The growth of microbes on textiles during use and storage negatively affects the wearer as well as the textile itself. The detrimental effects can be controlled by durable antimicrobial finishing of the textile using broad-spectrum biocides or by incorporating the biocide into synthetic fibers during extrusion. Consumers' attitude towards hygiene and active lifestyle has created a rapidly increasing market for antimicrobial textiles, which in turn has stimulated intensive research and development. This article reviews the requirements for antimicrobial finishing, qualitative and quantitative evaluations of antimicrobial efficacy, the application methods of antimicrobial agents and some of the most recent developments in antimicrobial treatments of textiles using various active agents such as silver, quaternary ammonium salts, polyhexamethylene biguanide, triclosan, chitosan, dyes and regenerable N-halamine compounds and peroxyacids. Examples of commercial antimicrobial products are presented to illustrate the active agents used and their finishing methods.
Purwar, R., and Joshi, M., Recent Developments in Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles—A Review , AATCC Review, 4, 22—26 (2004 ).
2.
The 2nd European Conference on Textiles and the Skin, Bönnigheim, Germany 2004, http://www.hohenstein.com.tr/ximages/15676_hohtextile.pdf (accessed June 2007).
3.
Pavlidou, V. , New Multifunctional Textiles: Antimicrobial Treatments, in “Proceedings of the Intelligent Textile Structures—Application, Production and Testing International Workshop”, Thessaloniki, Greece 2005, http://centrum.vslib.cz/centrum/itsapt/greece2005.html (accessed June 2007).
4.
Antimicrobial Fabrics Help Fight War Against Germs, http://www.textilesintelligence.com/til/press.cfm?prid=325 (accessed June 2007).
5.
Williams, J.F. , HaloSource, V., and Cho , U., Antimicrobial Functions for Synthetic Fibers: Recent Developments, AATCC Review, 5, 17—21 (2005).
6.
Elsner, P., Antimicrobials and the Skin Physiological and Pathological Flora, in “Biofunctional Textiles and the Skin,” Hipler, U. C., and Elsner, P. (eds), Karger, Basel, 2006, pp. 35-41.
7.
Mao, J.W. , and Murphy, L., Durable Freshness for Textiles , AATCC Review, 1, 28—31 (2001 ).
8.
Payne, J.D., and Kudner, D.W., A Durable Antiodor Finish for Cotton Textiles, Textile Chemist and Colorist28, 28—30 (1996 ).
9.
Wallace, M.L. , Testing the Efficacy of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide as an Antimicrobial Treatment for Cotton Fabric, AATCC Review , 1, 18—20 (2001).
10.
Mansfield, R.G., Keeping it Fresh, Textile World, 152, 42—45 (2002).
11.
Lee, H.J. , Yeo, S.Y., and Jeong, S.H., Antibacterial Effect of Nanosized Silver Colloidal Solution on Textile Fabrics, J. Mater. Sci., 38, 2199—2204 (2003).
12.
Ye, W.J. et al., Novel Core—Shell Particles with Poly(n-butyl acrylate) Cores and Chitosan Shells as an Antibacterial Coating for Textiles, Polymer, 46, 10538—10543 ( 2005).
13.
Ye, W.J. et al., Durable Antibacterial Finish on Cotton Fabric by using Chitosan-based Polymeric Core—Shell Particles, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 102, 1787—1793 ( 2006).
14.
Lim, S.H. , and Hudson, S.M., Application of a Fiber-reactive Chitosan Derivative to Cotton Fabric as an Antimicrobial Textile Finish, Carbohydr . Polymer, 56, 227—234 ( 2004).
15.
Diz, M. , Jocic, D., Infante , M.R., and Erra, P., Reaction of a New Thiol Cationic Surfactant with Bunte Salt in Wool Fibers, Textil. Res. J., 67, 486—493 ( 1997).
16.
El-Tahlawy, K.F. , El-Bendary, M.A., Elhendawy , A.G., and Hudson, S.M., The Antimicrobial Activity of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Different Crosslinking Agents and Chitosan, Carbohydr. Polymer, 60, 421—430 (2005).
