Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be quantified noninvasively using the brain perfusion index (BPI), determined from radionuclide angiographic data generated with technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (^99mTc-HMPAO). Previously, the BPI has been calculated using graphical analysis (GA); however, the GA method is greatly affected by the first-pass extraction fraction and retention fraction, which are not only variable, but lower in cases with an increased CBF, such as after the administration of acetazolamide. Thus, GA-calculated BPI values (BPI^G) may not reflect the absolute CBF. The objective of this study was to use the spectral analysis of radionuclide angiographic data collected using ^99mTc-HMPAO to examine changes in the BPI after the administration of acetazolamide. We studied the CBF of both cerebral hemispheres in six healthy male volunteers; the BPI was measured at rest and after the intravenous administration of 1 g of acetazolamide. In all participants, an H₂¹⁵O positron emission tomography (PET) examination was also performed, and the spectral analysis—calculated BPI values (BPI^S) and BPI^G values were compared with the actual CBF measured using H₂¹⁵O PET (mCBF^PET). The BPI^S was 1.070 ± 0.051 (mean ± SD) at rest and 1.497 ± 0.098 after acetazolamide; the corresponding BPI^G values were 0.646 ± 0.073 and 0.721 ± 0.107. The BPI^S values were significantly correlated with the mCBF^PET values, whereas the BPI^G values were not. According to the BPI^S values, the increase in BPI after the intravenous administration of acetazolamide was 40.1 ± 8.4%, as opposed to an increase of only 11.3 ± 6.5% according to the BPI^G values. These results suggest that the spectral analysis of ^99mTc-HMPAO—generated data yields a more reliable BPI than GA for the quantification of CBF after acetazolamide administration.

Keywords

Brain perfusion index Spectral analysis Graphical analysis Technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime SPECT

Several reviews have indicated that the quantitation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is very important for patient management, especially in patients with cerebrovascular disease (Baron, 2001; Marchal et al., 1999; Hellman and Tikofsky, 1990). Vascular reactivity in the brain after the administration of acetazolamide can have a major impact on the prognosis and therapeutic planning of a case, especially in patients in whom a major artery has been occluded (Kuroda et al., 2001; Vernieri et al., 1999).

Matsuda et al. (1992) developed a simple noninvasive method for quantifying brain perfusion using technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (^99mTc-HMPAO) or technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (^99mTc-ECD) (Matsuda et al., 1995). They calculated the brain perfusion index (BPI) by graphical analysis (GA) of the radionuclide angiographic data (Matsuda et al., 1992, 1995) and obtained a significant regression equation for the relationship between BPI and CBF, as measured by xenon-133 inhalation and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (Matsuda et al., 1992). Regional CBF maps were then acquired using the calculated BPI values and Lassen's linearization correction algorithm (Lassen et al., 1988).

However, since the BPI obtained by GA (BPI^G) is derived from the slope of Gjedde-Patlak plot (Matsuda et al., 1992, 1995), which is proportional to the product of the first-pass extraction fraction of the tracer, retention fraction [k₃/(k₂+k₃); k₂, back diffusion rate constant; k₃, lipophilic-to-hydrophilic conversion rate constant] and CBF, it does not accurately reflect CBF. The reason for this is that BPI^G is dependent upon the first-pass extraction fraction and retention fraction of the tracer, which generally change according to the CBF. Accordingly, a method for accurately estimating the BPI that is unaffected by the first-pass extraction fraction and retention fraction is needed.

Spectral analysis (SA) was introduced by Cunningham and Jones (1993) to analyze dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data; this technique provides a spectrum of kinetic components involved in the regional uptake and partitioning of a tracer from blood to tissues and allows a tissue impulse response function to be derived with minimal modeling assumptions (Cunningham and Jones, 1993). Murase et al. (1999) were the first to apply the SA method to dynamic SPECT data acquired with ^99mTc-HMPAO and ^99mTc-ECD, and they emphasized the usefulness of this method, especially in cases where the CBF was elevated.

Acetazolamide is generally used to study the cerebrovascular response and/or to detect areas of misery perfusion (Baron et al., 1981; Hirano et al., 1994). Since CBF studies with ^99mTc-labeled compounds may not reflect the absolute CBF after acetazolamide administration, CBF measurements obtained using ^99mTc-labeled compounds must be corrected after acetazolamide administration. However, there have been no precise reports investigating the changes in the BPI after the intravenous administration of acetazolamide.

