The architecture of ethmoid labyrinths as well as their relationships with adjacent structures are reviewed, giving special emphasis to the anatomic variants common in this area. The study was performed on six young normal subjects who were submitted to high resolution computed tomography. Approximately 25 axial scans, parallel to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa, were performed on each subject; four to five coronal CT scans were also added. Further data were supplemented by examinations of 62 patients affected by nonneoplastic disease of the paranasal sinuses.
HesselinkJRNewFJDavisKRWeberALRobersonGHTaverasJM. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and face: Part I. Normal anatomy. J Comput Assist Tomogr1978; 2: 559–67
2.
SchatzCJBeckerTS. Normal CT anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. Radiol Clin North Am1984; 22: 107–18
3.
ChakersDW. Computed tomography of the ethmoid sinuses. Otolaryngol Clin North Am1985; 18: 9–42
4.
RitterFN. The paranasal sinuses: Anatomy and surgical technique. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1978
5.
SchaefferJP. The nose, paranasal sinuses, naso-lacrimal passageways and olfactory organ in man. Philadelphia: Blakiston's Son & Co, 1920
6.
LangJ. Klinische Anatomie des Kopfes. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1981
7.
KozlovVN. Anatomical data of the endonasal opening of the cells of the ethmoid labyrinth (Russian). Vestn Otorinolaringol1975; 37: 76–9
8.
OhnishiT. Bony defects and dehiscences of the roof of the ethmoid cells. Rhinology1981; 19: 195–202
9.
JovanovicS. Supernumerary frontal sinuses on the roof of the orbit: Their clinical significance. Acta Anat1961; 45: 133–42
10.
MuraiY. Anatomical studies on the ethmoidal cells (Japanese). Sei-ikai-shi1937; 56: 2005–44
11.
SchmidtHM. Über Masse und Niveaudifferenzen der Medianstrukturen der vorderen Schädelgrube des Menschen. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb1974; 120: 538–59
12.
KerosP. Über die praktische Bedeutung der Niveauunterschiede der Lamina cribrosa des Ethmoids. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol Ihre Grenzgeb1962; 41: 808–13
13.
CiurloL. Sulla morfologia della lamina cribrosa dell'etmoide. Arch Ital Otol Rinol Laringol1934; 46: 419–46
14.
WolfgruberH. Über die Lamina cribrosa des Ethmoids. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol Ihre Grenzgeb1968; 47: 522–9
15.
SchmidtHM. Über Grosse, Form und Lage von Bulbus und Tractus olfactorius des Menschen. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb1973; 119: 227–37
16.
HashimosoA. Observation on the lamina cribrosa of Japanese (Japanese). J Tokyo Med Coll1973; 13: 27–43
17.
LangJSchlehahnFSchaeferK. Über den Inhalt der Canales ethmoidales. Verh Anat Ges1979; 73: 87–94
18.
MinnigerodeB. Zur Anatomie und klinischen Bedeutung des Canalis ethmoidalis. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol Ihre Grenzgeb1966; 45: 554–9
19.
ZuckerkandlE. Anatomie normale et pathologique des fosses nasales et des leurs annexes pneumatiques. Paris: Masson, 1895
ManiscalcoJEHabalMB. Microanatomy of the optic canal. J Neurosurg1978; 48: 402–6
22.
AshikawaR. Most posterior paranasal sinuses (with special reference to sphenoidal sinus) (Japanese). Otolaryngology (Tokyo) (Jibi Inkoka)1969; 10: 762–70
23.
OnodiA. The optic nerve and the accessory cavities of the nose. Contribution to the study of canalicular neuritis and atrophy of the optic nerve of nasal origin. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1908; 17: 1–116
24.
FujiiKChambersSMRhotonALJr., Neurovascular relationships of the sphenoid sinus. A microsurgical study. J Neurosurg1979; 50: 31–9
25.
Van AlyeaOE. Frontal cells. An anatomic study of these cells with consideration of their clinical significance. Arch Otolaryngol1941; 34: 11–34
26.
NicolicV. On the relations of ethmoidal labyrinth and the frontal sinus and bullous protrusions of those cells in frontal sinus. Rad Med Fak Zagrebu1963; 11: 141–61
27.
MouretJ. Le schéma des masses latérales de l'ethmoïde. Rev Laryngol1922; 43: 9–22
28.
Van AlyeaOE. Sphenoid sinus. Anatomic study, with consideration of the clinical significance of the structural characteristics of the sphenoid sinus. Arch Otolaryngol1941; 34: 225–53
29.
TerracolJArdouinPJézégabelC. L'importance anatomique des rapports optico-ethmoïdaux-sphénoïdaux. Rev Oto Neuro Ophtalmol (Paris)1967; 39: 26–40
30.
DixonFW. The clinical significance of the anatomical arrangement of the paranasal sinuses. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1958; 67: 736–41
31.
PeeleJC. Unusual anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinuses. Laryngoscope1957; 67: 208–31
32.
RennWHRhotonALJr., Microsurgical anatomy of the sellar region. J Neurosurg1975; 43: 288–98
33.
ResvkoyiYuK. On the anatomy of canalis nasofrontalis. Arch Anat Gistol Embriol1967; 52: 60–3
Van AlyeaOE. Frontal sinus drainage. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1946; 55: 267–77
37.
LaszloI. Anatomic and radiologic examination of the nasofrontal duct in situ and removable plastic casts. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol1973; 77: 449–50
38.
BagatellaFGuiradoCR. The ethmoid labyrinth. An anatomical and radiologic study. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh)1983(suppl 403): 1–19
39.
RitterFN. The middle turbinate and its relationship to the ethmoidal labyrinth and the orbit. Laryngoscope1982; 92: 479–82
40.
LangJSakalsE. Über die Höhe der Cavitas Nasi, die Länge ihres Bodens und Masse sowie Anordnung der Conchae nasales und der Apertura Sinus sphenoidalis. Anat Anz1981; 149: 297–318
41.
LangJKellerH. Über die hintere Pfortenregion der Fossa pterygopalatina und die Lage des Ganglion pterygopalatinum. Gegenbaurs Morph Jahrb1978; 124: 207–14
42.
TerracolJArdouinP. Les liaisons des sinus frontal et maxillaire. Rev Laryngol1958; 79: 876–88
43.
FiolR. VilarRecherches anatomiques sur le sinus maxillaire en relation avec l'ethmoide et le sinus frontal. Rev Laryngol1928; 49: 715–39
44.
MasingH. Surgery on the lateral nasal wall with the operation microscope. Rhinology1976; 14: 73–7
45.
BagatellaFMazzoniA. Transnasal microsurgical ethmoidectomy in nasal polyposis. Rhinology1980; 18: 25–9
DixonHS. The use of the operating microscope in ethmoid surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am1985; 18: 75–86
48.
WigandMESteinerWJaumannMP. Endonasal sinus surgery with endoscopical control: From radical operation to rehabilitation of the mucosa. Endoscopy1978; 10: 255–60
49.
FreedmanHMKernEB. Complications of intranasal ethmoidectomy: A review of 1000 consecutive operations. Laryngoscope1979; 89: 421–34
MontandonABaumannJA. Considérations anatomiques et chirurgicales sur l'opérations des sinus par le procédé de Pietrantoni-De Lima. Pract Oto-Rhino-Laryngol1951; 13: 353–67
52.
FlottesSDevillaBeauchamp RiuConsidérations sur l'ethmoïdosphénoïdectomie par voie transmaxillaire de Pietrantoni-De Lima. J Fr Oto-Rhino-Laryngol1959; 8: 635–51
