Lower limbs strength variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer players

Abstract

Due to its physical demands, professional soccer is becoming a real challenge regarding players’ exposure to high injury risk. Given its tight correlation with high-intensity actions, muscular strength is a crucial physical characteristic for soccer players. Therefore, the aims of this study are (a) to compare the vertical jumping performance during the season according to the injury profile, and (b) to investigate differences in isokinetic strength performance at the beginning and the end of the season. Twenty-one male professional soccer players (age: 26.0 ± 4.1 years, height: 181.0 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 73.7 ± 6.9 kg) were assessed in isokinetic strength (Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer), and Optojump Next (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Isokinetic strength analyses considered the peak torque scores of knee flexors and knee extensors, according to the player's preferred and non-preferred limb. The countermovement and squat jump maximum height were assessed as lower body explosive strength indicators. No significant differences were found when comparing injured and non-injured players in vertical jump and isokinetic strength assessments. However, significant results were found when comparing both groups’ initial and final evaluation in isokinetic strength assessment, with both groups significantly improving their performance. Our findings indicate that the overall lower body strength performance was not a discriminant factor between injured and non-injury players. Thus, muscular strength assessment performance increased throughout the season independently of the injury profile. Future research needs to integrate other variables related to sports injuries since they seem to result from multifactorial causes.

Keywords

Football sports injuries muscular strength isokinetic explosive strength

Introduction

Jumping, running, and direction changes have all been considered the most crucial moves in professional soccer, leading to flagrant goal situations.^1–3 Muscular strength significantly impacts the force-time characteristics associated with soccer performance, particularly given its close association with high-speed and high-intensity actions.^4,5 Still, players with greater muscular strength have been associated with an inferior probability of getting injured in addition to its impact on several aspects related to sports performance.⁶ Indeed, sports agents and technical staff have been focused on evaluating players’ physical characteristics to determine their risk of injury and develop customized training programs for the season based on their profiles.⁷

The literature states that an injury is an incident that takes place during a planned practice or game and prevents the person from participating in the following practice or game.⁸ The incidence of injuries not only impacts the players’ careers but also the performance of the entire squad.^9–14 In professional soccer, muscular injuries are the most common, accounting for 20–37% of all time-loss injuries.^8,15–18 The causes of muscle injury in athletes are still not fully understood.¹⁹ There have been few studies that include professional athletes and provide the precise information on muscle injuries required for this purpose.²⁰

The term “muscle strength” in the literature refers to the maximum muscular force produced by a single voluntary contraction.²¹ Contrarily, “muscle power,” often known as “torque,” refers to a force's capacity to generate rotation of a lever.²² In rehabilitative and athletic settings, the isokinetic dynamometer has become the gold standard for assessing static and dynamic muscle performance.^23,24 This equipment assumes a constant angular velocity and accommodates resistance.²² Among the testing choices, dynamic strength may be the most frequently used indicator of a player's strength. When the muscle's tension is greater than the resistance it must overcome, a shortening is caused by the concentric muscular action (CC). These behaviors frequently appear during the positive phase of the majority of strength training sessions and may help individuals perform tasks requiring quick changes in direction and speed.²⁵ The isokinetic evaluation, however, has also been characterized in the literature as a lab and analytical test that does not accurately reflect the functional components of limb movements involved in soccer play.⁶

Exercises for vertical leaping like the squat jump (SJ) and the countermovement jump (CMJ) have mostly been recommended to measure lower body strength and muscle imbalance.^4,26,27 Although they both require specific equipment for evaluation, such as force platforms and jump applications, the SJ and CMJ are both recognized as straightforward and reliable field tests. The SJ assesses the ability to rapidly build force predominantly during the concentric movement, whereas the CMJ measures the capability to create force throughout the stretch-shortening cycle.²⁸

Overall, research on strength as a measurement has been extensively addressed in the soccer literature. However, data regarding athletes’ injury profiles and how they affect the strength of their lower limbs still needs additional investigation. Therefore, the aims of this study were twofold: (a) to assess and compare the vertical jumping performance during the season according to the injury profile, and (b) to investigate differences in isokinetic strength performance at the beginning and the end of the season according to the injury profile.

Materials and methods

Participants

In this study, 21 professional male soccer players (age: 26.0 4.1 years, height: 181.0 6.9 cm, body mass (BM): 73.7 6.9 kg) took part. Sixteen people chose their right lower limb, whereas the remaining five chose their left lower limb. Limb preference is the preferred leg (PL) while kicking a ball, according to one definition.²⁹ During the 2021–2022 season, all competitors played in the First Portuguese League.