The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of increase in both BPI^S and BPI^G values after the intravenous administration of acetazolamide. We also performed H₂¹⁵O PET examinations at rest and after the intravenous administration of acetazolamide to compare both the SA-calculated BPI values (BPI^S) and BPI^G values with the absolute CBF measured using H₂¹⁵O PET.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Theory

Spectral analysis.

With SA (Murase et al., 1999), the level of ^99mTc-HMPAO radioactivity in the brain at a given time t [C^S (t)] was modeled as a convolution of the blood input function [C_a (t)] with a sum of exponential terms, as shown by the following equation:

C^{S} (t) = \sum_{i = 0}^{k} α_{i} \cdot \int_{0}^{t} C_{a} (u) e^{- β_{i} (t - u)} d u

(1)

where α_i and β_i were constants and assumed to be positive or zero. Since C^S (t) and C_a (t) usually have the same unit (e.g., C_i/mL), α_i has a unit of the reciprocal of time (e.g., min⁻¹). β_i also has a unit of the reciprocal of time (e.g., min⁻¹). The upper limit, k, represents the maximum number of terms to be included in the model and was set at 1,000. The α_i values were determined from Eq. 1 using the level of brain radioactivity measured by radionuclide angiography and the nonnegative least-squares method for β_i, ranging from 0 to 2 min⁻¹ with an increment of 0.002 min⁻¹. In the present study, the amount of radioactivity in the aortic arch was taken as in Eq. 1 to maximize the noninvasiveness of the procedure without the need for blood sampling. When C_a (t) was replaced by Dirac's delta function in Eq. 1, the tissue impulse response function [IRF^S (t)] was given by the following equation [see Appendix 1).]:

{IRF}^{S} (t) = \sum_{i = 0}^{k} α_{i} \cdot e^{- β_{i} t}

(2)

The BPI^S was calculated from the IRF^S (0) as follows:

{BPI}^{S} = \sum_{i = 0}^{k} α_{i}

(3)

where BPI^S is expressed in units of min⁻¹.

Graphical analysis

The BPI^G was calculated as follows (Matsuda et al., 1992):

{BPI}^{G} = 100 \cdot k_{u} \cdot \frac{10 \cdot {ROI}_{aorta}}{{ROI}_{brain}}

(4)

where ROI_aorta and ROI_brain represent the size of the aortic arch and cerebral hemisphere regions of interest (ROIs), respectively, and where k_u is the unidirectional influx rate of the tracer from the blood to the brain, determined by the slope of the line in the GA within the first 30 seconds after injection (Matsuda et al., 1992). To compare BPI^G with BPI^S, we multiplied the result of Eq. 4 by 0.06 so that the BPI^G and the BPI^S would be expressed in the same units (min⁻¹).

Subjects

Six healthy male volunteers (22 to 27 years old) participated in this study. Informed consent was obtained from each participant after a detailed explanation of the purpose of the study, the risks of irradiation, and the scanning procedures. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.

Measurement of brain perfusion index using ^99mTc-HMPAO

For the radionuclide angiography, a bolus of 370 MBq ^99mTc-HMPAO was intravenously injected and sequential imaging was performed while the subject was in a supine position with the front of his body positioned against the gamma camera (RC-2600i; Hitachi Medical Co., Tokyo, Japan) to ensure that both the brain and the heart were within the field of view. The passage of the tracer from the aortic arch to the brain was monitored using a 128 × 128 matrix, and a total of 100 1-second images were obtained using low-energy high-resolution collimators (Matsuda et al., 1992).

To calculate the BPI^S, the raw planar dynamic data were transferred to a workstation (Indigo 2; Silicon Graphics, Mountain View, CA, U.S.A.). ROIs were hand-drawn over the left and right cerebral hemispheres and the aortic arch using the workstation and a software package (Dr. View; Asahi Kasei Joho System Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), as described by Matsuda et al. (1992) (Fig. 1). The BPI^S calculations for the ROIs were performed on the workstation using a software package for BPI analysis developed by Murase (1999).

FIG. 1.

Example of regions of interest for radionuclide angiographic data obtained using technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime.

To measure BPI^G, the raw planar dynamic data were transferred to a Hitachi workstation (RW-3000; Hitachi Medical Co.), and the BPI^G calculations were performed using a software package for Patlak plot analysis (RW-3000; Hitachi Medical Co.) with no filter, as described previously by Matsuda et al. (1992).

