Gender differences are one of the most important and crucial subjects in evaluating the nursing care as well as mental health care system for psychiatric patients especially patients with schizophrenia.
Aims:
We aimed to identify differences in needs of male and female patients with schizophrenia in psychiatric hospitals in Baghdad city and its relationship with some variables.
Method:
A descriptive, analytical design that was carried out by using Camberwell needs assessment, short appraisal schedule, self-report version (CANSAS-P) after translating to Arabic.
Results:
Results indicated that there were a lot of unmet needs of male and female patients with schizophrenia, according to the entire CANSAS-P domains especially psychological symptoms. Differences were found in types of needs as the majority of men have more social needs while females was found to be more occupied with their fears and need safety.
Conclusion:
there were differences in types of need between male and female patients with schizophrenia; needs were affected by some variables such as educational level, first 10 days of admission and family visiting.
AbelK.DrakeR.GoldsteinJ. M. (2010). Sex differences in schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry, 22, 417–428.
2.
AfifiM. (2007). Gender differences in mental health. Singapore Medical Journal, 48, 385.
3.
AldehamK. (2009). Needs assessment of users of psychiatric services in Saudi Arabia (Publish dissertation). Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
4.
AlvaradoR.GonzálezF. T.SchillingS.AlvaradoF.DomínguezC.KüstnerB. M.AlisteF. (2012). Factors associated with unmet needs in individuals with schizophrenia in Chile. Cad Saúde Colet, 20, 466–472. doi:10.1590/S1414–462X2012000400010
5.
AndrésG.IsabelA.LópezM. (2011). Variables related to psychosocial needs among people with severe mental illness using community services and their informal caregivers. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7, 15–23.
6.
ArvidssonH. (2010). Gender differences in needs and care of severely mentally ill persons: Findings from a Swedish cross-sectional and longitudinal study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 424–435.
7.
Ayesa-ArriolaR.Rodriguez-SanchezJ. M.Gomez-RuizE.Roiz-SantiáñezR.ReevesL. L.Crespo-FacorroB. (2014). No sex differences in neuropsychological performance in first episode psychosis patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 48, 149–154. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.009
8.
Bellier-TeichmannT.GolayP.BonsackC.PominiV. (2016). Patients’ needs for care in public mental health: Unity and diversity of self-assessed needs for care. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 22. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00022
9.
BenerA.GhuloumS. (2011). Gender differences in knowledge, attitude & practice toward mental health illness in a rapidly developing Arab society. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57, 480–486.
10.
BenerA.GhuloumS. (2013). Gender difference on patients’satisfaction and expectation towards mental health care. Niger Journal of Clinical Practice, 16, 285–291.
11.
Bengtsson-TopsA.HanssonL. (1999). Clinical and social needs of schizophrenic outpatients living in the community: The relationship between needs and subjective quality of life. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 513–518.
12.
CastleD. J.MurrayR. M. (1991). The neuro-developmental basis of sex differences in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 21, 565–575.
13.
DoukiS.Ben ZinebS.NacefF.HalbreichU. (2007). Women’s mental health in the Muslim world. Cultural, Religious, and Social Issues, 102, 177–189.
14.
ErnestS.NagarajanG.JacobK. S. (2013). Assessment of need of patients with schizophrenic: A study in Vellore, India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59, 752–756.
15.
GrossmanL. S.HarrowM.RosenC.FaullR.StraussG. P. (2008). Sex differences in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: A 20-year longitudinal study of psychosis and recovery. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 523–529. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.03.004
16.
GurR. E.JohnsonA. B. (2006). If your adolescent has schizophrenia: An essential resources for parents. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
17.
HøyeA.RezvyG.HansenV.OlstadR. (2006). The effect of gender in diagnosing early schizophrenia-an experimental case simulation study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 549–555.
18.
HäfnerH. (2003). Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 17–54.
19.
HanssonL.VindingH. R.MackeprangT.SouranderA.WerdelinG.Bengtsson-TopsA.… MiddelboeT. (2001). Comparison of key worker and patient assessment of needs in schizophrenic patients living in the community: A Nordic multicentre study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103, 45–51. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00083.x
20.
HusseinH. (2012). Impact of social support upon schizophrenic patients family functioning (Unpublished Dissertation). College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, pp. 99–107.
21.
IniestaR.OchoaS.UsallJ. (2012). Gender differences in service use in a sample of people with schizophrenia and other psychoses. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment Journal, 2012, 365452.
22.
JacobsonN.GreenleyD. (2001). What is recovery? A conceptual model and explication. Psychiatric Services, 52, 482–485.
23.
JorqueraN.AlvaradoR.LibuyN.AngelV. (2015). Association between unmet needs and clinical status in patients with first episode of schizophrenia in Chile. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 57. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00057
24.
KallertT. W.LeisseM.WinieckiP. (2004). Needs for care of chronic schizophrenic patients in long-term community treatment. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 386–396.
25.
KennedyH. (2001). Do men need special services?Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 93–101.
26.
