Use of PET Methods for Measurement of Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Cerebrovascular Disease

Ackerman RH Correia JA Alpert NM Baron JC Gouliamos A Gotta JC Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1981) Positron imaging in ischemic stroke disease using compounds labelled with oxygen-15. Arch Neurol 38:537–543

Ackerman RH Correia JA Alpert NM Haley EC Luxton RB Elmaleh DR Taveras JM , (1985) PET Studies of Stroke: Positron Emission Tomography ( Reivich Alavi , eds), pp 249–262, New York, Liss

Alpert NM Eriksson L Chang JY Bergstrom M Litton JE Correia JA Bohm C Ackerman RH Taveras JM , (1984) Strategy for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow using short-lived tracers and emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:28–34

Baron JC , (1985) Positron tomography in cerebral ischaemia: A review. Neuroradiology 27:509–516

Baron JC , (1987) Remote metabolic effects of stroke. In: Impact of Functional Imaging in Neurology and Psychiatry, pp 91–100, London, J. Libbey

Baron JC Bousser MG Comar D Soussaline F Castaigne P , (1981a) Noninvasive tomographic study of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in vivo. Potentials, limitations and clinical applications in cerebral ischemic disorders. Eur Neurol 20:273–284

Baron JC Bousser MG Rey A Guillard A Comar D Castaigne P , (1981b) Reversal of focal “misery-perfusion syndrome” by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: A case study with ¹⁵O positron tomography. Stroke 12:454–459

Baron JC Delattre JY Bories J Chiras J Cabanis EA Blas C Bousser MG Comar D , (1983) Comparison study of CT and positron emission tomographic data in recent cerebral infarction. AJNR 4:536–540

Baron JC Rougemont D Soussaline F Bustany P Crouzel C Bousser MG Comar D , (1984) Local interrelationships of cerebral oxygen consumption and glucose utilisation in normal subjects and in ischemic stroke patients: A positron tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:140–149

Baron JC Samson Y Pantano P Chiras J Derquesne C Bousser MG , (1987) Interrelationships of local CBF, OEF and CMRO2 in ischemic areas with variable outcome: Further PET studies in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7(suppl 1):S41

Baron JC Steinling M Tanaka T Cavalheiro E Soussaline F Collard P , (1981c) Quantitative measurement of CBF oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and CMRO2 with ¹⁵O continuous inhalation technique and positron emission tomography (PET): Experimental evidence and normal values in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1(suppl 1):S5–S6

Beil JC , (1987) Comparative analysis of regional brain blood flow and glucose metabolism in focal cerebrovascular disease measured by positron emission tomography of fluorine-18 labelled tracers. J Neurol 234:315–321

Blomqvist G Bergstrom M , (1985) Models for ¹¹C-glucose. In: The Metabolism of the Human Brain Studied with Positron Emission Tomography ( Greitz TO Ingvat DH Widen L , eds), pp 185–194, New York, Raven Press

Brooks DJ Beaney RP Lammertsma AA Turton DR Marshall J Thomas DGT Jones T , (1986a) Studies on regional cerebral haematocrit and blood flow in patients with cerebral tumours using positron emission tomography. Microvasc Res 31:267–276

Brooks DJ Frackowiak RSJ Lammertsma AA Herold S Leenders KL Selwyn AP Turton DR Brady F Jones T , (1986b) A comparison between regional cerebral blood flow measurements obtained in human subjects using ¹¹C-methylalbumin microspheres, the C¹⁵O₂ steady-state method and positron tomography. Acta Neurol Scand 73:415–422

Brooks RA , (1982) Alternative formula for glucose utilisation using labelled deoxyglucose. J Nucl Med 23:528–539

Brooks RA Hatazwa J Dichiro G Lanson SM Fishbein DS , (1987) Human cerebral glucose metabolism determined by positron emission tomography: A revisit. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:427–432

Chang JY Duana R Barker W Apicella A Finn R , (1987) Two behavioural states studied in a single PET/FDG procedure: Theory, method and preliminary results. J Nucl Med 28:852–860

Correia JA Alpert NM Buxton RB Ackerman RH , (1985) Analysis of some errors in the measurement of oxygen extraction and oxygen consumption by the equilibrium inhalation method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:591–599

Crane PD Pardridge WM Braun LD Nyerges AM Oldendorf WH , (1981) The interaction of transport and metabolism on brain glucose utilization: A reevaluation of the lumped constant. J Neurochem 36:1601–1604