Acetazolamide challenges

We measured the BPI at rest [BPI_rest] and after acetazolamide administration [BPI_ACZ] in all six healthy volunteers. Seven days after the measurement of BPI_rest, BPI_ACZ was measured 10 minutes after the injection of 1 g of acetazolamide. The rate of BPI increase (% change in BPI) was defined as follows:

% change in BPI = 100 \cdot \frac{{[BPI}_{ACZ}] - {[BPI}_{rest}]}{{[BPI}_{rest}]}

(5)

Measurement of absolute cerebral blood flow using H₂¹⁵O positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography data acquisition.

BPI and CBF measured using H₂¹⁵O PET were compared among healthy volunteers. The ^99mTc-HMPAO SPECT at rest and H₂¹⁵O PET examinations were performed on the same day.

The PET examination was performed using a Headtome V scanner (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) with a spatial resolution of 4.0 mm at full width at half maximum. The subjects were placed in a supine position on a bed in a semidark room and were asked to close their eyes. For the attenuation correction, a transmission scan with a germanium-68/gallium-68 line source was obtained for each patient. The patients received a 36-second intravenous bolus injection of 1,110 MBq H₂¹⁵O at a flow rate of 30 mL/min through a cannula placed in the antecubital vein. Data were acquired over a scanning period of 160 seconds using a 128 × 128 matrix.

Regional CBF was measured using the H₂¹⁵O bolus injection (autoradiographic) method (Huang, 1983) while the participants were in a resting state or 10 minutes after the injection of acetazolamide. To evaluate the input function, continuous arterial blood sampling with a catheter needle inserted in the radial artery was performed for 5 minutes at a speed of 5 mL/min, and the ¹⁵O radioactivity was concurrently measured using a beta-detector (Shimadzu Corp.).

The transaxial images were reconstructed by the ordered subsets expectation maximization method (Llacer et al., 1993); the final slice thickness was 3.1 mm.

Data analysis of cerebral blood flow measured by H₂¹⁵O positron emission tomography.

The PET data were transferred to a Silicon Graphics workstation. ROIs for the mean CBF measured using H₂¹⁵O PET (mCBF^PET) were drawn over the whole left and right cerebral hemispheres of the transaxial image using the “Dr. View” software package (Asahi Kasei Joho System Co., Ltd.) (Nariai et al., 1998). mCBF^PET (mL · 100 g⁻¹ min⁻¹) was calculated as the mean CBF of five slices, ranging from the basal ganglia level to the upper parietal lobe level.

Statistical analysis

The correlations between BPI^S and BPI^G values and between the BPI and mCBF^PET values were assessed by linear regression analysis. The degree of increase in the BPI and mCBF^PET values after acetazolamide injection was compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

We studied the BPI at rest and 10 minutes after the intravenous administration of 1 g of acetazolamide in six volunteers. The BPI^S was 1.070 ± 0.051 (mean ± SD) at rest and 1.497 ± 0.098 after the administration of acetazolamide; the corresponding BPI^G values were 0.646 ± 0.073 and 0.751 ± 0.107, respectively. The correlations between BPI^S and BPI^G in all studies were not statistically significant (r = 0.285, P = 0.180), with a regression equation of y = 0.120x + 0.530.

The BPI and mCBF^PET values are compared in Fig. 2, which shows the relationship between the BPI^S (Fig. 2A) and BPI^G values (Fig. 2B) obtained using ^99mTc-HMPAO and the mCBF^PET values. Although the BPI^G and mCBF^PET values were not significantly correlated (r = 0.287), the BPI^S and mCBF^PET values were significantly correlated (r = 0.940); the regression equation for this relationship was y = 0.017x + 0.364.

FIG. 2.

Relationship between the brain perfusion index (BPI) values obtained by spectral analysis (BPI^S; A) and graphical analysis (BPI^G; B) using ^99mTc-HMPAO (y) and the cerebral blood flow values measured using H₂O positron emission tomography (PET) (mCBF^PET) (x). Although the correlation between the BPI^S and mCBF^PET values was statistically significant (P < 0.001), the correlation between BPI^G and mCBF^PET was not. N.S., not significant.