The research team's qualified personnel completed each evaluation in a physical performance lab. The Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Human Kinetics, CEIFMH N° 34/2021, authorized the techniques that were used. All participants gave their informed permission after the inquiry was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Injury report

The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) made recommendations for epidemiological studies that were followed in this study. An injury was defined as an occurrence during a planned practice or game that prevented the participant from participating in the subsequent practice or game.⁸ The clinical section kept daily injury reports throughout the season, covering training and competitive events. Type, zone, exposure, incidence, severity, and occurrence of injuries were the factors evaluated. Additionally, the minute of the incident was recorded if an injury happened during a game. All of the injuries suffered throughout the season were documented. According to the severity of the injuries, two groups were created: wounded and non-injured.

The type and zone of the injury are two complementing factors that help determine which region of the body had structural and/or functional changes as a result of the injury's contraction. The number of days from the player's halt till they may return to fieldwork with the clinical department's approval determines the severity of the injury. Last but not least, a weekly report on injuries was provided, including whether they happened during a training or official match session. Players who sustained injuries at the conclusion of the athletic season were monitored until they had fully recovered.

Vertical jump

The maximal heights of the SJ and CMJ were used to assess the ability to leap vertically.³⁰ Participants completed four data-collecting trials spaced out by 30 s. The Optojump Next (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) system of analysis and measurement was used to get the data. Despite evidence supporting a 1-min passive break in between leaps to promote muscle recovery,³¹ the literature is divided on the subject. Due to time constraints in our study, particularly in the professional team, we took into consideration a 30 s rest break between each jump performance. Shorter recovery durations, such as 20 s³² and 30 s³³ between each repetition of the CMJ, have also been reported in several investigations. During testing, participants were urged to leap as high as possible. Each participant was given three experimental trials to confirm proper execution after the protocol's explanation.

Participants stood at the start of the CMJ with their feet hip-width to shoulder-width apart. From here, participants descended into almost 90 degrees of knee flexion before executing a maximum effort vertical leap. The hands stayed on the hips the entire time to prevent the effects of arm swing. If excessive knee flexion or hand removal from the hips occurred throughout the trial, it was repeated. After every leap, the participants repositioned themselves.³⁴ For the SJ, the contestants first squatted with their knees bent around 90 degrees, then executed a vertical jump with all of their might. If a hip dipping motion was seen, the trial was repeated. After every leap, the participants repositioned themselves.³⁴ The assessments of vertical jumps were carried out throughout the 2021/2022 season, every 2 weeks, from the pre-season period (in the last week of June 2021) until the week referring to the last game of the sporting season analyzed (until the mid-month of May 2022).

Isokinetic strength assessment

Isokinetic strength measurements were performed on the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles using the Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer (Shirley, NY, USA). The isokinetic strength of knee extensors (KEs) and knee flexors (KFs) from the PL and non-preferred leg (NPL) was recorded at an angular velocity of 60°/s. Prior to data collection, a 5-min warm-up in a reclining bicycle (Technogym Xt Pro 600 Recline, Cesena, Italy) was performed with an effort varying from levels 4 and 5, and at a cadence ranging between 50 and 60 rotations per minute. Following the manufacturer's instructions, participants were placed in the dynamometer and instructed to assume a standard hip flexion angle of 85 degrees from the anatomical position. The lateral epicondyle of the knee served as the alignment point for the dynamometer's lever arm, which was belt-stabilized along with the trunk and the leg and thigh being tested. Participants were required to extend their knees to their fullest extent in order to determine the range of motion. Participants were then instructed to stretch their knees to a 90-degree angle. Individual calibration for gravity correction was performed at 30° of knee flexion as recommended previously.³⁵ During testing, participants were asked to keep their arms crossed with the hand on the opposite shoulder holding the belts,³⁶ and encouragement and enthusiastic verbal support were given throughout the tests. Three repetition trials were given before testing to ensure correct execution.³⁷ After, five repetitions of concentric contraction efforts of knee flexion and knee extension were performed at 60°/s, with a 60 s interval. The analysis included the peak torque (PT) of KFs and KEs in the PL and NPL. PT is described in the manufacturers’ manual.³⁸ The initial assessment of isokinetic strength was carried out before the pre-season period (in the last week of June 2021) and the final assessment was performed in the last week of league stoppage (in the last week of March 2022).