Crane PD Pardridge WM Braun LD Oldendorf WH , (1983) Kinetics of transport and phosphorylation of 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in rat brain. J Neurochem 40:160–167

Dhawan V Conti J Mernyk M Jarden JO Rottenberg DA , (1986) Accuracy of PET rCBF measurements: Effect of time shift between blood and brain radioactivity curves. Phys Med Biol 31:507–514

Eichling JO Raichle ME Grubb RL Jr Ter-Pogossian MM , (1974) Evidence of the limitations of water as a freely diffusible tracer in brain of the rhesus monkey. Circ Res 35:358–364

Feeney DM Baron JC , (1986) Diaschisis: Progress review. Stroke 17:817–827

Frackowiak RSJ , (1985) The pathophysiology of human cerebral ischaemia: A new perspective obtained with positron tomography. Q J Med 223:713–727

Frackowiak RSJ Herold S Petty RKH Hughes JAM , (1988) The cerebral metabolism of glucose and oxygen measured with positron emission tomography in patients with mitochondrial diseases. Brain 111:1009–1024

Frackowiak RSJ Lenzi GL Jones T Heather JD , (1980) Quantitative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in man using ¹⁵O and positron emission tomography: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:727–736

Gambhir SS Huang SC Hankims RA Phelps ME , (1987) A study of the single compartment tracer kinetic model for the measurement of local cerebral blood flow using ¹⁵O-water and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:13–20

Gibbs JM Wise RJS Leenders KL Herold S Frackowiak RSJ Jones T , (1984a) Cerebral haemodynamics in occlusive carotid-artery disease. Lancet 1:933–934

Gibbs JM Wise RJS Leenders KL Jones T , (1984b) Evaluation of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid-artery occlusion. Lancet 1:310–314

Gjedde A Wiehard K Heiss W-D Kloster G Diemer NH Herholz K Pawlik G , (1985) Comparative regional analysis of 2-fluorodeoxyglucose and methylglucose uptake in brain of four stroke patients, with special reference to the regional estimation of the lumped constant. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:163–178

Grubb RL Raichle ME Higgins CS Eichling JO , (1978) Measurement of regional cerebral blood volume by emission tomography. Ann Neurol 4:322–328

Hakim AM Pokrupa RP Villaneuva J Diksic M Evans AC Thompson CJ , (1987) The effects of spontaneous reperfusion on metabolic function in early human cerebral infarcts. Ann Neurol 21:279–289

Hawkins RA Mans AM Davis DW Vina JR Hibbard LS , (1985) Cerebral glucose use measured with ¹⁴C-glucose labelled in the 1, 2 or 6 position. Am J Physiol 248:C170–C176

Hawkins RA Phelps ME Huang SC , (1986) Effects of temporal sampling, glucose metabolic rates and disruptions of the blood brain barrier on the FDG model with and without a vascular compartment: Studies in human brain tumours with PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:170–183

Hawkins RA Phelps ME Huang SC Kuhl DE , (1981) Effect of ischemia on quantification of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:37–51

Heiss W-D Beil C Pawlik G Herholz K Wagner R Wienhard K , (1985) Non-traumatic intracerebral hematoma versus ischemic stroke: Regional pattern of glucose metabolism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5(suppl 1):S5–S6

Heiss W-D Pawlik G Herholz K Wagner R Goldner H Wienhard K , (1984) Regional kinetic constants and cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in normal human volunteers determined by dynamic positron emission tomography of ¹⁸F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:212–223

Heiss W-D Pawlik G Herholz K Wienhard K , (1987) Clinical Efficacy of Positron Emission Tomography, p 421, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff

Herholz K , (1988) Non-stationary spatial filtering and accelerated curve fitting for parametric imaging with dynamic PET. Eur J Nucl Med 14:477–84

Herholz K Patlak CS , (1987) The influence of tissue heterogeneity on results of fitting non-linear model equations to regional tracer uptake curves: With an application to compartmental models used in positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:214–229

Herscovitch P Anchus AP Cado M Qin D Raichle ME , (1986) Correction of positron emission tomography data for cerebral atrophy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:12–124

Herscovitch P Markham J Raichle ME , (1983a) Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H₂¹⁵O. 1. Theory and error analysis. J Nucl Med 24:782–789

Herscovitch P Mintun MA Raichle ME , (1985) Brain oxygen utilisation measured with oxygen-15 radiotracers and positron emission tomography: Generation of metabolic images. J Nucl Med 26:416–417