17.
Zhang, Z.T., Chen, L., Ji, J.M., Huang, Y.L., and Chen, D.H., Antibacterial Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Chitosan, Textil. Res. J., 73, 1103—1106 ( 2003).
18.
Sun, Y., and Sun, G., Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textile Materials Prepared by a Continuous Grafting Process, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 84, 1592—1599 (2002).
19.
Attia, S.M. et al., Review on Sol-gel Derived Coatings: Process, Techniques and Optical Applications, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 18, 211—218 (2002).
20.
Mahltig, B., Haufe, H., and Bottcher, H., Functionalisation of Textiles by Inorganic Sol-gel Coatings, J. Mater. Chem., 15, 4385—4398 ( 2005).
21.
Cunko, R., and Varga, K., Application of Ceramics for the Production of High-performance Textiles , TEKSTIL, 55, 267— 278 ( 2006).
22.
Mahltig, B. , Fiedler, D., and Bottcher, H., Antimicrobial Sol-gel Coatings, J. Sol-GelSci. Technol., 32, 219—222 ( 2004).
23.
Joiner, B.G. , Determining Antimicrobial Efficacy and Biocompatibility of Treated Articles using Standard Test Methods, in “ Bioactive Fibres and Polymers”, Edwards, J. V., and Vigo, T. L. (eds), American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2001 , Ch. 12, pp. 201—217.
24.
Hofer, D., Antimicrobial Textiles—Evaluation of their Effectiveness and Safety , in “Biofunctional Textiles and the Skin”, Hipler, U. C., and Elsner, P. (eds), Karger, Basel, 2006, pp. 42—50.
25.
Analysis and Assessment of Current Protocols to Develop Harmonised Test Methods and Relevant Performance Standards for the Efficacy Testing of Treated Articles/Treated Materials, http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/43bb6130e5e86e5fc12569fa005d004c/0b18528d8e9cec03c1257288005b024c/$FILE/JT03222464.PDF (accessed June 2007).
26.
Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Antibacterial Finished Products, http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetail-Page.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=34261&scopelist=PROGRAMME (accessed June 2007).
27.
McDonnell, G., and Russell, A.D., Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 12, 147—179 (1999).
Yadav, A. et al., Functional Finishing in Cotton Fabrics using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles , Bull. Mater. Sci., 29, 641—645 ( 2006).
30.
Charbonneaux, T., and Rochat, S., “Articles with Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity”, United States Patent Application 20060208390 ( 2006).
31.
Antelman, M.S. , “High Performance Cobalt (II,III) Oxide Antimicrobial Textile Articles”, United States Patent no 6,228,491 (2001).
32.
Hermans, M.H. , Silver-containing Dressings and the Need for Evidence, Am. J. Nurs., 106, 60—68 (2006 ).
33.
Butkus, M.A. , Edling, L., and Labare, M.P., The Efficacy of Silver as a Bactericidal Agent: Advantages, Limitations and Considerations for Future Use, J. Water Sup. Res. Tech.-Aqua, 52, 407—416 ( 2003).
34.
Percival, S.L. , Bowler, P.G., and Russell, D., Bacterial Resistance to Silver in Wound Care , J. Hosp. Infect., 60, 1—7 (2005 ).
35.
Silver, S., and Phung le, T., Silver, G., Silver as biocides in burn and wound dressings and bacterial resistance to silver compounds, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.33, 627-634. (2006).
36.
Yeo, S.Y. , Lee, H.J., and Jeong, S.H., Preparation of Nanocomposite Fibers for Permanent Antibacterial Effect, J. Mater. Sci., 38, 2143—2147 (2003).
Hong, K.H., Park, J.L., Sul, I.H., Youk, J.H., and Kang, T.J., Preparation of Antimicrobial Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibers Containing Silver Nanoparticles, J. Polymer Sci. B Polymer Phys., 44, 2468—2474 (2006).
39.
Hipler, U.C. , Elsner, P., and Fluhr, J.W., Antifungal and Antibacterial Properties of a Silver-loaded Cellulosic Fiber, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater., 77, 156—163 ( 2006).