Statistics

Descriptive statistics are presented as frequencies, proportions (%), and means ± standard deviations. The injury burden was estimated as the number of days of absence per number of injuries. Absolute values present the frequency of muscular injuries by body zone. A Mann–Whitney U test explored differences between groups in chronological age (CA), body composition variables, and isokinetic strength assessments. A mixed ANOVA (between groups within subjects) was conducted to assess the impact of injury and time on players’ vertical jump performance (CMJ and SJ) across different moments of the season. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test verified differences in isokinetic strength variables between the first and second evaluation moments. The normality and homogeneity of variance were respected. All the analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software 28.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The significance level was set at 5%.

Results

Injured and non-injured players’ profiles

Table 1 shows comparison findings across groups during their initial evaluation at the start of the season, as well as descriptive data for CA and body composition. Between injured and non-injured athletes, there were no appreciable statistical differences in the non-modifiable and modifiable factors.

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for CA and body composition and comparison results between groups.

Median (range)				Mann–Whitney U Test
Variables	All players (n = 21)	Injured (n = 6)	Non-injured (n = 15)	U	p
CA (years)	25.6 (19.6–34.6)	25.4 (20.4–31.5)	25.6 (19.6–34.6)	44.000	0.970
Height (cm)	181 (166–192)	180.5 (171–189)	181 (166–192)	47.000	0.910
BM (kg)	77.7 (62.6–88.3)	76.9 (66.3–85.6)	77.7 (62.6–88.3)	47.000	0.910
BF (%)	11.8 (7.7–20)	11.6 (7.7–15)	12 (8.3–20)	44.000	0.970
FFM (kg)	67.7 (52.7–79)	67.3 (58.9–79)	67.7 (52.7–75.9)	50.000	0.733

CA: chronological age; BM: body mass; BF%: body fat percentage; FFM: fat-free mass, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.

Muscular injuries characterization

Of a total of 19 injuries that were contracted by these players across the 2021/2022 season, six of them were muscular injuries. On average, a player sustained 0.28 muscular injuries throughout the season. So, the prevalence of muscular injuries was roughly 32% throughout the season for the 21 players that composed this sample. On average, in every three injuries, one affected the muscular structure of these professional soccer players.

Table 2 shows the number of muscular injuries according to the body zone. The quadriceps and adductors were the most affected zones, with two injuries each. Moreover, adductor injuries cost a mean of 38 days off, leading to the highest number of days of absence from matches and training sessions by a professional player. Overall, none of the players’ time off was considered minimal, demonstrating that the impact of muscular injuries is indeed of concern in professional soccer.

Table 2.

Incidence of muscular injuries according to the body zone.

Body zone	n	Total absence, d	Severity^a	Injury burden^b	Missed trainings	Missed matches
Quadriceps	2	18	Moderate	9	13	3
Hamstrings	1	34	Severe	34	24	5
Adductor	2	76	Severe	38	27	6
Abdominal	1	6	Mild	6	4	1
Total	6	134	Moderate	22.3	96	19

Average days missed by players due to an injury, minimal: 1–3 days, mild: 4–7 days, moderate: 8–28 days, severe +28 days.

Injury burden is expressed as the number of days of absence/number of injuries.

Lower body strength assessment

Figure 1 illustrates the CMJ performance across eight-time points during the season, considering the injury profile. The same analysis is presented for SJ in Figure 2. No significant interaction was found between the injury profile and time for vertical jumping (CMJ: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.60, F (7,13) = 1.25, p = 0.35, η²= 0.40; SJ: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.62, F (7,13) = 1.15, p = 0.39, η²= 0.38).

Figure 1.

CMJ's performance across eight-time points during the season according to the injury profile. CMJ: countermovement jump.

Figure 2.

SJ's performance across eight-time points during the season according to the injury profile. SJ: squat jump.

Table 3 displays descriptive statistics and comparisons between groups for isokinetic strength variables. Generally, there were no statistical differences with significance between injured and non-injured players when performing with the PL and the NPL.

Table 3.

Descriptive statistics for isokinetic strength assessment and results of Mann–Whitney U test.

