The digital image correlation (DIC) technique is employed to measure the strain fields and the five independent elastic material constants of a glass/vinyl ester plain weave laminated composite. Transverse (through-thickness) tensile and Iosipescu shear properties were measured using thick (∼19 mm) laminates, and the strain fields were compared against those predicted by a homogenized linear elastic finite element analysis. DIC reveals that the strain fields of the laminates may present heterogeneous zones, which are attributed to the heterogeneous nature of the woven fabric architecture. Homogenization of the DIC strain fields to produce two-dimensional stress-strain plots yields average strains and elastic properties of the woven composite which can be similar to those measured by conventional (localized) strain gages. Important differences were found for the transverse tensile and Iosipescu shear tests, where differences of 26.4%, 28.6% and 11.9% were obtained for the measured transverse elastic modulus (Ez), in-plane shear modulus (Gxy) and transverse shear modulus (Gxz), respectively.
ChoiJTammaKK.Woven fabric composites – part I: predictions of homogenized elastic properties and micromechanical damage analysis. Int J Numer Meth Engng2001;
50: 2285–2298.
2.
BannisterMK.Development and application of advanced textile composites. Proc Imeche2004;
218: 253–260.
3.
LawrenceCA.High performance textiles for geotechnical engineering: geotextiles and related materials. In: CALawrence (ed.) High performance textiles and their applications.
Holland:
Woodhead Publishing, 2014, pp.256–350.
4.
NaikNKShembekarPS.Elastic behavior of woven fabric composites: I – lamina analysis. J Compos Mater1992;
26: 2196–2225.
5.
LomovSVIvanovDSVerpoestI, et al.
Full-field strain measurements for validation of meso-FE analysis of textile composites. Compos, Part A2008;
39: 1218–1231.
6.
LomovSVBoissePDeluyckerE, et al.
Full-field strain measurements in textile deformability studies. Compos Part A2008;
39: 1232–1244.
7.
NicolettoGAnzelottiGRivaE.Mesoscopic strain fields in woven composites: experiments vs. finite element modeling. Opt Lasers Eng2009;
47: 352–359.
8.
TekieliMDe SantisSDe FeliceG, et al.
Application of digital image correlation to composite reinforcements testing. Compos Struct2017;
160: 670–688.
9.
JiangYTabieiASimitsesGJ.A novel micromechanics-based approach to the derivation of constitutive equations for local/global analysis of a plain-weave fabric composite. Compos Sci Technol2000;
60: 1825–1833.
10.
BejanLAxinteATaranuN.Influence of the geometric parameters on the elastic properties of textile polymeric composites. Mat Plast2016;
53: 264–268.
11.
IshikawaTChouTW.Stiffness and strength behaviour of woven fabric composites. J Mater Sci1982;
17: 3211–3220.
12.
NaikNKGaneshVK.Prediction of on-axes elastic properties of plain weave fabric composites. Compos Sci Technol1992;
45: 135–152.
13.
AdumitroaieABarberoEJ.Stiffness and strength prediction for plain weave textile reinforced composites. Mech Adv Mater Struct2012;
19: 169–183.
14.
ASTM D3039.Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials.
West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International, 2006.
15.
ASTM D5379.Standard test method for shear properties of composite materials by the V-notched beam method.
West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International, 2005.
16.
MespouletSHodgkinsonJMMatthewsFL, et al.
Design, development, and implementation of test methods for determination of through thickness properties of laminated composites. Plast Rubber Compos2000;
29: 496–502.
17.
IshikawaT.Anti-symmetric elastic properties of composite plates of satin weave cloth. Fibre Sci Technol1981;
15: 127–145.
ItoMChouTW.Elastic moduli and stress field of plain-weave composites under tensile loading. Compos Sci Technol1997;
57: 787–800.
20.
HallalAYounesRFardounF.Review and comparative study of analytical modeling for the elastic properties of textile composites. Compos B Eng2013;
50: 22–31.
21.
NaikNK.Numerical modelling of woven fabric composite materials. In: JWBull (ed.) Numerical analysis and modelling of composite materials.
UK:
Springer, 1996, pp.400–438.
JohnsonWSMastersJEO'BrienTK, et al.
Modeling damage in a plain weave fabric-reinforced composite material. J Compos Technol Res1993;
15: 136–142.
24.
ScidaDAbouraZBenzeggaghML, et al.
Prediction of the elastic behaviour of hybrid and non-hybrid woven composites. Compos Sci Technol1998;
57: 1727–1740.
25.
ScidaDAbouraZBenzeggaghML.A micromechanics model for 3D elasticity and failure of woven-fibre composite materials. Compos Sci Technol1999;
59: 505–517.
26.
AitharajuVRAverillRC.Three-dimensional properties of woven-fabric composites. Compos Sci Technol1999;
59: 1901–1911.
27.
KollegalMGSridharanS.A simplified model for plain woven fabrics. J Compos Mater2000;
34: 1756–1786.
28.
DonadonMVFalzonBGIannucciL, et al.
A 3-D micromechanical model for predicting the elastic behaviour of woven laminates. Compos Sci Technol2007;
67: 2467–2477.
29.