40.
Nakashima, T., Sakagami, Y., Ito , H., and Matsuo, M., Antibacterial Activity of Cellulose Fabrics Modified with Metallic Salts, Textil. Res. J., 71, 688—694 ( 2001).
41.
Freddi, G., Arai, T., Colonna, G.M., Boschi, A., and Tsukada, M., Binding of Metal Cations to Chemically Modified Wool and Antimicrobial Properties of the Wool—Metal Complexes, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 82, 3513—3519 (2001).
42.
Arai, T., Freddi, G., Colonna, G.M., Scotti, E., Boschi, A., Murakami, R., and Tsukada, M., Absorption of Metal Cations by Modified B-mori Silk and Preparation of Fabrics with an Antimicrobial Activity, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 80, 297—303 (2001).
43.
Tsukada, M. , Arai, T., Colonna , G.M., Boschi, A., and Freddi, G., Preparation of Metal-containing Protein Fibers and their Antimicrobial Properties, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 89, 638—644 ( 2003).
44.
The AgION® Technology Behind the Performance, http://www.bioshieldtech.com/tech.html (accessed June 2007).
45.
NanoHorizons Announces SmartSilver Anti-Odor Nanotechnology for Wool, http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=3609 (accessed June 2007).
46.
Kim, Y.H. , and Sun, G., Dye Molecules as Bridges for Functional Modifications of Nylon: Antimicrobial Functions, Textil. Res. J., 70, 728—733 (2000).
47.
Kim, Y.H. , and Sun, G., Durable Antimicrobial Finishing of Nylon Fabrics with Acid Dyes and a Quaternary Ammonium Salt, Textil. Res. J., 71, 318—323 ( 2001).
48.
Son, Y.A. , and Sun, G., Durable Antimicrobial Nylon 66 Fabrics: Ionic Interactions with Quaternary Ammonium Salts, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 90, 2194—2199 ( 2003).
49.
Kim, Y.H. , and Sun, G., Functional Finishing of Acrylic and Cationic Dyeable Fabrics: Intermolecular Interactions, Textil. Res. J., 72, 1052—1056 ( 2002).
50.
Cai, Z.S. , and Sun, G., Antimicrobial Finishing of Acrilan Fabrics with Cetylpyridinium Chloride, J. Appl. Polymer Sci ., 94, 243—247 (2004).
51.
Cai, Z.S. , and Sun, G., Antimicrobial Finishing of Acrilan Fabrics with Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Affected Properties and Structures , J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 97, 1227—1236 ( 2005).
52.
Zhu, P. , and Sun, G., Antimicrobial Finishing of Wool Fabrics using Quaternary Ammonium Salts, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 93, 1037—1041 (2004).
53.
Zhao, T., and Sun, G., Antimicrobial Finishing of Wool Fabrics with Quaternary Aminopyridinium Salts , J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 103, 482—486 (2006).
54.
Son, Y.A. , Kim, B.S., Ravikumar , K., and Lee , S.G., Imparting Durable Antimicrobial Properties to Cotton Fabrics using Quaternary Ammonium Salts through 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic Acid-chloro-triazine Adduct, Eur. Polymer J., 42, 3059— 3067 (2006).
55.
Diz, M., Infante, M.R., Erra, P., and Manresa, A., Antimicrobial Activity of Wool Treated with a New Thiol Cationic Surfactant , Textil. Res. J., 71, 695—700 ( 2001).
56.
Hayes, S.F., and White, W.C., How Antimicrobial Treatment can Improve Nonwovens, http://www.aegisasia.com/How_Antimicrobial_Treatment_Can_Improve.pdf (accessed June 2007).
57.
A New, Durable Antimicrobial Finish for Textiles, http://microbeshield.com/techdocs/New_Durable_Antimicrobial_Finish_for_Textiles_4A1-F.pdf (accessed June 2007).
58.
Russell, A.D. , Introduction of Biocides into Clinical Practice and the Impact on Antibiotic Resistance, J. Appl. Microbiol . 92, 121S—135S (2002).
59.