Median (range)				Mann–Whitney U Test
Variables	All players (n = 21)	Injured (n = 6)	Non-injured (n = 15)	U	p	r
Preferred limb
KE PT (1^st)	199.5 (137–293)	183.1 (153–289)	215.9 (137–293)	36.000	0.519	0.153
KE PT (2^nd)	249.3 (117–329)	266.7 (215–329)	247.9 (117–320)	51.500	0.622	0.111
KF PT (1^st)	123.8 (55–182)	112.0 (94–161)	123.8 (55.2–182.5)	37.500	0.850	0.127
KF PT (2^nd)	145.0 (83–190)	151.7 (113–190)	145.0 (83–182)	51.000	0.910	0.101
Non-preferred limb
KE PT (1^st)	215.3 (126–297)	206.1 (160–293)	215.3 (126–297)	69.000	0.569	0.051
KE PT (2^nd)	256.8 (149–331)	257.5 (149–301)	256.8 (176–331)	43.000	0.677	0.034
KF PT (1^st)	111.6 (66–161)	114.2 (104–157)	111.6 (66–161)	70.000	0.791	0.068
KF PT (2^nd)	152.0 (93–186)	160.2 (138–186)	149.2 (93–178)	85.500	0.132	0.331

KE: knee extensors; KF: knee flexors; PT: peak torque; 1^st first moment of evaluation, 2^nd second moment of evaluation, 95% CI 95% confidence interval.

Figure 3 (injured players) and Figure 4 (non-injured players) present the differences between the beginning and the end of the season in isokinetic strength assessment at 60°/s for the PL and NPL. In the injured group, the results indicate a significant increase from the season start to the season end in KE PT (z = –1.992, p ≤ 0.05, large effect size) and KF PT (z = –1.922, p ≤ 0.05, large effect size) while performing with the PL. While performing with the NPL, a significant increase was only found for KF PT (z = –2.201, p ≤ 0.05, large effect size). Although KE PT has also increased between the two time points, the results were not statistically significant (z = –1.572, p = 0.12).

Figure 3.

Isokinetic strength assessment among injured players between the beginning and the end of the season.

Figure 4.

Isokinetic strength assessment among non-injured players between the beginning and the end of the season.

In the non-injured group, significant statistical differences were observed in all variables analyzed. KE PT (z = –1.931, p ≤ 0.05, medium effect size) and KF PT (z = –2.606, p ≤ 0.01, large effect size) increased substantially for the PL. Additionally, significant increases were detected for KE PT (z = –2556, p ≤ 0.01, medium effect size) and KF PT (z = –2.272, p ≤ 0.05, medium effect size) in the performance with the NPL.

Discussion

This study aimed to assess and compare the vertical jumping performance during the season according to players’ injury profile and to analyze differences in isokinetic strength performance at the beginning and the end of the season according to players’ injury profile. Consequently, analysis and characterization of the muscular injuries of the sample were also carried out to profile the groups of injured players and the group of non-injured players. This study has shown no significant differences between both groups in terms of age, height, and baseline parameters of body composition. This may be related to the fact that they all belong to the same professional football team, sharing daily habits that make them very homogeneous in their physical condition.¹⁹

Although no significant differences were observed, particularly in body composition parameters in our study, it remains essential to monitor these variables throughout a sports season. Literature has reinforced body composition variables such as BM, body fat percentage (BF%), and indirectly fat-free mass as crucial conditions to enhance players’ physical capacities such as jumping, sprinting, and changes of direction.^19,39–42 Thus, technical teams will have the opportunity to control the body parameters of their players and adapt aspects such as field and gym work and nutrition. In this group of players, a weekly monitoring process was carried out throughout the season so that the same care could be taken throughout the sporting season analyzed in this study.