Herscovitch P Raichle ME , (1983b) Effect of tissue heterogeneity on the measurement of cerebral blood flow with the equilibrium C¹⁵O₂ inhalation technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:407–15

Herscovitch P Raichle ME , (1985) What is the correct value for the brain–blood partition coefficient for water? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:65–69

Herscovitch P Raichle ME Kebonn RR Welch MJ , (1987) Positron emission tomographic measurement of cerebral blood flow and permeability—surface area product of water using ¹⁵O water and ¹¹C-butanol. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:527–542

Holden JE Eriksson L Roland PE Stone-Elandor S Widen L Kesselberg M , (1987) Direct comparison of single scan autoradiographic with multiple scan least squares fitting approaches to PET CMRO2 estimation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7(suppl 1):S439

Holden JE Gatley SJ Hichwa RD Ip WR Shaughnessy WJ Nickkles RJ Polcyn RE , (1981) Cerebral blood flow using PET measurements of fluoromethane kinetics. J Nucl Med 22:1084–1088

Huang SC Carson RE Hoffman EJ Carson J MacDonald N Barrio JR Phelps ME , (1983) Quantitative measurement of local cerebral blood flow in humans by positron computed tomography and ¹⁵O-water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:141–153

Huang SC Carson RE Phelps ME , (1982) Measurement of local blood flow and distribution volume with short-lived isotopes: A general input technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:99–108

Huang SC Feng DG Phelps ME , (1986) Model dependency and estimation reliability in measurement of cerebral oxygen utilisation rate with oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:105–119

Huang SC Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Kuhl DE , (1981) Error sensitivity of fluorodeoxyglucose method for measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:391–401

Huang SC Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Sideris K Selin CJ Kuhl DE , (1980) Non-invasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man. Am J Physiol 238:569–582

Hutchins GD Holden JE Koeppe RA Halama JR Gatley SJ Nickles RJ , (1984) Alternative approaches to single scan estimation of cerebral glucose metabolic rate using glucose analogs, with particular application to ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:35–40

Iida H Higano S Tomura N Shishido F Kanno I Miura S Murakami M Takahashi K Sasaki H Uemura K , (1988) Evaluation of regional differences of tracer appearance time in cerebral tissues using ¹⁵O-water and dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8: 285–288

Iida H Kanno I Miura S Murakami M Takahashi K Uemura K , (1986) Error analysis of a quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement using H₂¹⁵O autoradiography with respect to the dispersion of the input function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:536–545

Jagust WJ Budinger TF Huesman RH Friedland RP Mazoyer BM Knittel BL , (1986) Methodologic factors affecting PET measurements of cerebral glucose metabolism. J Nucl Med 27:1358–1361

Jones SC Ackerman RH Hoop B Baron JC Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1983) Brain uptake and organ distribution of carbon-11 from carbon-11 labelled glucose. Int J Nucl Med Biol 10:173–180

Jones SC Greenberg JH Dann R Robinson GD Kushner M Alavi A Reivich M , (1985) Cerebral blood flow with the continuous infusion of oxygen-15 labelled water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:566–575

Jones SC Greenberg JH Reivich M , (1982) Error analysis for the determination of cerebral blood flow with the continuous inhalation of ¹⁵O labelled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:116–124

Jones T Chesler DA Ter-Pogossian MM , (1976) The continuous inhalation of oxygen-15 for assessing regional oxygen extraction in the brain of man. Br J Radiol 49:339–343

Kanno I Iida H Miura S Murakami M Takahashi K Sasaki H Inugami A Shishido F Uemura K , (1987) A system for cerebral blood flow measurement using an H₂¹⁵O autoradiographic method and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:143–153

Kanno I Lammertsma A A Heather JD Gibbs JM Rhodes CG Clark JC Jones T , (1984) Measurement of cerebral blood flow using bolus inhalation of C¹⁵O₂ and positron emission tomography: Description of the method and its comparison with the C¹⁵O₂ continuous inhalation method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:224–234

Kato A Diksic M Yamamoto YL Strother SC Feindel W , (1984) An improved approach for measurement of regional cerebral rate constants in the deoxyglucose method with positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:555–563

Kearfott KJ Rottenberg DA Volpe BT , (1983) Design of steadystate positron emission tomography protocols for neurobehavioural studies: CO¹⁵O and ¹⁹Ne. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:51–59