Russell, A.D. , Bacterial Adaptation and Resistance to Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Preservatives is Not a New Phenomenon, J. Hosp. Infect., 57, 97—104 (2004 ).
60.
Rosin, M., Welk, A., Bernhardt, O., Ruhnau, M., Pitten, F.A., Kocher, T., and Kramer, A., Effect of a Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Mouthrinse on Bacterial Counts and Plaque, J. Clin. Periodontol., 28, 1121—1126 (2001).
61.
Cazzaniga, A., Serralta, V., Davis , S., Orr , R., Eaglstein, W., and Mertz, P.M., The Effect of an Antimicrobial Gauze Dressing Impregnated with 0.2-percent Polyhexamethylene Biguanide as a Barrier to Prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Invasion, Wound-compend . Clin. Res. Prac., 14, 169— 176 ( 2002).
62.
Payne, J.D., “ Antimicrobial Treatment of Textile Materials”, United States Patent no 5,700,742, (1997).
63.
Payne, J.D., and Yates, J.E., “ Fibres Treated with Antimicrobial Agents”, European Patent Office Publication no EP1697577(A1) (2006).
64.
Yang, Y.Q., Corcoran, L., Vorlicek, K., and Li, S., Durability of Some Antibacterial Treatments to Repeated Home Launderings, Textile Chemist and ColoristAm. Dyestuff Rep., 32, 44— 49 (2000).
65.
Blackburn, R.S. et al., Sorption of Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) on Cellulose: Mechanism of Binding and Molecular Recognition, Langmuir, 22, 5636—5644 (2006).
66.
Kawabata, A. , and Taylor, J.A., Effect of Reactive Dyes upon the Uptake and Antibacterial Action of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) on Cotton. Part 1: Effect of Bis(monochlorotriazinyl)Dyes, Color. Technol ., 120, 213—219 (2004).
67.
Kawabata, A. , and Taylor, J.A., The Effect of Reactive Dyes upon the Uptake and Antibacterial Action of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) on Cotton. Part 2: Uptake of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) on Cotton Dyed with Beta-sulphatoethylsulphonyl Reactive Dyes, Dyes Pigments , 68, 197—204 (2006).
68.
Kawabata, A. , and Taylor, J.A., The Effect of Reactive Dyes upon the Uptake and Antibacterial Action of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) on Cotton. Part 3: Reduction in the Antibacterial Efficacy of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) on Cotton, Dyed with Bis(monochlorotriazinyl) Reactive Dyes, Carbohydr . Res., 67, 375—389 ( 2007).
69.
http://www.archchemicals.com/Fed/BIO/Products/Brand/reputex.htm (accessed June 2007).
70.
Purista to Develop Freshness Treatment for Synthetic Fibres, http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/company-news/purista/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=22045 (accessed June 2007).
71.
Jones, R.D. , Jampani, H.B., Newman , J.L., and Lee , A.S., Triclosan: A Review of Effectiveness and Safety in Health Care Settings, Am. J. Infect. Contr., 28, 184—196 (2000).
72.
Bhargava, H.N. , and Leonard, P.A., Triclosan: Applications and Safety, Am. J. Infect. Contr., 24, 209-218 (1996).
73.
Levy, C.W., Roujeinikova, A., Sedelnikova, S., Baker, P.J., Stuitje, A.R., Slabas, A.R., Rice, D.W., and Rafferty, J.B., Molecular Basis of Triclosan Activity, Nature, 398, 383—384 (1999).
74.
Payne, S.A., “ Antimicrobial Superfinish and Method of Making”, United States Patent Application no 20040077747 (2004).
75.
Lu, J., Hill, M.A., Hood, M., Greeson, D.F., Horton, J.R., Orndorff, P.E., Herndon, A.S., and Tonelli, A.E., Formation of Antibiotic, Biodegradable Polymers by Processing with Irgasan DP300R (Triclosan) and its Inclusion Compound with Beta-cyclodextrin , J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 82, 300—309 ( 2001).
76.
Goetzendorf-Grabowska, B., Krolikowska , H., and Gadzinowski , M., Polymer Microspheres as Carriers of Antibacterial Properties of Textiles: A Preliminary Study, Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe, 12, 62—64 (2004 ).