We also studied the percentage change in BPI between the values at rest and 10 minutes after acetazolamide administration (Fig. 3). The percentage change in BPI^S after acetazolamide administration (40.1 ± 8.4%) was significantly greater than the change in BPI^G (11.3 ± 6.5%). The mCBF^PET was 43.6 ± 2.7 mL · min⁻¹ 100 g⁻¹ at rest and increased by 55.6 ± 18.4% after the administration of acetazolamide. The percent change in mCBF^PET after acetazolamide administration was significantly greater than the change in either BPI^S or BPI^G.

FIG. 3.

Comparison between the degrees of increase in brain perfusion index (BPI) (percent change in BPI) and H₂O positron emission tomography (PET) (mCBF^PET) after the administration of 1g of acetazolamide (ACZ). The percentage change of spectral analysis—calculated BPI values (BPI^S) was significantly larger than that of graphical analysis—calculated BPI values (BPI^G) (Wilcoxon signed rank test).

DISCUSSION

^99mTc-HMPAO is widely used as a radiotracer for the evaluation of brain perfusion and has been used to examine a variety of brain diseases, providing a “snapshot” of cerebral perfusion at the moment of administration (Nowotnik et al., 1985; Hayashida et al., 1993; Takasawa et al., 2000). The largest advantage of this tracer is its ability to capture acute events, even in emergency cases (Shimosegawa et al., 1994), since it is available in the form of a ^99mTc-labeled kit. One of its drawbacks, however, is that its rate of uptake in the brain is greatly affected by the extraction fraction and retention fraction, especially when the CBF is elevated (Murase et al., 1992). This property must be considered whenever a brain study involving a quantitative analysis with ^99mTc-HMPAO is performed.

Matsuda et al. (1992) reported a quantitative method of measuring CBF using ^99mTc-HMPAO. This procedure can be used to noninvasively determine the BPI using radionuclide angiographic data (Fig. 1). The regional tracer uptake pattern obtained by a subsequent SPECT measurement can then be converted into an absolute regional perfusion map, after calibration, and superimposed on the derived hemispheric CBF data, using the appropriate tracer linearity correction. In essence, this calculation of regional CBF from the BPI is based on the linearization algorithm of Lassen et al. (1988) and yields a curve—linear relationship between brain activity and blood flow. However, since the BPI obtained by means of GA is derived from the slope of Gjedde-Patlak plot (Matsuda et al., 1992, 1995), which is proportional to the product of the first-pass extraction fraction of the tracer, retention fraction, and the CBF, it does not accurately reflect CBF, especially when the CBF is elevated, such as after the administration of acetazolamide (Murase et al., 1999).

SA has been previously used to analyze dynamic PET scans in humans; this technique provides data representing the time course of activity in tissue regions of interest and in arterial blood following the administration of a radiolabeled tracer (Cunningham and Jones, 1993). SA provides a simple spectrum of kinetic components that relates the tissue's response to the blood activity curve, facilitating the interpretation of dynamic PET data and simplifying comparisons between regions and subjects.

Murase et al. (1999) were the first to apply the SA method to SPECT data. They demonstrated two crucial advantages to estimating the BPI using SA. First, BPI^S is barely affected by the conversion of lipophilic, diffusible tracers to hydrophilic, nondiffusible tracers in the arterial blood of the brain. Since the influence of this phenomenon when ^99mTc-HMPAO is used in humans results in at most a 1.0% difference in BPI, this phenomenon is probably negligible for technetium-99m-labeled compounds when the BPI is measured using SA. Second, the BPI is theoretically unaffected by the first-pass extraction fraction and retention fraction when measured using SA [see Appendix 2).]. The assumptions underlying this analysis are based only on the linear model.

We studied the changes in BPI after the injection of acetazolamide in six healthy volunteers (Fig. 3). The results showed that the percent increase in BPI^G (11.3 ± 6.5%) was significantly lower than that in BPI^S (40.1 ± 8.4%). The extraction fraction and retention fraction decrease with increasing blood flow (Murase et al., 1992). This probably explains why the GA method gives an underestimation of flow in comparison with SA when flow is high.