Kety SS , (1960) Measurement of local blood flow by the exchange of an inert, diffusible substance. Methods. Med Res 8:228–236

Kety SS Schmidt CF , (1946) The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest 25:476–482

Koeppe RA Holden JE , (1985a) Performance comparison of parameter estimation techniques for the quantitation of local cerebral blood flow by dynamic positron computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:224–234

Koeppe RA Holden JE Polcyn RE Nickles RJ Hutcchings GD Weese JL , (1985b) Quantitation of local cerebral blood flow and partition coefficient without arterial sampling: Theory and validation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:214–223

Koeppe RA Hutchins GD Rothley JM Hickwa RD , (1987) Examination of assumptions for local cerebral blood flow studies in PET. J Nucl Med 28:1695–1703

Kuhl DE Phelps ME Kowell AP Metter EJ Selin C Winter J , (1980) Effects of stroke on local cerebral metabolism and perfusion. Mapping by emission computed tomography of ¹⁸FDG and ¹³NH₃. Ann Neurol 8:47–60

Lammertsma AA Baron JC Jones T , (1987a) Correction for intravascular activity in the oxygen-15 steady-state technique is independent of the regional haematocrit. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:372–374

Lammertsma AA Brooks DJ Beaney RP Turton DR Kensett MJ Heather JD Marshall J Jones T , (1984) In vivo measurement of regional cerebral hematocrit using positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:317–322

Lammertsma AA Brooks DJ Frackowiak RSJ Beaney RP Herold S Heather JD Palmer AJ Jones T , (1987b) Measurement of glucose utilisation with (18F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: A comparison of different analytical methods. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:161–172

Lammertsma AA Correia JA Jones T , (1988) Stability of arterial concentrations during continuous inhalation of C¹⁵O₂ and ¹⁵O₂ and the effects on computed values of CBF and CMRO2. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:411–17

Lammertsma AA Frackowiak RSJ Hoffman JM Huang SC Weinberg I Phelps ME Jones T , (1987c) Simultaneous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism: A feasibility study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7(suppl 1):S587

Lammertsma AA Frackowiak RSJ Huang SC Phelps ME Jones T , (1986) The simultaneous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilisation. J Nucl Med 27:913

Lammertsma A A Heather JD Jones T Frackowiak RSJ Lenzi GL , (1982) A statistical study of the steady-state model for measuring regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilisation using oxygen-15. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:566–573

Lammertsmas AA Hoffman JM Frackowiak RSJ Huang SC Weinberg I Phelps ME , (1987a) A new dynamic technique to measure regional cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7(suppl 1):S577

Lammertsma AA Jones T , (1983) The correction for the presence of intravascular oxygen-15 in the steady-state technique for measuring regional oxygen extraction in the brain. 1: Description of the method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:416–424

Lammertsma AA Jones T Frackowiak RSJ Lenzi GL Pozzilli C , (1981) A theoretical study of the steady-state model for measuring regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilisation using oxygen-15. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:544–550

Lammertsma AA, Wise RJS, Heather JD, Gibbs JM, Leenders KL, Frackowiak RSJ, Rhodes CG Jones T , (1983) The correction for the presence of intravascular oxygen-15 in the steady-state technique for measuring regional oxygen extraction ratio in the brain. 2: Results in normal subjects, brain tumour and stroke patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:425–431

Larson KB Markham J Raichle ME , (1987) Tracer-kinetic models for measuring cerebral blood flow using externally detected radiotracers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:443–463

Leblanc R Yamamoto YL Tyler JL Diksic M Hakim A , (1987) Borderzone ischemia. Ann Neurol 22:707–713

Lebrun-Grandie P Baron JC Soussaline F Loc'h C Sastre J Bousser MG , (1983) Coupling between regional blood flow and oxygen utilisation in the normal brain; a study with positron tomography and oxygen-15. Arch Neurol 40:230–236

Lenzi GL Frackowiak RSJ Jones T , (1982) Cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow in human cerebral ischemic infarction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:321–335

Lenzi GL Frackowiak RSJ Jones T Heather JD Lammertsma AA Rhodes CG Pozzilli C , (1981) CMRO2 and CBF by oxygen-15 inhalation technique. Eur Neurol 20:285–290

Levine RL Sunderland JJ Lagreze HL Nickles RJ Rowe BR Turski PA , (1988) Cerebral perfusion reserve indexes determined by fluoromethane positron emission scanning. Stroke 19:19–27