In terms of muscular injury characterization in this study, the prevalence of muscular injuries was approximately 32% throughout the analyzed season. Several studies in the literature have reached the same results, as at the level of professional football, it seems that muscle injuries affect about 20–37% of total injuries.^8,15,16,18 Moreover, several studies have stated that muscular injuries are the most common injuries a professional football player has to deal with throughout his sporting career.^9,20,43 On the other hand, the average number of muscular injuries per athlete was 0.28 over the 2021/2022 season. Overall, other studies in the literature showed higher average values of muscular injuries over a sports season.^18,20 A study conducted over three seasons with 227 young professional soccer players aged 16.8 ± 3.1 years reported an average of 0.92 muscle injuries per player.¹⁷ Also, a longitudinal study across nine sportive seasons with a sample of 2299 professional soccer players, described 0.6 muscular injuries per player.²⁰ Thus, the results found in our study are encouraging for the type of work that the technical staff of this professional football team has been developing in terms of muscle strengthening. A preventative injury program, mostly focused on mobility, myofascial, proprioceptive, plyometric, eccentric strength, bilateral and unilateral strength, and isometric and dynamic core exercises, was applied to the professional soccer group that was the subject of our study. The athletes completed these workouts, which rotated between the field and the gym, in two sets with four to eight repetitions each, lasting 15 to 25 min. In addition to the type of muscular reinforcement work being linked to the low average number of muscular injuries, in comparison with the literature, biological, psychological, and physiological variables may also be at the base of the differences presented by this group of players. Regardless of this perspective, this key information could make sports agents and coaches more aware of the need to monitor players’ injuries and put preventative measures in place during the season.¹⁹

Concerning muscular injury frequencies, the players in this group suffered six muscular injuries during the season. The most affected body zones were the quadriceps and adductors, with the hamstrings and abdominal also being affected. Compared to data reported by a 9-year study with the participation of 24 clubs selected by UEFA and a total of 2, the areas most affected by muscle injuries were effectively the hamstrings, quadriceps, and adductors.²⁰ The main difference between studies is related to the fact that in our study, players stayed out for an average of 3 weeks due to muscle injuries, a relatively high figure compared to the 2 weeks reported by the aforementioned study.²⁰

In terms of explosive strength, both groups improved their CMJ and SJ performance when comparing the season's first and last evaluations. It was thus possible to observe that the group of injured athletes presented higher values of CMJ and SJ at the beginning and end of the season, and the group of athletes without muscular injuries only presented better results approximately in the middle of the sportive season. A study made across one sportive season with the participation of 36 male professional soccer players concluded that for every additional 1 centimeter in height attained during the SJ, the risk of suffering an injury rises by 1.47.⁴⁴ These results are in line with earlier research in that explosive power significantly contributes to players having more chance of sustaining an injury.⁴⁵ On the contrary, a recent study across a season that includes 81 young elite team-sports athletes has concluded that athletes with less vertical jump capacity have greater chances of getting injured.⁴⁶ A previous systematic review on the topic showed conflicting results on the link between muscular strength and the risk of injury.⁴⁷

Regarding the isokinetic strength evaluation, significant improvements were noticed when comparing the performances of KF PT and KE PT, independently of the lower limb being dominant or non-dominant and independently of the players’ injury profile. These results highlight that regardless of the player's profile in terms of sports injuries, all players tend to increase their lower limb strength when comparing the initial and final evaluations of a sports season. Thus, the injury prevention work already carried out by the technical team of this team shows significant results in increasing the players’ muscular strength in the lower limbs. A study conducted on 20 sub-elite football players applying an injury prevention training program concluded, through analysis of isokinetic data, that there was a substantial improvement in the strength of the players’ lower limbs after participation in this prevention program.⁴⁸ Indeed, some studies have already reinforced the fact that the isokinetic dynamometric systems have been used for specialized strength training, post-surgical musculoskeletal process rehabilitation, prevention of muscle imbalances that increase the risk of muscle injuries, evaluation of lower extremity muscle strength and power in soccer players, and many other purposes.^49,50 Besides, this professional football team presented initial and final PT values on knee extension in the preferred lower limb of 199.5 N/m and 249.3 N/m, respectively.

Regarding initial and final values of the PT on the flexors of the preferred lower limb, they were 123.8 N/m and 145.0 N/m, respectively. In other studies performed on professional football teams, the PT values for the KEs vary between 237.3 N/m and 283.4 N/m and for the KFs between 174.4 N/m and 177.8 N/m on 60°/s.^51,52 Once more, those facts ended up approaching those in the parameters of other studies at the end of the season, embellishing the preventive work and muscle strengthening carried out.