WangLZhaoBWuJ, et al.
Experimental and numerical investigation on mechanical behaviors of woven fabric composites under off-axial loading. Int J Mech Sci2018;
141: 157–167.
30.
HayatKLeiXAliHT. Prediction of elastic behavior of woven fabric reinforced plastics composites using two-step homogenization. In: 2018 15th International Bhurban conference on applied sciences and technology (IBCAST), Islamabad, Pakistan, 9–13 January 2018, pp.36–42. New York: IEEE.
31.
DowNFRamnathVRosenBW.Analysis of woven fabrics for reinforced composite materials. Report NASA-CR-178275.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Hampton VA, August 1987.
32.
IshikawaTMatsushimaMHayashiY, et al.
Experimental confirmation of the theory of elastic moduli of fabric composites. J Compos Mater1985;
19: 443–458.
33.
IshikawaTMatsushimaMHayashiY.Geometrical and material nonlinear properties of two-dimensional fabric composites. AIAA Journal1987;
25: 107–113.
34.
ShembekarPSNaikNK.Elastic behavior of woven fabric composites: II – laminate analysis. J Compos Mater1992;
26: 2226–2246.
35.
NaikNKGaneshVK.Thermo-mechanical behaviour of plain weave fabric composites: experimental investigations. J Mater Sci1997;
32: 267–277.
36.
CaiDZhouGWangX, et al.
Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of unidirectional and woven fabric glass/epoxy composites under off-axis tensile loading. Polym Test2017;
58: 142–152.
37.
KhatkarVVijayalakshmiAGSManjunathRN, et al.
Experimental investigation into the mechanical behavior of textile composites with various fiber reinforcement architectures. Mech Compos Mater2020;
56: 367–378.
ProdromouAGLomovSVVerpoestI.The method of cells and the mechanical properties of textile composites. Compos Struct2011;
93: 1290–1299.
40.
KiraneKSalviatoMBažantZP.Microplane triad model for simple and accurate prediction of orthotropic elastic constants of woven fabric composites. J Compos Mater2016;
50: 1247–1260.
41.
LiuXRoufKPengB, et al.
Two-step homogenization of textile composites using mechanics of structure genome. Compos Struct2017;
171: 252–262.
42.
RoufKLiuXYuW.Multiscale structural analysis of textile composites using mechanics of structure genome. Int J Solids Struct2017;
136: 89–102.
43.
BrynkTMolakRMJaniszewskaM, et al.
Digital image correlation measurements as a tool of composites deformation description. Comput Mater Sci2012;
64: 157–161.
44.
QinLZhangZLiX, et al.
Full-field analysis of shear test on 3D orthogonal woven C/C composites. Compos, Part A2012;
43: 310–316.
45.
PollockPYuLSuttonMA, et al.
Full-field measurements for determining orthotropic elastic parameters of woven glass-epoxy composites using off-axis tensile specimens. Expe Tech2014;
38: 61–71.
46.
D3171ASTM.Standard test methods for constituent content of composite materials.
West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International, 2006.
47.
GOM Optical Measuring Techniques. ARAMIS user’s information and hardware manual: sensor configuration examples.
Braunschweig, Germany:
GOM GmbH, 2013.
48.
BroughtonWRSimsGD.An overview of through-thickness test methods for polymer matrix composites. NPL report DMM(A) 148.
Middlesex, UK:
National Physical Laboratory, 1994.
49.
FergusonRFHintonMJHileyMJ.Determining the through-thickness properties of FRP materials. Compos Sci Technol1998;
58: 1411–1420.
50.
ASTM D7291Through-thickness “flatwise” tensile strength and elastic modulus of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite material.
West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International, 2015.
51.
HoHTsaiMYMortonJ, et al.
Numerical analysis of the Iosipescu specimen for composite materials. Compos Sci Technol1993;
46: 115–128.
52.
ANSYS 12.0. ANSYS user’s manual: theory reference.
Canonsburg, PA:
Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., 2009.
53.
BarberoEJTrovillionJMayugoJA, et al.
Finite element modeling of plain weave fabrics from photomicrograph measurements. Compos Struct2006;
73: 41–52.
54.
LiSZhouCYuH, et al.
Formulation of a unit cell of a reduced size for plain weave textile composites. Comput Mater Sci2011;
50: 1770–1780.
55.
BroughtonWRKumosaMHullD.Analysis of the Iosipescu shear test as applied to unidirectional carbon-fibre reinforced composites. Compos Sci Technol1990;
38: 299–325.
56.
GrédiacMPierronFVautrinA.The Iosipescu in-plane shear test applied to composites: a new approach based on displacement field processing. Compos Sci Technol1994;
51: 409–417.
57.
ChiangMYHeJ.An analytical assessment of using the losipescu shear test for hybrid composites. Compos B Eng2002;
33: 461–470.
58.
LeeJRMolimardJVautrinA, et al.
Digital phase-shifting grating shearography for experimental analysis of fabric composites under tension. Compos, Part A2004;
35: 849–859.
KarkkainenRLMoyPTzengJT.Through-thickness property measurement of three-dimensional textile composites. Report ARL-TR-4765. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 2009.