77.
Kalyon, B.D. , and Olgun, U., Antibacterial Efficacy of Triclosan-incorporated Polymers, Am. J. Infect. Contr., 29, 124— 125 (2001).
78.
Iconomopoulou, S.M., Andreopoulou , A.K., Soto, A., Kallitsis, J.K., and Voyiatzis, G.A., Incorporation of Low Molecular Weight Biocides into Polystyrene-divinyl Benzene Beads with Controlled Release Characteristics, J. Contr. Release, 102, 223—233 (2005).
79.
Yazdankhah, S.P. et al., Triclosan and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria: An Overview, Microb. Drug Resist.-Mech. Epidemiol. Dis., 12, 83—90 (2006).
80.
Latch, D.E. et al., Photochemical Conversion of Triclosan to 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Aqueous Solution, J. Photchem. Photobiol. Chem., 158, 63—66 (2003 ).
81.
Sanchez-Prado, L. et al., Further Research on the Photo-SPME of Triclosan, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 384, 1548—1557 (2006).
82.
Larsen, J.C. , Risk Assessments of Polychlorinated Dibenzop-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 50, 885—896 (2006).
83.
Why We Do Not Use Microban®, http://www.cleanshopper.com/microban.php (accessed June 2007).
84.
Triclosan , Banned from UK supermarkets, http://www.annieappleseedproject.org/tricbanfromu.html (accessed June 2007).
85.
Rinaudo, M. , Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications, Progr. Polymer Sci., 31, 603—632 ( 2006).
86.
Lim, S.H. , and Hudson, S.M., Review of Chitosan and its Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents and Their uses as Textile Chemicals, J. Macromol. Sci. Polymer Rev., 43, 223—269 ( 2003).
87.
No, H.K. , Park, N.Y., Lee , S.H., and Meyers, S.P., Antibacterial Activity of Chitosans and Chitosan Oligomers with Different Molecular Weights , Int. J. Food Microbiol., 74, 65—72 (2002 ).
88.
Shin, Y., Yoo, D.I., and Jang, J., Molecular Weight Effect on Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Treated Cotton Fabrics, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 80, 2495—2501 (2001).
89.
Lee, S., Cho, J.S., and Cho, G.S., Antimicrobial and Blood Repellent Finishes for Cotton and Nonwoven Fabrics based on Chitosan and Fluoropolymers, Textil. Res. J., 69, 104—112 (1999).
90.
Chung, Y.S., Lee, K.K., and Kim, J.W., Durable Press and Antimicrobial Finishing of Cotton Fabrics with a Citric Acid and Chitosan Treatment, Textil. Res. J., 68, 772—775 (1998).
91.
Julia, M.R., Cot, M., Erra, P., Jocic, D., and Canal, J.M., The Use of Chitosan on Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreated Wool, Textile Chemist and Colorist, 30, 78—83 (1998 ).
92.
Pascual, E., and Julia, M.R., The Role of Chitosan in Wool Finishing, J. Biotechnol. , 89, 289—296 (2001).
93.
Roberts, G.A.F. , and Wood, F.A., A Study of the Influence of Structure on the Effectiveness of Chitosan as an Anti-felting Treatment for Wool, J. Biotechnol., 89, 297—304 ( 2001).
94.
Rybicki, E., Filipowska, B., and Walawska, A., Application of Natural Biopolymers in Shrink-proofing of Wool, Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe, 8, 62—65 (2000 ).
95.
Onar, N., and Sariisik, M., Application of Enzymes and Chitosan Biopolymer to the Antifelting Finishing Process, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 93, 2903—2908 (2004).
96.
Erra, P., Molina, R., Jocic, D., Julia, M.R., Cuesta, A., and Tascon, J.M.D., Shrinkage Properties of Wool Treated with Low Temperature Plasma and Chitosan Biopolymer, Textil. Res. J., 69, 811—815 (1999).
97.
Hsieh, S.H. , Huang, Z.K., Huang , Z.Z., and Tseng, Z.S., Antimicrobial and Physical Properties of Woolen Fabrics Cured with Citric Acid and Chitosan , J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 94, 1999—2007 ( 2004).
