuzhaigou county’s rural revitalization road (people’s eye. Promote rural revitalization in an all round way). China Daily. http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0210/c1004-32621006.html

77.

Lin

Z. C.

Wong

I. A.

Kou

I. E.

Zhen

X. C.

(2021). Inducing wellbeing through staycation programs in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100907

78.

Liu

(2019). Religious leisure, heritage and identity construction- A case of Tibetan college students. Leisure Studies, 38(5), 603–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1597149

79.

Liu

Huo

Wang

Bai

Zhao

(2023). Awe of nature and well-being: Roles of nature connectedness and powerlessness. Personality and Individual Differences, 201, 111946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111946

80.

Liu

Wang

Deng

(2018). Analysis and simulation of the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of tourism lands at the Natural World heritage site Jiuzhaigou, China. Habitat International, 79, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.07.005

81.

Liu

J. S.

Che

(2019). Understanding perceived environment quality in affecting tourists’ environmentally responsible behaviours: A broken windows theory perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.007

82.

Liu

Wan

L. C.

(2022). Humanoid versus non-humanoid robots: How mortality salience shapes preference for robot services under the COVID-19 pandemic? Annals of Tourism Research, 94, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103383

83.

Lovell

Thurgill

(2021). Extending hot authentication: Imagining fantasy space. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 103138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103138

84.

J. G.

Quoidbach

Gino

Chakroff

Maddux

W. W.

Galinsky

A. D.

(2017). The dark side of going abroad: How broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000068

85.

Ma-Kellams

Blascovich

(2012). Enjoying life in the face of death: East–West differences in responses to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 773–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029366

86.

Mertens

Herberz

Hahnel

U. J.

Brosch

(2022). The effectiveness of nudging: A meta-analysis of choice architecture interventions across behavioral domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(1), e2107346118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107346118

87.

Miller

Merrilees

Coghlan

(2015). Sustainable urban tourism: Understanding and developing visitor pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(1), 26–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.912219

88.

Mkono

(2013). African and Western tourists: Object authenticity quest? Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 195–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.01.002

89.

Morse

J. M.

Barrett

Mayan

Olson

Spiers

(2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690200100202

90.

Nagin

D. S.

Pogarsky

(2004). Time and punishment: Delayed consequences and criminal behavior. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20, 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-004-5866-1

91.

Nguyen

(2016). Linking loss aversion and present bias with overspending behavior of tourists: Insights from a lab-in-the-field experiment. Tourism Management, 54, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.019

92.

Nicolau

J. L.

(2011). Differentiated price loss aversion in destination choice: The effect of tourists’ cultural interest. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1186–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.002

93.

Niu

Liu

(2022). Tourists’ awe and environmentally responsible behavior: The mediating role of place attachment. Tourism Tribune, 37(5), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.19765/j.cnki.1002-5006.2021.00.017

94.

Onwezen

M. C.

Antonides

Bartels

(2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005

95.

Park

Choi

B.-K.

Lee

T. J.

(2019). The role and dimensions of authenticity in heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 74, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.001

96.

Pavesi

Gartner

Denizci-Guillet

(2016). The effects of a negative travel experience on tourists’ decisional behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2060

97.

Pei

X. J.

King

Xiao

W. Y.

Zhou

Song

(2021). Research on post disaster conservation and restoration technology of World Natural Heritage Site based on OUV [Conference session]. Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, Tianjin, China.

98.

Pearce

Huang

Dowling

R. K.

Smith

A. J.

(2022). Effects of social and personal norms, and connectedness to nature, on pro-environmental behavior: A study of Western Australian protected area visitors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, 100966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100966

99.

Pearce

Strickland-Munro

Moore

S. A.

(2017). What fosters awe-inspiring experiences in nature-based tourism destinations? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3), 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1213270

100.

Piff

P. K.

Dietze

Feinberg

Stancato

D. M.

Keltner

(2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000018

101.

Polyportis

Mugge

Magnier

(2022). Consumer acceptance of products made from recycled materials: A scoping review. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 186, 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106533

102.

Zhao

(2018). Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior intentions based on embodied perceptions: The arousal of awe and anticipated self-conscious emotions. Tourism Tribune, 33(11), 110–121. https://doi.org/10.19765/j.cnki.1002-5006.2021.00.017

103.

Randle

Kemperman

Dolnicar

(2019). Making cause-related corporate social responsibility (CSR) count in holiday accommodation choice. Tourism Management, 75, 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.05.002

104.

Reynolds

W. M.

(1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<<119::aid-clp2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I

105.