Lockwood AH , (1985) Invasiveness in studies of brain function by positron emission tomography (PET). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:487–489

Loutfi I Frackowiak RSJ Myers MJ Lavender BP , (1987) Regional cerebral haematocrit in normal subjects and stroke patients. J Physiol Imag 2:10–16

Martin WRW Powers WJ Raichle ME , (1987) Cerebral blood volume measured with inhaled C¹⁵O and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:421–426

Mazoyer BM Juesman RH Budinger TF Knittel BL , (1986) Dynamic PET data analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10:645–653

Mazziotta JC Koslow SH , (1987) Assessment of goals and obstacles in data acquisition and analysis from emission tomography: Report of a series of international workshops. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7(suppl 1):S1–S31

Meyer E Tyler JL Thompson CJ Redies C Diksic M Hakim AM , (1987) Estimation of cerebral oxygen utilization rate by single bolus ¹⁵O₂ inhalation and dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:403–414

Meyer E Yamamoto YL , (1984) The requirement of constant radioactivity in the C¹⁵O₂ blood flow model. J Nucl Med 24:455–460

Mintun MA Raichle ME Martin WRW Herscovitch P , (1984) Brain oxygen utilisation measured with O-15 radiotracers and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 25:177–187

Nakai H Yamamoto YL Diksic M Matsuda H Takara E Meyer E Redies C , (1987) Time dependent changes of lumped and rate constants in the deoxyglucose method in experimental cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:640–648

Nelson T Lucigrani G Atlas S Crane AM Dievel GA , (1985) Re-examination of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the brain in vivo: No evidence for a futile cycle. Science 229:60–62

Pantano P Baron JC Crouzel C Collard P Siron P Samson Y , (1985) The ¹⁵O continuous inhalation method: Correction for intravascular signal using C¹⁵O. Eur J Nucl Med 10:387–391

Patlak CS Blasberg RG Fenstermacher JD , (1983) Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:1–7

Paulson UB Heitz MM Bolwig TG Lassen NA , (1977) Filtration and diffusion of water across the blood brain barrier in man. Microvasc Res 13:113–124

Pawlik G Herholz K Beil C Wagner R Wienhard K Heiss WD , (1985) Remote effects of focal lesions on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. In: Functional Mapping of the Brain in Vascular Disorders ( Heiss WD , ed), pp 59–83, Berlin, Springer-Verlag

Phelps ME Huang SC Hoffman EJ Kuhl DE , (1979a) Validation of tomographic measurements of cerebral blood volume with ¹¹ C-labelled carboxyhaemoglobin. J Nucl Med 20:328–334

Phelps ME Huang SC Hoffman EJ Selin EJ Sokoloff L Kuhl DE , (1979b) Tomographic measurement of local glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18) 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Validation of method. Ann Neurol 6:371–388

Phelps ME Huang SC Mazziotta JC Hawkins RA , (1983) Alternate approach for examining stability of the deoxyglucose model lumped constant. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3(suppl 1):S13–S14

Powers WJ Grubb RL Baker RP Mintun MA Raichle ME , (1986) Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in reversible ischemia due to vasospasm. J Neurosurg 62:539–546

Powers WJ Grubb RL Jr Darriet D Raichle ME , (1985) Cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:600–608

Powers WJ Grubb RL Raichle ME , (1984) Physiological responses to focal cerebral ischemia in humans. Ann Neurol 16:456–552

Powers WJ Press GA Grubb RL Gaoo M Raichle ME , (1987) The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation. Ann Intern Med 106:27–35

Powers WJ Raichle ME , (1985) Positron emission tomography and its application to the study of cerebrovascular disease in man. Stroke 16:361–376

Raichle ME Martin WRW Herscovitch P Mintun MA Markham J , (1983) Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H₂¹⁵O. II: Implementation and validation. J Nucl Med 24:790–798

Reivich M Alavi A Wolf A Fowler J Arnett C MacGregor RR Shiue CY Atkins H Anand A Dann R Greenberg JH , (1985) Glucose metabolic rate kinetic model parameter determination in humans: The lumped constants and rate constants for 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-deoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:179–192

Reivich M Alavi A Wolf A Greenberg JH Fowler J Christman D MacGregor R Jones SC London J Shiue C Yonekura Y , (1982) Use of 2-deoxy-D-11 Cglucose for the determination of local cerebral glucose metabolism in humans: Variation within and between subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:307–319