98.
Jeong, Y.J. et al., Changes in the Mechanical Properties of Chitosan-treated Wool Fabric, Textil. Res. J., 72, 70—76 (2002).
99.
Seong, H.S. , Whang, H.S., and Ko , S.W., Synthesis of a Quaternary Ammonium Derivative of Chito-oligosaccharide as Antimicrobial Agent for Cellulosic Fibers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 76, 2009—2015 ( 2000).
100.
Kim, J.Y. , Lee, J.K., Lee , T.S., and Park, W.H., Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharide Derivative with Quaternary Ammonium Group and its Antimicrobial Activity against Streptococcus mutans, Int. J. Biol. Macromol ., 32, 23—27 (2003).
101.
Kim, Y.H. , Choi, H.M., and Yoon, J.H., Synthesis of a Quaternary Ammonium Derivative of Chitosan and its Application to a Cotton Antimicrobial Finish, Textil. Res. J., 68, 428— 434 ( 1998).
102.
Kim, Y.H. , Nam, C.W., Choi , J.W., and Jang, J.H., Durable Antimicrobial Treatment of Cotton Fabrics using N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium Chitosan Chloride and Polycarboxylic Acids, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 88, 1567—1572 (2003).
103.
Montazer, M. , and Afjeh, M.G., Simultaneous X-linking and Antimicrobial Finishing of Cotton Fabric, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 103, 178—185 (2007).
104.
Suzuki, K., Oda, D., Shinobu, T., Saimoto, H., and Shigemasa, Y., New Selectively N-substituted Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan Derivatives , Polymer J., 32, 334—338 ( 2000).
105.
Kenawy, E.R. , Abdel-Hay, F.I., Abou El-Magd , A., and Mahmoud, Y., Biologically Active Polymers: Modification and Anti-microbial Activity of Chitosan Derivatives , J. Bioact. Comp. Poly. 20, 95—111 (2005 ).
106.
Liang, C., “ Anti-microbial Chitosan Composition for Textile Products”, United States Patent Application no 20060008515 (2005).
107.
Joerger, M.C. , Koniz, R.F., Sabesan , S., and Pennias, J., “Antimicrobial Polyester-containing Articles and Process for their Preparation”, United States Patent7,081,139 (2006).
108.
CRABYON® , A Fibre with Crab's Pulp, http://www.swicofil.com/products/055chitosan.html (accessed June 2007).
109.
Illarionova, E.L. et al., Fibre, Film, and Porous Materials based on Chitosan, Fibre Chem., 27, 392—396 (1995).
110.
Rathke, T.D. , and Hudson, S.M., Review of Chitin and Chitosan as Fiber and Film Formers, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys ., C34, 375—437 (1994).
111.
Worley, S.D. , and Williams, D.E., Halamine Water Disinfectants , Crc Crit. Rev. Environ. Contr., 18, 133—175 ( 1988).
112.
Sun, G., Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textiles, in “Bioactive Fibres and Polymers”, Edwards, J. V., and Vigo, T. L. (eds), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2001, Ch. 14, pp. 243—252.
113.
Sun. G. , and Xu, X.J., Durable and Regenerable Antibacterial Finishing of Fabrics: Biocidal Properties, Textile Chemist and Colorist , 30, 26—30 (1998).
114.
Lin, J. , Winkelman, C., Worley , S.D., Broughton, R.M., and Williams , J.F., Antimicrobial Treatment of Nylon, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 81, 943—947 (2001).
115.
Lin, J. , Winkelmann, C., Worley , S.D., Kim , J.H., Wei , C.I., Cho , U.C., Broughton, R.M., Santiago, J.I., and Williams , J.F., Biocidal Polyester , J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 85, 177—182 ( 2002).
116.
Sun, G. , and Xu, X., “Durable and Regenerable MicrobiocidalTextiles”, United States Patent no 5,882,357 (1999).
117.
Wu, F.C., “ Regenerable Antimicrobial Animal Fiber Materials”, United States Patent Application no 20020123281 (2002).