KizlikB. (2010). Needs assessment information. ADPRIMA Available from http://www.adprima.com/needs.htm. Accessed on 26 December 2012.
27.
KorkeilaJ.JyrkiH.LarsH.KnutW. S.TeroV.HasseK. (2005). Structure of needs among persons with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 233–239.
28.
KriekeL.SytemaS.WiersmaD.TielenH.HemertA. (2011). Evaluating the CANSAS self-report (CANSAS-P) as a screening instrument for care needs in people with psychotic and affective disorders. Psychiatry Research Journal, 188, 456–458.
29.
LasalviaA.BonettoC.MalchiodiF.SalviG.ParabiaghiA.TansellaM. (2005). Listening to patients’needs to improve their subjective quality of life. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1655–1665.
30.
LaviniaL.ArifA.Buli NagD.SoniaD.AitalinL.HarikrishnanU. (2016). Needs assessment in persons with schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 7, 695–698.
31.
ManamelaK. E.EhlersV. J.Van der MerweM. M.HattinghS. P. (2003). A needs assessment for persons suffering from schizophrenia. Curationis, 263, 88–97.
32.
MuhammedM. (2014). Impact of mental illness stigma upon quality of life of schizophrenic patients (Unpublished Dissertation). Nursing College, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, p. 102.
33.
ZahidM. A.OhaeriJ. U. (2013). Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with need or care: An Arab experience with a sample of treated community-dwelling persons with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 313–323.
34.
OchoaS.HaroJ. M.AutonellJ.PendasA.TebaF.MarquezM. (2003). Met and unmet needs of schizophrenia patients in a Spanish sample. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 201–210.
35.
OchoaS.UsallJ.CoboJ.LabadX.KulkarniJ. (2012). Gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: A comprehensive literature review. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2012, 916198. doi:10.1155/2012/916198
36.
PiotrowskiN. A. (2005). Psychology basics, abnormality psychological model, learning disorder, Vol. 1. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.
37.
PonizovskyA. M.RothsteinI.GrinshpoonA. (2014). The CANSAS self-report for screening of needs in outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Community Ment Health Journal, 50, 343–347.
38.
PopescuC.MiclutiaI. (2009). Met and unmet needs of patients with schizophrenia- brief research report of a Romanian sample. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 9, 161–167.
39.
Quality Improvement and Innovation Partnership. (2009). Need assessment resources Guide for family health teams, National institute for clinical evidence UK. Retrieved from www.qiip.ca
40.
RamsayR.WelchS.YouardE. (2001). Needs of women patients with mental illness. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 85–92.
41.
SeemanM.LangM. (1990). The role of estrogen in schizophrenia gender differences. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 185–194.
42.
SinghT.KaloiyaG.KumarS.ChaddaR. K. (2010). Rehabilitation need assessment of severely mentally ill and effect of Intervention. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 13, 106–116.
43.
SladeM.PhelanM.ThornicroftG. (1998). A comparison of needs assessed by staff and an epidemiologically representative sample of patients with psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 28, 543–550.
44.
ThornicroftG.LeeseM.TansellaM.HowardL.ToulminH.HerranA.ScheneA. (2002). Gender differences in living with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional European multi-site study. Schizophrenia Research, 57(2), 191–200.
45.
Torres GonzálezF.Rosales VaroC.Moreno KüstnerB.Jiménez EstévezJ. F. (2000). Assessment of the needs of the mentally ill. In: BulbenaV. A.BerriosG.Fernández de LarrinoaP. (Eds.), Clinical measurement in psychiatry and psychology (pp. 545–554). Barcelona, Spain: Masson.
46.
TrauerT.TobiasG.SladeM. (2008). Development and evaluation of a patient-rated version of the camberwell assessment of need short appraisal schedule (CANSAS-P). Community Mental Health, 44, 113–124.
47.
UsallJ.ArayaS.OchoaS.BusquetsE.GostA.MárquezM. (2001). Gender differences in a sample of schizophrenic outpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 301–305.
48.
Van der KriekeL.SytemaS.WiersmaD.TielenH.Van HemertA. M. (2011). Evaluating the CANSAS self-report (CANSAS-P) as a screening instrument for care needs in people with psychotic and affective disorders. Psychiatry Research, 188, 456–458.
49.
VaroC.GonzálezF.CastilloL.EstévezJ.MontesM. (2002). Reliability of the Spanish version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CAN). Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria, 30, 99–104.
50.
Versola-RussoJ. (2006). Cultural and demographic factors of schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 10, 89–103.
51.
World Health Organization. (2003). Gender and mental health. In: WilkinsonR.MarmotN. (Eds.), Social determinants of health, the solid facts (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Available at: Singapor Med J200748(5): 390.
52.
WiersmaD. (2006). Needs of people with severe mental illness. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 115–119.
53.
ZanelliJ.MorganK.DazzanP.MorganC.RussoM.PileckaI.… ReichenbergA. (2013). Gender differences in neuropsychological performance across psychotic disorders–a multi-centre population based case-control study. PloS ONE, 8, e77318.