Reivich M Kuhl D Wolf A Greenberg J Phelps ME Ido T Casella V Fowler J Hoffman E Alavi A Sokoloff L , (1979) The 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilisation in man. Circ Res 44:127–137

Rhodes CG Lenzi GL Frackowiak RSJ Jones T Pozzilli C , (1981) Measurement of CBF and CMRO2 using the continuous inhalation of C¹⁵O₂ and ¹⁵O₂: Experimental validation using CO₂ reactivity in the anaesthetised dog. J Neurol Sci 50:381–389

Rhodes CG Wise RJS Gibbs JM Frackowiak RSJ Hatazawa J Palmer AJ Thomas DGT Jones T , (1983) In vivo disturbance of the oxidative metabolism of glucose in human cerebral gliomas. Ann Neurol 14:614–626

Roland PE Eriksson L Stone-Elander S Widen L , (1987) Does mental activity change the oxidative metabolism in the brain? J Neurosci 7:2373–2389

Rougemont D Baron JC Collard P Bustany P Comar D Agid Y , (1984) Local cerebral glucose utilisation in treated and untreated patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47:824–830

Samson Y Baron JC Bousser MG Rey A Derlon JM David P Corny J , (1985) Effects of extra-intracranial arterial bypass on cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in humans. Stroke 16:609–616

Sasaki H Kanno I Murakami M Shishido F Uemura K , (1986) Tomographic mapping of kinetic rate constants in the fluorodeoxyglucose model using dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:447–454

Sgouropoulos P Baron JC Samson Y Bousser MG Comar D Castaigne P , (1985) Stenoses et occlusions persistantes de l'artere cerebrale moyene; consequences hemodynamiques et metaboliques etudiees par tomographic a positons. Rev Neurol (Paris) 141:698–705

Siesjö BK , (1978) Brain Energy Metabolism, New York, J. Wiley and Sons

Sokoloff L Reivich M Kennedy C Des Rosiers MH Patlak CS Pettigre KD Sakurada O Shinohara M , (1977) The ¹⁴C-deoxy glucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilisation: Theory, procedure and normal values in the conscious and anaesthetised albino rat. J Neurochem 28:897–916

Steinling M Baron JC , (1982) Mesure de debit sanguin cerebral local par inhalation continue de C¹⁵O₂ et tomographie d'emission. J Fr Biophys Med Nucl 6:89–95

Steinling M Baron JC Maziere B Lasjaunias P Lolc'h Cabanis EA Guillon B , (1985) Tomographic measurement of cerebral blood flow by the ⁶⁸Ga labelled microspheres and continuous C¹⁵O₂ inhalation methods. Eur J Nucl Med 11:29–32

Subramanyam R Alpert NM Hoop B Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1978) A model of regional cerebral oxygen distribution during continuous 1502, C1502 and C150. J Nucl Med 19:48–53

Wienhard K Pawlik G Eriksson L Wagner R Ilsen RW Herholz K Heiss WD , (1983) Kinetic constants of cerebral glucose metabolism in pathological conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3(suppl l):S474–475

Wienhard K Pawlik G Herholz K Wagner R Heiss WD , (1985) Estimation of local cerebral glucose utilisation by positron emission tomography of ¹⁸F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: A critical appraisal of optimisation procedures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:115–125

Wilson PD Huang SC Hawkins RA , (1988) Single-scan Bayes estimation of cerebral glucose metabolic rate: Comparison with non-Bayes single-scan methods using FDG PET scans in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:418–425

Wise RJS Bernardi S Frackowiak RSJ Legg NJ Jones T , (1983a) The transition from ischemia to infarction as reflected in regional oxygen extraction. Brain 106:197–222

Wise RJS Gibbs J Frackowiak RSJ Marshall J Jones T , (1986) No evidence for transhemispheric diaschisis after human cerebral infarction. Stroke 17:853–860

Wise RJS Rhodes CG Gibbs JM Hatazawa J Palmer T Frackowiak RSJ Jones T , (1983b) Disturbances of oxidative metabolism of glucose in recent human cerebral infarcts. Ann Neurol 14:627–637

Yamaguchi T Kanno I Usmura K Shishido F Inugami A Ogawa T Murakami M Suzuki K , (1986) Reduction in region cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen during human ageing. Stroke 17:1220–1228