Incorporation of functional additives is one of the most important ways of functionalizing textiles. Among the additives, photocatalyst has been used extensively in recent years. This paper reviews the current research status on application of photocatalysts in fibrous materials. The review concentrates on novel methods for coating various photocatalysts on textiles and properties of the photocatalyst-modified textiles. The fundamental limitations and future prospects of this research are also discussed.
QianLHinestrozaJP. Application of nanotechnology for high performance textiles. J Text Apparel Technol Manage2004; 4: 1–1.
2.
KamatPV. Photochemistry on nonreactive and reactive (semiconductor) surfaces. Chem Rev1993; 93: 267–300.
3.
Gonzalez-ElipeARMunueraGSoriaJ. Photo-adsorption and photo-desorption of oxygen on highly hydroxylated TiO2 surfaces. Part 2.-Study of radical intermediates by electron paramagnetic resonance. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans1979; 75: 748–761.
4.
BeydounDAmalRLowG. Role of nanoparticles in photocatalysis. J Nanopart Res1999; 1: 439–458.
5.
JiangXTianXGuJ. Cotton fabric coated with nano TiO2-acrylate copolymer for photocatalytic self-cleaning by in-situ suspension polymerization. Appl Surf Sci2011; 257: 8451–8456.
6.
DaoudWAXinJH. Nucleation and growth of anatase crystallites on cotton fabrics at low temperatures. J Am Ceram Soc2004; 87: 953–955.
7.
MeilertKTLaubDKiwiJ. Photocatalytic self-cleaning of modified cotton textiles by TiO2 clusters attached by chemical spacers. J Mol Catal A2005; 237: 101–108.
8.
BozziAYuranovaTKiwiJ. Self-cleaning of wool-polyamide and polyester textiles by TiO2-rutile modification under daylight irradiation at ambient temperature. J Photochem Photobiol A2005; 172: 27–34.
9.
YuranovaTLaubDKiwiJ. Synthesis, activity and characterization of textiles showing self-cleaning activity under daylight irradiation. Catal Today2007; 122: 109–117.
10.
MejíaMIMarínJMRestrepoG. Self-cleaning modified TiO2–cotton pretreated by UVC-light and RF-plasma in vacuum and also under atmospheric pressure. Appl Catal B2009; 91: 481–488.
HurrenCJLiuRTLiuX. Photo-catalysis of red wine stains using titanium dioxide sol-gel coatings on wool fabrics. Adv Sci Technol2008; 60: 111–116.
13.
QiKXinJHDaoudWA. Functionalizing polyester fiber with a self-cleaning property using anatase TiO2 and low-temperature plasma treatment. Int J Appl Ceram Technol2007; 4: 554–563.
14.
MihailovićDŠaponjićZMolinaR. Improved properties of oxygen and argon RF plasma-activated polyester fabrics loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2010; 2: 1700–1706.
15.
MihailovićDŠaponjićZRadoičićM. Novel properties of PES fabrics modified by corona discharge and colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles. Polym Adv Technol2011; 22: 703–709.
16.
ZhangLXWangXLLiuP. Low temperature deposition of TiO2 thin films on polyvinyl alcohol fibers with photocatalytical and antibacterial activities. Appl Surf Sci2008; 254: 1771–1774.
17.
MejíaMIMarínJMRestrepoG. Innovative UVC light (185 nm) and radio-frequency-plasma pretreatment of nylon surfaces at atmospheric pressure and their implications in photocatalytic processes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2009; 1: 2190–2198.
18.
YuanRRamjaunSNWangZ. Effects of chloride ion on degradation of Acid Orange 7 by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process: Implications for formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. J Hazard Mater2011; 196: 173–179.
19.
MeininghausRSalthammerTKnöppelH. Interaction of volatile organic compounds with indoor materials - a small-scale screening method. Atmos Environ1999; 33: 2395–2401.
20.
WangSAngHMTadeMO. Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: state of the art. Environ Int2007; 33: 694–705.
21.
MoJZhangYXuQ. Photocatalytic purification of volatile organic compounds in indoor air: a literature review. Atmos Environ2009; 43: 2229–2246.
22.
ŽabováHDvořákB. Gas phase degradation of acetone using a TiO2 photocatalyst supported on a polyester fabric. React Kinet Catal Lett2009; 98: 165–175.
23.
YangJZSunAGLuYL. TiO2/polyester non-woven fabrics as a kind of photocatalyst for the degradation of formaldehyde gas. J Dong Hua University (Eng Ed)2005; 22: 33–35.