This study has some limitations that must be noted. The study's primary shortcomings are its small sample size and lack of players’ information on previous injuries. Nevertheless, football staff working in professional soccer clubs may benefit from these practical implications regarding muscular injuries and their repercussions throughout a sportive season. Muscle injuries have come to be felt as the most common injuries throughout the career of a professional footballer. Thus, this is a rising subject, and its study is crucial in preventing and recovering from sports injuries. Ultimately, the main goal will be for this information to help technical staff and their players improve injury prevention and, consequently, the individual and collective performances of those involved.^20,53

Conclusions

Due to the homogeneity of this professional soccer team, statistical differences were not found in the lower limb strength assessments through the analyzed sports season when concerning players’ injury profiles. The main results of this study showed that, independently of the injury profile, professional football players seemed to increase their lower limb strength throughout the season. Moreover, this study's prevalence of muscular injuries is below what is frequently reported by the literature. These two main results could be good indicators of the preventive work the technical team carefully implemented. This investigation reinforces that muscular strengthening work and injury prevention is central to the availability of players to play and should continue to be studied in the context of high-performance sport. The results of the present study may help technical teams, coaches, and their players to identify variables and outcomes that may bring players closer to injury. Furthermore, using simple and precise indirect (optojump next) and direct instruments (isokinetic dynamometer) of strength quantification facilitates the communication between theory and practice.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all players and respective legal guardians for participating in this study.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, F.M., É.R.G., A.I., C.F. and H.S.; Methodology, F.M., C.F. and R.H.; Validation, A.M., A.I., É.R.G., M.d.M.N., R.H. and K.P.; Formal analysis, C.F. and K.P.; Investigation, F.M., R.H., É.R.G. and C.F.; Resources, É.R.G., A.I. and A.M.; Writing—original draft preparation, F.M., C.F. and É.R.G.; Writing—review and editing A.M., H.S., R.H., A.I., M.d.M.N. and K.P.; Visualization, É.R.G., A.I., H.S. and A.M.; Project administration, É.R.G., A.I., H.S. and A.M.; Funding acquisition, É.R.G., A.M. and A.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data availability

The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: We acknowledge support from the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming vulnerability: life course perspectives, which is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number: 51NF40-185901). Moreover, AI acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number: 10001C_189407). C.F., F.M., and E.G. acknowledge support from LARSyS—Portuguese national funding agency for science, research, and technology (FCT) pluriannual funding 2020–2023 (References: ITI-LX UIDB/50009/2020, ITI-LX UIDP/500009/2020, LA/P/0083/2020 - ITI). This work was supported by the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Program (PRR), IAPMEI/ANI/FCT under Agenda C645022399-00000057.

Institutional review board statement

This study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Human Kinetics, (CEIFMH N°34/2021), and followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki for Medical Research in Humans (2013) and the Oviedo Convention (1997).

Informed consent statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Written informed consent has been obtained from all players to publish this paper.

ORCID iD

Francisco Martins

Author biographies

Franciso Martins is a Master in Teaching in Physical Education and Sport, currently a visiting assistant professor at the University of Madeira, PhD student at the University of Coimbra focusing his study on the prediction of sports injuries in professional soccer players.

Cíntia França has a PhD in Sports Sciences and currently works at the University of Madeira. She is a researcher at the Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS) and has produced several works in the field of sports training and performance, particularly among youth players.

Hugo Sarmento has a PhD in Sports Sciences and works as an associate professor at the Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra. He is an expert in sports performance and sports psychology.

Ricardo Henriques has been physical trainer and fitness coach of Club Sport Marítimo, since 2020. He is Master on Physical Activity at the IPCB - Castelo Branco Polytechnic Institute and Degree in Sport and Physical Activity by the same institution. He participated as an author in 15 scientific articles in the areas of soccer, training, physical preparation, performance improvement, injury prevention.

Krzysztof Przednowek currently works at the Institute of Physical Culture Studies, Medical College of University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, Poland. He has a background in Computer Science and a PhD in Sport Science. His main research interests are sports performance and predictive modelling.

Marcelo de Maio Nascimento is a Doctor of Human Movement Sciences (German Sports University/Cologne). Professor of the Physical Education course at the Federal University of the São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), in the city of Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Assistant Professor at Federal University Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF) Brazil.

Adilson Marques is a professor at the Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon. He holds a PhD in Health Sciences, Sports Sciences, and Education Science. His research interests are physical education, health, and exercise.

Andreas Ihle has a PhD and currently works at the University of Geneva. He has deployed several investigations in sports training, quality of life, and cognitive functions among different populations.

