The growing environmental concerns associated with synthetic dyes have sparked increased interest in natural dyes derived from organic or renewable sources. Synthetic dyes, derived from petroleum and coal tar, are widely used for their vibrant colors and low cost but pose significant environmental hazards, including water pollution, toxicity, and health risks. In contrast, natural dyes, sourced from plants, animals, and minerals, are eco-friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic. This review provides a historical overview of natural dyes, tracing their origins to ancient civilizations, and discusses various extraction techniques including advanced technologies such as ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction, which enhance the efficiency and yield of natural dyes. Furthermore, the review encompasses a wide range of applications of natural dyes across several sectors including textiles, cosmetics, food, and medicine. While natural dyes offer ecological advantages, challenges like scalability, color consistency, and higher costs hinder their widespread adoption. Technological innovations and sustainable sourcing practices are essential to overcoming these barriers. The present study emphasizes that with improved extraction methods and increased consumer awareness, natural dyes could become a viable, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes, promoting a greener, more sustainable future.
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