The kinetic behavior of diffusible tracers, such as ¹⁵O-labeled water, is crucially different from tracers that are trapped, such as ^99mTc-HMPAO; thus, the distribution of ¹⁵O-labeled water examined using PET reflects the CBF more reliably and is widely used clinically (Hayashida et al., 1996; Kuwabara et al., 1998). The percentage change in mCBF^PET was 55.6%, significantly higher than that in BPI^S (Fig. 3). Furthermore, although the BPI^S and mCBF^PET values were significantly correlated, y-intercept of the regression equation was somewhat large (Fig. 2A). As shown in Appendix 2, the BPI^S given by Eq. 3 is theoretically proportional to CBF. However, when the intravascular component is neglected, the sum of the α_i values becomes equal to the influx rate constant of the tracer, that is, K₁ (Cunningham and Jones, 1993), which is the product of CBF and the first-pass extraction fraction. When the temporal and spatial resolution for analysis are finite as in this study, the intravascular and extravascular components might not be separated adequately in SA, and then the BPI^S values obtained in this study might have been affected by the limited first-pass extraction fraction. This would be the main reason for the aforementioned findings shown in Figs. 2 and 3. As shown in Fig. 2, however, the significant relationship between mCBF^PET and BPI^S can be used to estimate the percentage change in the absolute CBF after the administration of acetazolamide using BPI^S.

Acetazolamide is generally used to estimate the vascular reserve and/or to detect areas of misery perfusion (Kuroda et al., 2001; Vernieri et al., 1999). Reactivity to acetazolamide in patients with major artery occlusion identifies patients with high risk of subsequent ischemic stroke (Kuroda et al., 2001; Webster et al., 1995; Yonas et al., 1993). Thus, it is important to study the absolute CBF and the reactivity to acetazolamide in routine clinical settings, especially in patients with major artery occlusion. The significant correlation between BPI^S and mCBF^PET found in this study suggests that CBF measurements obtained using SA might be as applicable as H₂¹⁵O PET measurements in clinical practice. We previously described the split dose ¹²³I-IMP SPECT method, which enables measurements of CBF to be obtained both at rest and after the administration of acetazolamide in a short time (Hashikawa et al., 1994). In the future, the split-dose method using SA will be used in clinical practice, and this novel, noninvasive method should be less troublesome to patients undergoing quantitative CBF examinations.

In conclusion, we have demonstrated a simple, useful, noninvasive method for the quantitative evaluation of CBF. Our results suggest that this novel SA method provides more reliable BPI measurements than the conventional procedure using GA for the quantification of CBF using ^99mTc-HMPAO. The SA method may allow noninvasive absolute CBF quantification using ^99mTc-HMPAO to be performed in routine clinical settings.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Y. Nakamura and the staff of the Department of Nuclear Medicine and the Cyclotron staff of Osaka University Medical School Hospital for their technical support in performing the studies, as well as Miss S. Imoto and Miss R. Morimoto for their administrative assistance.

APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX 2

References

Baron

(2001) Mapping the ischemic penumbra with PET: a new approach. Brain 124:2–4

Baron

Bousser

Rey

Guillard

Comar

Castaigne

(1981) Reversal of focal “misery-perfusion syndrome” by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. Stroke 12:454–459

Cunningham

Jones

(1993) Spectral analysis of dynamic PET studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:15–23

Gobbel

Fike

(1994) A deconvolution method for evaluating indicator-dilution curves. Phys Med Biol 39:1833–1854

Hashikawa

Matsumoto

Moriwaki

Oku

Okazaki

Uehara

Handa

Kusuoka

Kamada

Nishimura

(1994) Split dose iodine-123-IMP SPECT: sequential quantitative regional cerebral blood flow change with pharmacological intervention. J Nucl Med 35:1226–1233

Hayashida

Hirose

Kaminaga

Ishida

Imakita

Takamiya

Yokota

Nishimura

(1993) Detection of postural cerebral hypoperfusion with technetium-99m-HMPAO brain SPECT in patients with cerebrovascular disease. J Nucl Med 34:1931–1935

Hayashida

Tanaka

Hirose

Kume

Iwama

Miyake

Ishida

Matsuura

Nishimura

(1996) Vasoreactive effect of acetazolamide as a function of time with sequential PET O15-water measurement. Nucl Med Commun 17:1047–1051

Hellman

Tikofsky

(1990) An overview of the contributions of regional cerebral blood flow studies in cerebrovascular disease: is there a role for single photon emission computed tomography? Semin Nucl Med 20:303–324

Hirano

Minematsu

Hasegawa

Tanaka

Hayashida

Yamaguchi

(1994) Acetazolamide reactivity on 123I-IMP single photon emission computed tomography in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive disease: correlation with positron emission tomography parameters. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14:763–770

10.