Élvio Rúbio Gouveia is an associate professor of Sports and Physical Education at the University of Madeira. He has a PhD and has authored more than 100 publications in the fields of sports performance, exercise, and health. He is vice-president of the Institute of Interactive Technologies of the Robotics and Engineering Systems Laboratory, and scientific coordinator of the Department of Physical Education and Sport at the University of Madeira, where he is an assistant professor. He also collaborates with the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), University of Geneva, Switzerland. He holds a PhD in Sports Sciences, a BSc and an MSc in Physical Education and Sport, all from the University of Madeira (2011, 2007, 2003). He has worked on the development and evaluation of strategies to promote physical activity, fitness and quality of life in children, adults and the elderly. With a main focus on the epidemiology of physical activity, her research is based on multidisciplinary approaches centered on various dimensions that affect the health status of the community.

References

Konefal

Chmura

Kowalczuk

, et al. Modeling of relationships between physical and technical activities and match outcome in elite German soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 5: 752–759.

Rice

Purcell

De Silva

, et al. The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic review. Sports Med 2016; 46: 1333–1353.

Faude

Koch

Meyer

. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 625–631.

Loturco

Contreras

Kobal

, et al. Vertically and horizontally directed muscle power exercises: relationships with top-level sprint performance. PloS One 2018; 13: e0201475.

Padulo

Migliaccio

Ardigò

, et al. Lower limb force, velocity, power capabilities during leg press and squat movements. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1083–1089.

Lehance

Binet

Bury

, et al. Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional and junior elite soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19: 243–251.

Gouveia

França

Martins

, et al. Characterization of static strength, vertical jumping, and isokinetic strength in soccer players according to age, competitive level, and field position. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 1799.

Hägglund

Waldén

Bahr

, et al. Methods for epidemiological study of injuries to professional football players: developing the UEFA model. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 340–346.

Yáñez

Martínez

, et al. Lesiones deportivas del plantel profesional de fútbol Santiago Wanderers durante las temporadas 2017, 2018 y 2019. Archivos de la Sociedad Chilena de Medicina del Deporte 2021; 66: 92–103.

10.

Loes

Dahlstedt

Thomée

. A 7-year study on risks and costs of knee injuries in male and female youth participants in 12 sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000; 10: 90–97.

11.

Eirale

Tol

Farooq

, et al. Low injury rate strongly correlates with team success in Qatari professional football. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 807–808.

12.

Hägglund

Waldén

Magnusson

, et al. Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA champions league injury study. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 738–742.

13.

van Beijsterveldt

Krist

Schmikli

, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an injury prevention programme for adult male amateur soccer players: design of a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Inj Prev 2011; 17: e2–ee.

14.

Woods

Hawkins

Maltby

, et al. The football association medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 36–41.

15.

Hawkins

Hulse

Wilkinson

, et al. The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35: 43–47.

16.

Junge

Dvorak

Graf-Baumann

, et al. Football injuries during FIFA tournaments and the Olympic games, 1998–2001: development and implementation of an injury-reporting system. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 80–89.

17.

Raya-González

de Ste Croix

Read

, et al. A longitudinal investigation of muscle injuries in an elite Spanish male academy soccer club: a hamstring injuries approach. Appl Sci 2020; 10: 1610.

18.

Waldén

Hägglund

Ekstrand

. Injuries in Swedish elite football—a prospective study on injury definitions, risk for injury and injury pattern during 2001. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005; 15: 118–125.

19.

Martins

França

Henriques

, et al. Body composition variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 20779.

20.

Ekstrand

Hägglund

Waldén

. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med 2011; 39: 1226–1232.

21.

Knapik

Ramos

. Isokinetic and isometric torque relationships in the human body. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980; 61: 64–67.

22.

Duarte

Valente-dos-Santos

Coelho-e-Silva

, et al. Reproducibility of isokinetic strength assessment of knee muscle actions in adult athletes: torques and antagonist-agonist ratios derived at the same angle position. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0202261.

23.

Delvaux

Schwartz

Rodriguez

, et al. Preseason assessment of anaerobic performance in elite soccer players: comparison of isokinetic and functional tests. Sports Biomech 2023: 689–703.

24.

Gleeson

Mercer

. The utility of isokinetic dynamometry in the assessment of human muscle function. Sports Med 1996; 21: 18–34.

25.

Spiteri

Nimphius

Hart

, et al. Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J Strength & Conditioning Res 2014; 28: 2415–2423.

26.

Wisløff

Castagna

Helgerud

, et al. Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 285–288.

27.

Križaj

Rauter

Vodičar

, et al. Predictors of vertical jumping capacity in soccer players. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2019; 27: 9–14.