24.
ParkOHNaHY. Photocatalytic degradation of toluene vapour using fixed bed multichannel photoreactors equipped with TiO2-coated fabrics. Environ Technol2008; 29: 1001–1007.
25.
ParkOHKimCS. Experimental study on the treatment of volatile organic compound vapors using a photoreactor equipped with photocatalyst-coated fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci2004; 91: 3174–3179.
26.
HanZChangVWCZhangL. Preparation of TiO2-coated polyester fiber filter by spray-coating and its photocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde. Aerosol Air Qual Res2012; 12: 1327–1335.
27.
PalauJColomerMPenya-RojaJM. Photodegradation of toluene, m-xylene, and n-butyl acetate and their mixtures over TiO2 catalyst on glass fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res2012; 51: 5986–5994.
28.
DongYBaiZLiuR. Decomposition of indoor ammonia with TiO2-loaded cotton woven fabrics prepared by different textile finishing methods. Atmos Enviro2007; 41: 3182–3192.
29.
YuHLeeSCYuJ. Photocatalytic activity of dispersed TiO2 particles deposited on glass fibers. J Mol Catal A2006; 246: 206–211.
30.
Siwińska-StefańskaKCiesielczykFJesionowskiT. Evaluation of the photocatalytic properties of textile fabrics modified with titanium dioxide of anatase structute. Fibres Text East Eur2011; 85: 76–83.
31.
SangkhunWLaokiatLTanboonchuyV. Photocatalytic degradation of BTEX using W-doped TiO2 immobilized on fiberglass cloth under visible light. Superlattices Microstruct2012; 52: 632–642.
32.
SelishchevDSKarasevaIPUvaevVV. Effect of preparation method of functionalized textile materials on their photocatalytic activity and stability under UV irradiation. Chem Eng J2013; 224: 114–120.
33.
PichatPDisdierJHoang-VanC. Purification/deodorization of indoor air and gaseous effluents by TiO2 photocatalysis. Catal Today2000; 63: 363–369.
34.
ParkOHKimCSChoHH. Development of a photoreactive fabric filter for simultaneous removal of VOCs and fine particles. Korean J Chem Eng2006; 23: 194–198.
35.
BoscFAyralAGuizardC. Mesoporous anatase coatings for coupling membrane separation and photocatalyzed reactions. J Membr Sci2005; 265: 13–19.
36.
ZhangHQuanXChenS. Fabrication of photocatalytic membrane and evaluation its efficiency in removal of organic pollutants from water. Sep Purif Technol2006; 50: 147–155.
37.
ZhangHQuanXChenS. The removal of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate surfactant from water using silica/titania nanorods/nanotubes composite membrane with photocatalytic capability. Appl Surf Sci2006; 252: 8598–8604.
38.
ChoiHStathatosEDionysiouDD. Photocatalytic TiO2 films and membranes for the development of efficient wastewater treatment and reuse systems. Desalination2007; 202: 199–206.
39.
HabibiMHHabibiAH. Nanostructure composite ZnFe2O4-FeFe2O4-ZnO immobilized on glass: photocatalytic activity for degradation of an azo textile dye F3B. J Ind Eng Chem2014; 20: 68–73.
40.
KimSHKwakSYSohnBH. Design of TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled aromatic polyamide thin-film-composite (TFC) membrane as an approach to solve biofouling problem. J Membr Sci2003; 211: 157–165.
41.
BellobonoIRMorazzoniFTozziPM. Photocatalytic membrane modules for drinking water purification in domestic and community appliances. Int J Photoenergy2005; 7: 109–113.
42.
ArtaleMAAugugliaroVDrioliE. Preparation and characterisation of membranes with entrapped TiO2 and preliminary photocatalytic tests. Ann Chim-Rome2001; 91: 127–136.
43.
KleineJPeinemannKVSchusterC. Multifunctional system for treatment of wastewaters from adhesive-producing industries: separation of solids and oxidation of dissolved pollutants using doted microfiltration membranes. Chem Eng Sci2002; 57: 1661–1664.
44.
MolinariRPirilloFFalcoM. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes by using a membrane reactor. Chem Eng Process2004; 43: 1103–1114.
45.
HanHBaiR. Highly effective buoyant photocatalyst prepared with a novel layered-TiO2 configuration on polypropylene fabric and the degradation performance for methyl orange dye under UV-vis and vis lights. Sep Purif Technol2010; 73: 142–150.
46.