Huang

(1983) Quantitative measurement of local cerebral blood flow in humans by positron emission tomography and 15O-water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:141–153

11.

Kuroda

Houkin

Kamiyama

Mitsumori

Iwasaki

Abe

(2001) Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 32:2110–2116

12.

Kuwabara

Ichiya

Sasaki

Yoshida

Fukumura

Masuda

Fujii

Fukui

(1998) PET evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics in occlusive cerebrovascular disease pre- and postsurgery. J Nucl Med 39:760–765

13.

Lassen

Anderson

Friberg

Paulson

(1988) The retention of [99mTc]-L,D-HMPAO in the human brain after intracarotid bolus injection: a kinetic analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8(suppl 1):S44–S51

14.

Llacer

Veklerov

Baxter

Grafton

Griffeth

Hawkins

Hoh

Mazziotta

Hoffman

Metz

(1993) Results of a clinical receiver operating characteristic study comparing filtered backprojection and maximum likelihood estimator images in FDG PET studies. J Nucl Med 34:1198–1203

15.

Marchal

Benail

Iglesias

Vaider

Derlon

Baron

(1999) Voxel-based mapping of irreversible ischemic damage with PET in acute stroke. Brain 122:2387–2400

16.

Matsuda

Tsuji

Shuke

Sumiya

Tonami

Hisada

(1992) A quantitative approach to technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. Eur J Nucl Med 19:195–200

17.

Matsuda

Yagishita

Tsuji

Hisada

(1995) A quantitative approach to technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer: a comparison with technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. Eur J Nucl Med 22:633–637

18.

Murase

Tanada

Fujita

Sasaki

Hashimoto

(1992) Kinetic behavior of technetium-99m-HMPAO in human brain and quantification of cerebral blood flow using dynamic SPECT. J Nucl Med 33:135–143

19.

Murase

Inoue

Fujioka

Ishimaru

Akamune

Yoshimoto

Mochizuki

Ikezoe

(1999) An alternative approach to estimation of the brain perfusion index for measurement of cerebral blood flow using technetium-99m compounds. Eur J Nucl Med 26:1333–1339

20.

Nariai

Senda

Ishii

Wakabayashi

Yokota

Toyama

Matsushima

Hirakawa

(1998) Posthyperventilatory steal response in chronic cerebral hemodynamic stress: a positron emission tomography study. Stroke 29:1281–1292

21.

Nowotnik

Canning

Cumming

(1985) Technetium-99m-HMPAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for imaging regional cerebral blood flow. J Nucl Med Allied Sci 29:208

22.

Shimosegawa

Hatazawa

Inugami

Fujita

Ogawa

Aizawa

Kanno

Okudera

Uemura

(1994) Cerebral infarction within six hours of onset: prediction of completed infarction with technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT. J Nucl Med 35:1097–1103

23.

Takasawa

Watanabe

Yuasa

Iiji

Hashikawa

Matsumoto

Kinoshita

Nukata

(2000) Transient patchy boundary zone hyperemia following TIA episode with deep hemispheric ischemia: serial HMPAO SPECT study. J Neurol 247:804–806

24.

Vernieri

Pasqualetti

Passarelli

Rossini

Silvestrini

(1999) Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke 30:593–598

25.

Webster

Makaroun

Steed

Smith

Johnson

Yonas

(1995) Compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity is a predictor of stroke in patients with systematic carotid artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 21:338–345

26.

Yonas

Smith

Durham

Pentheny

Johnson

(1993) Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg 79:483–489

Assessment of Acetazolamide Reactivity in Cerebral Blood Flow Using Spectral Analysis and Technetium-99m Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime

Abstract

Keywords

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Theory

Spectral analysis.

Graphical analysis

Subjects

Measurement of brain perfusion index using 99mTc-HMPAO

Acetazolamide challenges

Measurement of absolute cerebral blood flow using H215O positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography data acquisition.

Data analysis of cerebral blood flow measured by H215O positron emission tomography.

Statistical analysis

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX 2

References

Measurement of brain perfusion index using ^99mTc-HMPAO

Measurement of absolute cerebral blood flow using H₂¹⁵O positron emission tomography

Data analysis of cerebral blood flow measured by H₂¹⁵O positron emission tomography.