Reznichenko

S. I.

Nartova-Bochaver

S. K.

Irkhin

B. D.

(2021). Do authentic people care about the environment? A view from two paradigms. Psychology in Russia, 14(3), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2021.0306

106.

Robinson

R. N. S.

Clifford

(2012). Authenticity and festival foodservice experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 571–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.06.007

107.

Saldaña

(2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12085

108.

Sampson

R. J.

Raudenbush

S. W.

(2004). Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of “broken windows.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401

109.

Shiota

M. N.

Keltner

Mossman

(2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition & Emotion, 21(5), 944–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600923668

110.

Silver

(1993). Marketing authenticity in third world countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(2), 302–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(93)90057-A

111.

Stange

Hagen

Junker-Köhler

Kaltenborn

B. P.

(2022). Public perceptions of ecological restoration within the context of Norwegian landscape management. Restoration Ecology, 30(7), e13612. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13612

112.

Steg

Vlek

(2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.004

113.

Stepchenkova

Belyaeva

(2021). The effect of authenticity orientation on existential authenticity and postvisitation intended behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 60(2), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519899989

114.

Hsu

M. K.

Boostrom

R. E.

(2020). From recreation to responsibility: Increasing environmentally responsible behavior in tourism. Journal of Business Research, 109, 557–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.055

115.

Wen

(2025). How do tourism activities and induced awe affect tourists’ pro-environmental behavior? Tourism Management, 106, 105002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.105002

116.

Swanson

S. R.

(2017). The effect of destination social responsibility on tourist environmentally responsible behavior: Compared analysis of first-time and repeat tourists. Tourism Management, 60, 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.011

117.

Tabachnick

B. G.

Fidell

L. S.

Ullman

J. B.

(2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2018.82009

118.

Tang

Huang

(2023). The influence of event-time (vs. clock-time) scheduling style on satiation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 33(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1301

119.

Tonge

Ryan

M. M.

Moore

S. A.

Beckley

L. E.

(2015). The effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral intentions of visitors to coastal natural area tourist destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 54(6), 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514533010

120.

Turpie

J. K.

(2003). The existence value of biodiversity in South Africa: how interest, experience, knowledge, income and perceived level of threat influence local willingness to pay. Ecological Economics, 46(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00122-8

121.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2024). How can tourism fix its plastic problem?https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-can-tourism-fix-its-plastic-problem

122.

Waitt

(2000). Consuming heritage: Perceived historical authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 835–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00115-2

123.

Wang

Shen

Zheng

Cao

(2021). The antecedents and consequences of awe in dark tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(8), 1169–1183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1782857

124.

Wang

Lyu

(2019). Inspiring awe through tourism and its consequence. Annals of Tourism Research, 77, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.05.005

125.

Wang

(1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0

126.

Wilson

J. Q.

Kelling

G. L.

(1982). Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci

127.

Wong

I. A.

Sun

Xiong

(2023). Craving alterreal authenticity through the post-postmodern lens: An experimental inquiry. Tourism Management, 94, 104654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104654

128.

Zhao

Cotte

Cui

(2023). Cyclical time is greener: The impact of temporal perspective on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 50, 722–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad016

129.

Zuo

Chen

Law

Zhang

(2023). Broken windows in tourism: The effect of occupational stigma perception of tour guides on interpersonal deviance toward tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research, 25, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2557

130.

Yan

Y. Q.

Shen

H. J.

B. H.

Zhou

(2022). From axe to awe: Assessing the co-effects of awe and authenticity on industrial heritage tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(17), 2821–2837. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1996543

131.

Jiang

(2018). Authenticity and loyalty at heritage sites: The moderation effect of postmodern authenticity. Tourism Management, 67, 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.013

132.

Zauberman

Kim

B. K.

Malkoc

S. A.

Bettman

J. R.

(2009). Discounting time and time discounting: Subjective time perception and intertemporal preferences. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(4), 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.46.4.543

133.

Zelenski

J. M.

Desrochers

J. E.

(2021). Can positive and self-transcendent emotions promote pro-environmental behavior? Current Opinion in Psychology, 42, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.009

134.

Zerva

(2015). Visiting authenticity on Los Angeles Gang Tours: Tourists backstage. Tourism Management, 46, 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.004

135.

Zhang

Yin

(2020). Testing the structural relationships of tourism authenticities. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100485

136.

Zhi

Yang

Chen

Akebaijiang

Liu

Xia

(2023). Future time perspective and trust in government: The mediation of the consideration of future consequences. Current Psychology, 42(14), 12087–12095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02351-w

When and How to Encourage Tourists to Be More Responsible: Essential Issues for Natural World Heritage Site Post-Disaster Restorations

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References