Méndez-RománRCardona-MartínezN. Relationship between the formation of surface species and catalyst deactivation during the gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation of toluene. Catal Today1998; 40: 353–365.
47.
ZhangHZhuH. Preparation of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on polyamide fabric. Appl Surf Sci2012; 258: 10034–10041.
48.
HebeishAAAbdelhadyMMYoussefAM. TiO2 nanowire and TiO2 nanowire doped Ag-PVP nanocomposite for antimicrobial and self-cleaning cotton textile. Carbohydr Polym2013; 91: 549–559.
49.
Grzechulska-DamszelJ. Removal of organic impurities from water using a reactor with photoactive refill. Int J Photoenergy2009; 2009: 304712–304712.
50.
TrybaB. Immobilization of TiO2 and Fe–C–TiO2 photocatalysts on the cotton material for application in a flow photocatalytic reactor for decomposition of phenol in water. J Hazard Mater2008; 151: 623–627.
51.
BarkaNAssabbaneANounahA. Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine in aqueous solution by TiO2-coated non-woven fibres. J Hazard Mater2008; 152: 1054–1059.
XuYLangfordCH. Variation of Langmuir adsorption constant determined for TiO2-photocatalyzed degradation of acetophenone under different light intensity. J Photochem Photobiol A2000; 133: 67–71.
54.
EgertonTAKingCJ. The influence of light intensity on photoactivity on TiO2 pigmented system. J Oil Colour Chem Assoc1979; 62: 386–391.
55.
RincónAGPulgarinC. Comparative evaluation of Fe3+ and TiO2 photoassisted processes in solar photocatalytic disinfection of water. Appl Catal B2006; 63: 222–231.
56.
FosterHADittaIBVargheseS. Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2011; 90: 1847–1868.
57.
ChongMNJinBChowCWK. Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review. Water Res2010; 44: 2997–3027.
58.
RincónAGPulgarinC. Bactericidal action of illuminated TiO2 on pure Escherichia coli and natural bacterial consortia: post-irradiation events in the dark and assessment of the effective disinfection time. Appl Catal B2004; 49: 99–112.
59.
SjogrenJCSierkaRA. Inactivation of phage MS2 by iron-aided titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Appl Environ Microbiol1994; 60: 344–347.
60.
VohraAGoswamiDYDeshpandeDA. Enhanced photocatalytic disinfection of indoor air. Appl Catal B2006; 64: 57–65.
61.
Amézaga-MadridPSilveyra-MoralesRCórdoba-FierroL. TEM evidence of ultrastructural alteration on Pseudomonas aeruginosa by photocatalytic TiO2 thin films. J Photoch Photobiol B2003; 70: 45–50.
62.
KiwiJNadtochenkoV. Evidence for the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of the bacterial wall membrane at the TiO2 interface by ATR-FTIR and laser kinetic spectroscopy. Langmuir2005; 21: 4631–4641.
63.
KiwiJNadtochenkoV. New evidence for TiO2 photocatalysis during bilayer lipid peroxidation. J Phys Chem B2004; 108: 17675–17684.
64.
LiQMahendraSLyonDY. Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. Water Res2008; 42: 4591–4602.
65.
WuDLongMZhouJ. Synthesis and characterization of self-cleaning cotton fabrics modified by TiO2 through a facile approach. Surf Coat Technol2009; 203: 3728–3733.
66.
LinCYLiCS. Inactivation of microorganisms on the photocatalytic surfaces in air. Aerosol Sci Technol2003; 37: 939–946.
KangwansupamonkonWLauruengtanaVSurassmoS. Antibacterial effect of apatite-coated titanium dioxide for textiles applications. Nanomed Nanotechnol2009; 5: 240–249.
69.
WuPXieRImlayJA. Visible-light-induced photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria by composite photocatalysts of palladium oxide and nitrogen-doped titanium oxide. Appl Catal B2009; 88: 576–581.
70.
YuranovaTRinconAGPulgarinC. Performance and characterization of Ag-cotton and Ag/TiO2 loaded textiles during the abatement of E. coli. J Photochem Photobiol A2006; 181: 363–369.
71.
MahltigBGutmannEMeyerDC. Solvothermal preparation of metallized titania sols for photocatalytic and antimicrobial coatings. J Mater Chem2007; 17: 2367–2374.
72.
MannaJBegumGKumarKP. Enabling antibacterial coating via bioinspired mineralization of nanostructured ZnO on fabrics under mild conditions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2013; 5: 4457–4463.