28.

McGuigan

Doyle

Newton

, et al. Eccentric utilization ratio: effect of sport and phase of training. J Strength Conditioning Res 2006; 20: 992–995.

29.

Maly

Ford

Sugimoto

, et al. Isokinetic strength, bilateral and unilateral strength differences: variation by age and laterality in elite youth football players. Int J Morphol 2021; 39: 260–267.

30.

Bosco

Luhtanen

Komi

. A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1983; 50: 273–282.

31.

Petrigna

Karsten

Marcolin

, , et al. A review of countermovement and squat jump testing methods in the context of public health examination in adolescence: reliability and feasibility of current testing procedures. Front Physiol 2019; 10: 1384.

32.

PPY

Sterkenburg

Everett

, et al. Predicting fatigue using countermovement jump force-time signatures: PCA can distinguish neuromuscular versus metabolic fatigue. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0219295.

33.

Ishak

Wong

Seurot

, et al. The influence of recovery period following a pre-load stimulus on physical performance measures in handball players. Plos One 2022; 17: e0249969.

34.

Markovic

Mirkov

Nedeljkovic

, et al. Body size and countermovement depth confound relationship between muscle power output and jumping performance. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 33: 203–210.

35.

Osternig

. Isokinetic dynamometry: implications for muscle testing and rehabilitation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1986; 14: 45–80.

36.

Baltzopoulos

Williams

Brodie

. Sources of error in isokinetic dynamometry: effects of visual feedback on maximum torque measurements. J Orthopaedic & Sports Phys Therapy 1991; 13: 138–142.

37.

Croix

MDS

ElNagar

Iga

, et al. The impact of joint angle and movement velocity on sex differences in the functional hamstring/quadriceps ratio. Knee 2017; 24: 745–750.

38.

Biodex. Biodex System 4 (Advantage BX Software 5.3X): Instructions for Use; Biodex: New York, NY, USA, 2021.

39.

Binkley

Daughters

Weidauer

, et al. Changes in body composition in division I football players over a competitive season and recovery in off-season. J Strength & Conditioning Res 2015; 29: 2503–2512.

40.

Leão

Silva

Badicu

, et al. Body composition interactions with physical fitness: a cross-sectional study in youth soccer players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 3598.

41.

França

Gouveia

Caldeira

, et al. Speed and agility predictors among adolescent male football players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 2856.

42.

Malina

Bouchard

Bar-Or

. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Human Kinetics 2004.

43.

Hoffman

Dwyer

Tran

, et al. Australian Football league injury characteristics differ between matches and training: a longitudinal analysis of changes in the setting, site, and time span from 1997 to 2016. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7.

44.

Henderson

Barnes

Portas

. Factors associated with increased propensity for hamstring injury in English Premier League soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13(4): 397–402.

45.

Malliaropoulos

Papalexandris

Papalada

, et al. The role of stretching in rehabilitation of hamstring injuries: 80 athletes follow-up. Med Sci Sports Exercise 2004; 36: 756–759.

46.

Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe

Milà-Villarroel

Pujol-Marzo

, et al. Higher vertical jumping asymmetries and lower physical performance are indicators of increased injury incidence in youth team-sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36: 2204–2211.

47.

de la Motte

Lisman

Gribbin

, et al. Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 3—flexibility, power, speed, balance, and agility. J Strength & Conditioning Res 2019; 33: 1723–1735.

48.

Brito

Figueiredo

Fernandes

, et al. Isokinetic strength effects of FIFA's” the 11+” injury prevention training programme. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2010; 18: 211–215.

49.

Pereira

Della Villa

Roi

. Isokinetic rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Archivos de Medecina del Deporte 2005; 105: 19–25.

50.

Vidmar

Baroni

Michelin

, et al. Isokinetic eccentric training is more effective than constant load eccentric training for quadriceps rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2020; 24: 424–432.

51.

Parpa

Michaelides

. Peak isokinetic Torques of football players participating in different levels in Cyprus and lower limb asymmetries. J Sports Sci 2017; 5: 250–255.

52.

Beato

Young

Stiff

, et al. Lower-limb muscle strength, anterior-posterior and inter-limb asymmetry in professional, elite academy and amateur soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 77: 135–146.

53.

Dvorak

Junge

Chomiak

, et al. Risk factor analysis for injuries in football players. Am J Sports Med 2016; 29: 69–74.