118.
Qian, L., and Sun, G., Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Textiles: Improving Efficacy and Durability of Biocidal Functions, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. , 91, 2588—2593 (2004).
119.
Luo, J. , and Sun, Y.Y., Acyclic N-halamine-based Fibrous Materials: Preparation, Characterization, and Biocidal Functions, J. Polymer Sci. Polymer Chem., 44, 3588—3600 ( 2006).
120.
Liu, S. , and Sun, G., Durable and Regenerable Biocidal Polymers: Acyclic N-halamine Cotton Cellulose, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 45, 6477—6482 (2006).
121.
Sun, Y.Y. , and Sun, G., Novel Regenerable N-halamine Polymeric Biocides. III. Grafting Hydantoin-containing Monomers onto Synthetic Fabrics , J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 81, 1517— 1525 (2001).
122.
Sun, Y.Y. , and Sun, G., Novel Refreshable N-halamine Polymeric Biocides: Grafting Hydantoin-containing Monomers onto High Performance Fibers by a Continuous Process, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 88, 1032—1039 (2003).
123.
Li, S., “ Method of Retaining Antimicrobial Properties on a Halamine-treated Textile Substrate while Simultaneously Reducing Deleterious Odor and Skin Irritation Effects”, United States Patent no 6,576,154 (2003).
124.
Dettenkofer, M., and Block, C., Hospital Disinfection: Efficacy and Safety Issues, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 18, 320—325 (2005).
125.
Huang, L.K. , and Sun, G., Durable and Regenerable Antimicrobial Cellulose with Oxygen Bleach: Concept Proofing, AATCC Review , 3, 17—21 (2003).
126.
Huang, L.K. , and Sun, G., Durable and Oxygen Bleach Rechargeable Antimicrobial Cellulose: Sodium Perborate as an Activating and Recharging Agent, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 5417—5422 ( 2003).
127.
Sun, G., and Huang, L.K., “ Regenerable Antimicrobial Polymers and Fibers with Oxygen Bleaches”, United States Patent no 6,962,608 (2005).
128.
Tsukada, M., Katoh, H., Wilson, D., Shin, B.S., Arai, T., Murakami, R., and Freddi, G., Production of Antimicrobially Active Silk Proteins by Use of Metal-containing Dyestuffs, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 86, 1181—1188 (2002).
129.
Sayed, A.Z., and El-Gaby, M.S.A. , Synthesis of Novel Dyestuffs Containing Sulphonamido Moieties and Their Application on Wool and Polyamide Fibres, Color. Technol., 117, 293— 297 ( 2001).
130.
Ma, M.H., Sun, Y.Y., and Sun, G., Antimicrobial Cationic Dyes. Part 1: Synthesis and Characterization , Dyes Pigments, 58, 27—35 (2003 ).
131.
Sun, G., and Ma, M., “ Multifunctional Antimicrobial Dyes”, United States Patent Application no 20050011012 (2005).
132.
Ma, M.H. , and Sun, G., Antimicrobial Cationic Dyes. Part 3: Simultaneous Dyeing and Antimicrobial Finishing of Acrylic Fabrics, Dyes Pigments, 66, 33—41 (2005).
133.
Han, S.Y. , and Yang, Y., Antimicrobial Activity of Wool Fabric Treated with Curcumin, Dyes Pigments, 64, 157—161 (2005).
134.
Singh, R., Jain, A., Panwar, S., Gupta, D., and Khare, S.K., Antimicrobial Activity of Some Natural Dyes, Dyes Pigments , 66, 99—102 (2005).
135.
Kim, T.K. , and Son, Y.A., Effect of Reactive Anionic Agent on Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers with a Berberine Colorant— Part 2: Anionic Agent Treatment and Antimicrobial Activity of a Berberine Dyeing, Dyes Pigments, 64, 85—89 (2005 ).
136.
Russell, A.D. , Biocide Usage and Antibiotic Resistance: The Relevance of Laboratory Findings to Clinical and Environmental Situations, Lancet Infect. Dis., 3, 794—803 ( 2003).