73.
Shateri-KhalilabadMYazdanshenasME. Bifunctionalization of cotton textiles by ZnO nanostructures: antimicrobial activity and ultraviolet protection. Text Res J2013; 83: 993–1004.
74.
PerelshteinIRudermanYPerkasN. Enzymatic pre-treatment as a means of enhancing the antibacterial activity and stability of ZnO nanoparticles sonochemically coated on cotton fabrics. J Mater Chem2012; 22: 10736–10742.
75.
ArainRAKhatriZMemonMH. Antibacterial property and characterization of cotton fabric treated with chitosan/AgCl-TiO2 colloid. Carbohydr Polym2013; 96: 326–331.
76.
GuptaKKJassalMAgrawalAK. Sol-gel derived titanium dioxide finishing of cotton fabric for self cleaning. Indian J Fibre Text2008; 33: 443–450.
77.
PalamutcuSAcarGÇonAH. Innovative self-cleaning and antibacterial cotton textile: no water and no detergent for cleaning. Desalin Water Treat2011; 26: 178–184.
78.
MengJLiHZhiC. The preparation of nitrogen-doped nano-TiO2 for self-cleaning fabric. Adv Mater Res2012; 472–475: 2189–2194.
79.
DaoudWAXinJHZhangYH. Surface functionalization of cellulose fibers with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their combined bactericidal activities. Surf Sci2005; 599: 69–75.
80.
XueCHJiaSTChenHZ. Superhydrophobic cotton fabrics prepared by sol–gel coating of TiO2 and surface hydrophobization. Sci Technol Adv Mater2008; 9: 035001–035001.
81.
DastjerdiRMojtahediMRMShoshtariAM. Investigating the effect of various blend ratios of prepared masterbatch containing Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite on the properties of bioactive continuous filament yarns. Fibers Polym2008; 9: 727–734.
82.
DastjerdiRMojtahediMRMShoshtariAM. Investigating the production and properties of Ag/TiO2/PP antibacterial nanocomposite filament yarns. J Text Inst2010; 101: 204–213.
83.
YuMWangZLiuH. Laundering durability of photocatalyzed self-cleaning cotton fabric with TiO2 nanoparticles covalently immobilized. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2013; 5: 3697–3703.
84.
ChenXWangBWangH. Titanium dioxide/carbon fabric prepared by a controlled pyrolysis method. J Macromol Sci B2009; 48: 1025–1030.
85.
BozziAYuranovaTMielczarskiE. Superior biodegradability mediated by immobilized Fe-fabrics of waste waters compared to Fenton homogeneous reactions. Appl Catal B2003; 42: 289–303.
86.
MaBGuoJZouL. Ag/AgCl@cotton-fabric: a highly stable and easy-recycling plasmonic photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Chin J Chem2011; 29: 857–859.
87.
ZhengCChenGQiZ. Compound finishing of Bombyx mori silk: a study of cold oxygen plasma/titania sols treatments and their influences on fiber structure and performance. Plasma Chem Plasma Process2012; 32: 629–642.
88.
SelvamSRajiv GandhiRSureshJ. Antibacterial effect of novel synthesized sulfated β-cyclodextrin crosslinked cotton fabric and its improved antibacterial activities with ZnO, TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles coating. Int J Pharm2012; 434: 366–374.
89.
DuPSongLXiongJ. A photovoltaic smart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based on co-electrospun TiO2/MgO core-sheath nanorods: novel textiles of integrating energy and environmental science with textile research. Text Res J2013; 83: 1690–1702.
90.
CastroCSanjinesRPulgarinC. Structure–reactivity relations for DC-magnetron sputtered Cu-layers during E. coli inactivation in the dark and under light. J Photochem Photobiol A2010; 216: 295–302.
91.
BaghricheORtimiSPulgarinC. Effect of the spectral properties of TiO2, Cu, TiO2/Cu sputtered films on the bacterial inactivation under low intensity actinic light. J Photochem Photobiol A2013; 251: 50–56.
92.
RtimiSSanjinesRPulgarinC. Coupling of narrow and wide band-gap semiconductors on uniform films active in bacterial disinfection under low intensity visible light: implications of the interfacial charge transfer (IFCT). J Hazard Mater2013; 260: 860–868.
UddinMJCesanoFBoninoF. Photoactive TiO2 films on cellulose fibres: synthesis and characterization. J Photochem Photobiol A2007; 189: 286–294.
95.
