During the industrial processing of almond fruits, tons of almond skins are generated. Valorization of blanched almond skin wastes by recovering natural polyphenols using water, instead of organic solvents, for direct application of aqueous baths for dyeing of wool fabrics was studied in this work. The results showed that it was possible to recover polyphenols from almond skins and use them as a dye for wool fibres. Kinetics of extraction was modelled by using the diffusion-based Chrastil’s model and Peleg’s empirical model, obtaining excellent fit in both cases (R2 > 0.96). The amount of polyphenol extracted was enough to achieve correct direct dyeing with excellent washing, rubbing and perspiration fastness although the shades obtained were dull. Nevertheless, it was possible to achieve a better coloration by using ion(II) sulfate as the mordant resulting in dyeings with reasonable good washing and rubbing fastness.
PunyachareonnonPDeerattrakulVLuepongK.The Influence of pH, temperature and time on dyeing of silk fabric by black bean anthocyanin-rich extract as colorant. Prog Color Color Coat2021;
14: 179–186.
2.
SingheeD.Review on natural dyes for textiles from wastes. In: SamantaAKAwwadNSAlgarniHM (eds) Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments.
Rijeka, Croatia:
IntechOpen, 2020, pp. 99–122.
3.
FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Crop statistics data. 2020. See http://fao.org/faostat/en (accessed 1 February 2020).
4.
GonzálezJFGonzález-GarcíaCMRamiroA, et al.
Use of almond residues for domestic heating. Study of the combustion parameters in a mural boiler. Fuel Process Technol2005;
86: 1351–1368.
5.
EsfahlanAJJameiREsfahlanRJ.The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products. Food Chem2010;
120: 349–360.
6.
MaaloulNOulegoPRenduelesM, et al.
Novel biosorbents from almond shells: characterization and adsorption properties modelling for Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng2017;
5: 2944–2954.
7.
KandhariDJoydeepD.Efficacy of almond shells for removal of dye from waste water. Pollut Res2019;
37: 25–31.
8.
Ait AhsaineHZbairMAnfarZ, et al.
Cationic dyes adsorption onto high surface area ‘almond shell’ activated carbon: Kinetics, equilibrium isotherms and surface statistical modeling. Mater Today Chem2018;
8: 121–132.
9.
MoralesAHernández-RamosFSilleroL, et al.
Multiproduct biorefinery based on almond shells: impact of the delignification stage on the manufacture of valuable products. Bioresour Technol2020;
315: 123896.
10.
MandalariGTomainoAArcoraciT, et al.
Characterization of polyphenols, lipids and dietary fibre from almond skins (Amygdalus communis L.). J Food Compost Anal2010;
23: 166–174.
11.
GarridoIMonagasMGómez-CordovésC, et al.
Polyphenols and antioxidant properties of almond skins: influence of industrial processing. J Food Sci2008;
73: 106–115.
12.
BalasundramNSundramKSammanS.Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem2006;
99: 191–203.
13.
Canche-EscamillaGColli-AcevedoPBorges-ArgaezR, et al.
Extraction of phenolic components from an Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) crop and their potential as antimicrobials and textile dyes. Sustain Chem Pharm2019;
14: 100168.
14.
HugheyC AJanusziewiczRMinardiCS, et al.
Distribution of almond polyphenols in blanch water and skins as a function of blanching time and temperature. Food Chem2012;
131: 1165–1173.
15.
MahdiMMTuj-ZohraFAhmedS.Dyeing of shoe upper leather with extracted dye from acacia nilotica plant bark – an eco-friendly initiative. Prog Color Color Coat2021;
14: 241–258.
16.
AmmayappanLShakyawarDBB.Dyeing of carpet woolen yarn using natural dye from cochineal. J Nat Fibers2016;
13: 42–53.
17.
Erdem İşmalÖYıldırımL.Almond shell as a natural colorant. Indian J Fibre Text Res2012;
37: 358–363.
18.
Erdem İşmalÖYıldırımLÖzdoğanE.Use of almond shell extracts plus biomordants as effective textile dye. J Clean Prod2014;
70: 61–67.
19.
Erdem İşmalÖÖzdoğanEYıldırımL.An alternative natural dye, almond shell waste: effects of plasma and mordants on dyeing properties. Color Technol2013;
129: 431–437.
20.
Fitz-BinderCBechtoldT.Extraction of polyphenolic substances from bark as natural colorants for wool dyeing. Color Technol2018;
135: 32–39.
21.
MelliganRILiJMehanshoH, et al.
The role of iron and the factors affecting off-color development of polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem2003;
51: 2304–2316.
22.
PerronNRWangHCDeGuireSN, et al.
Kinetics of iron oxidation upon polyphenol binding. Dalton Trans2010;
39: 9982–9987.
23.
PutnikPBursać KovačevićDRadojcinM, et al.
Influence of acidity and extraction time on the recovery of flavonoids from grape skin pomace optimized by response surface methodology. Chem Biochem Eng Q2016;
30: 455–464.
24.
KolevaV.Solid liquid extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Cotinus coggygria and concentration by nanofiltration. Chem Biochem Eng Q2015;
28: 545–551.
25.
BollingB.Almond polyphenols: methods of analysis, contribution to food quality, and health promotion: almond polyphenols. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf2017;
16: 346–368.
26.
CrankJ.The mathematics of diffusion.
Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1957.
27.
ChrastilJ.Adsorption of direct dyes on cotton: kinetics of dyeing from finite baths based on new information. Text Res J1990;
60(7): 413–416.
28.
PelegM.An empirical model for the description of moisture sorption curves. J Food Sci1988;
53: 1216–1219.
29.
SingletonVLOrthoferLLamuela-RaventósRM.Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin Ciocalteu reagent. Meth Enzymol1999;
299: 152–178.
30.
KriaaKHadrichB.New modeling approach of ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from carob. J Pharm Innov2019;
14: 141–151.
31.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 105-J03. Textiles – Tests for colour fastness – Part J03: Calculation of colour differences. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2009.
32.
ISO. ISO 105-C06. Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part C06: Colour fastness to domestic and commercial laundering. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2010.
33.
ISO. ISO 105-X12. Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part X12: Colour fastness to rubbing. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2016.
34.
ISO. ISO 105-E04. Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part E04: Colour fastness to perspiration. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2013.
35.
PadfieldTLandiS.The light-fastness of the natural dyes. Stud Conserv1966;
11: 181–196.
36.
CristeaDVilaremG.Improving light fastness of natural dyes on cotton yarn. Dyes Pigm2006;
70: 238–245.
37.
SuganumaK.Improvement of the standard method for assessing colour fastness to wet rubbing. Color Technol2015;
131: 403–411.
38.
UddinMG.Effects of different mordants on silk fabric dyed with onion outer skin extracts. J Text2014;
2014: 1–8.