RahalRPigotTFoixD. Photocatalytic efficiency and self-cleaning properties under visible light of cotton fabrics coated with sensitized TiO2. Appl Catal B2011; 104: 361–372.
96.
MennigMSchmittMSchmidtH. Synthesis of Ag-colloids in sol-gel derived SiO2-coatings on glass. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol1997; 8: 1035–1042.
97.
DeG. Sol-gel synthesis of metal nanoclusters-silica composite films. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol1998; 11: 289–298.
98.
TarimalaSKothariNAbidiN. New approach to antibacterial treatment of cotton fabric with silver nanoparticle-doped silica using sol-gel process. J Appl Polym Sci2006; 101: 2938–2943.
99.
BöhmerMRKeurstenTAPM. Incorporation of pigments in TEOS derived matrices. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol2000; 19: 361–364.
100.
DunnBZinkJI. Optical properties of sol-gel glasses doped with organic molecules. J Mater Chem1991; 1: 903–913.
101.
LebeauBSanchezC. Sol-gel derived hybrid inorganic-organic nanocomposites for optics. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci1999; 4: 11–23.
102.
MahltigBBöttcherHKnittelD. Light fading and wash fastness of dyed nanosol-coated textiles. Text Res J2004; 74: 521–527.
103.
NovakBM. Hybrid nanocomposite materials - between inorganic glasses and organic polymers. Adv Mater1993; 5: 422–433.
104.
WenJWilkesGL. Organic/inorganic hybrid network materials by the sol-gel approach. Chem Mater1996; 8: 1667–1681.
105.
ReisfeldR. Prospects of sol-gel technology towards luminescent materials. Opt Mater2001; 16: 1–7.
106.
CarturanGCampostriniRDiréS. Inorganic gels for immobilization of biocatalysts: inclusion of invertase-active whole cells of yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) into thin layers of SiO2 gel deposited on glass sheets. J Mol Catal1989; 57: L13–L16.
107.
AvnirDBraunSLevO. Enzymes and other proteins entrapped in sol-gel materials. Chem Mater1994; 6: 1605–1614.
108.
DastjerdiRMontazerMShahsavanS. A novel technique for producing durable multifunctional textiles using nanocomposite coating. Colloid Surf B2010; 81: 32–41.
109.
DastjerdiRMontazerMShahsavanS. A new method to stabilize nanoparticles on textile surfaces. Colloid Surf A2009; 345: 202–210.
110.
MontazerMHajimirzababaHRahimiMK. Durable anti-bacterial nylon carpet using colloidal nano silver. Fibres Text East Eur2012; 93: 96–101.
111.
GaloppiniE. Linkers for anchoring sensitizers to semiconductor nanoparticles. Coord Chem Rev2004; 248: 1283–1297.
DastjerdiRMojtahediMRMShoshtariAM. Comparing the effect of three processing methods for modification of filament yarns with inorganic nanocomposite filler and their bioactivity against staphylococcus aureus. Macromol Res2009; 17: 378–387.
114.
RtimiSPulgarinCBaghricheO. Accelerated bacterial inactivation obtained by HIPIMS sputtering on low cost surfaces with concomitant reduction in the metal/semiconductor content. RSC Adv2013; 3: 13127–13130.
115.
KhanjaniSMorsaliAJooSW. In situ formation deposited ZnO nanoparticles on silk fabrics under ultrasound irradiation. Ultrason Sonochem2013; 20: 734–739.
116.
UğurSSarııšıkMAktasAH. Nano-TiO2 based multilayer film deposition on cotton fabrics for UV-protection. Fibers Polym2011; 12: 190–196.
117.
WangJTsuzukiTTangB. Recyclable textiles functionalized with reduced graphene oxide@ZnO for removal of oil spills and dye pollutants. Aust J Chem2014; 67: 71–77.
118.
ParkHChoiW. Photocatalytic reactivities of nafion-coated TiO2 for the degradation of charged organic compounds under UV or visible light. J Phys Chem B2005; 109: 11667–11674.
119.
SchmidtHNaumannMMüllerTS. Application of spray techniques for new photocatalytic gradient coatings on plastics. Thin Solid Films2006; 502: 132–137.
120.
WangJTsuzukiTSunL. Reducing the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide quantum dots by surface modification. J Am Ceram Soc2009; 92: 2083–2088.
121.
WangJTsuzukiTSunL. Reverse microemulsion-mediated synthesis of SiO2-coated ZnO composite nanoparticles: multiple cores with tunable shell thickness. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2010; 2: 957–960.
