Study of Cerebral Function with Positron Computed Tomography

Ackerman RH , (1981) Positron imaging in stroke disease. In: Cerebrovascular Disease: Twelfth Research Conference. ( Mossy J Reinmuth DM , eds), New York, Raven Press, Chapter 7, 67–72

Ackerman RH Alpert NM Correia JA Grotta JC Fallick JT Chang JY Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1979) Correlations of positron emission scans with TCT scans and clinical course. Acta Neurol Scand 60(Suppl 72):230–231

Ackerman RH Subramanyam R Correia JA Alpert NM Buonanna A Grotta JC Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1980) Positron imaging of cerebral blood flow during continuous inhalation of C¹⁵O₂. Stroke 11:45–49

Ackerman RH Alpert NM Correia JA Finkelstein S Buonanno F Davis SM Chang JY Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1981a) Importance of monitoring metabolic function in assessing the severity of a stroke insult (CBF: An epiphenomenon?). J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S502–S503

Ackerman RH Correia JA Alpert NM Baron J-D Gouliamos A Grotta JC Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1981b) Positron imaging in ischemic stroke disease using compounds labeled with oxygen 15. Arch Neurol 38:537–543

Ackerman RH Davis SM Correia JA Alpert NM Buonanno F Finkelstein S Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1981c) Positron imaging of CBF and metabolism in patients with cerebral neoplasms. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S575–S576

Alavi A Ferris S Wolf A Reivich M Farkas T Dann R Christman D MacGregor RR Fowler J , (1980) Determination of cerebral metabolism in senile dementia using F-18-deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 21: P21

Alavi A Reivich M Greenberg J Rosenquist A Rintelmann W Christman D Fowler J Goldman A MacGregor R Wolf A , (1981) Mapping of functional activity in brain with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Semin Nucl Med 11:24–31

Allemand R Gresset P Bacher J , (1980) Potential advantages of a cesium fluoride scintillator for a time-of-flight positron camera. J Nucl Med 21:153–155

Alpert MM Ackerman RH Correia JA Baron JC Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1977) Measurement of rCBF and rCMRO₂ by continuous inhalation of ¹⁵O-labelled CO₂ and O₂. Acta Neurol Scand 56 (Suppl 72):186–187

Anchors JM Haggerty DF Karnovsky ML , (1977) Cerebral glucose-6-phosphatase and movement of 2-deoxy-d-glucose across cell membranes. J Biol Chem 252:7035–7041

Anger HO Rosenthal DJ , (1959) Scintillation camera and positron camera. In: Medical Radioisotope Scanning, Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, pp 59–68

Anger HO , (1973) Multiple plane tomographic scanner. In: Tomographic Imaging in Nuclear Medicine ( Freedman GS , ed), New York, Society of Nuclear Medicine, pp 2–18

Arion WJ Wallin BK Lange AJ Ballas LM , (1975) On the involvement of a glucose-6-phosphate transport system in the function of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase. Mol Cell Biochem 6:75–83

Arion WJ Lange AJ Walls HE , (1980a) Microsomal membrane integrity and the interactions of phlorizin with the glucose-6-phosphatase system. J Biol Chem 255:10387–10395

Arion WJ Lange AJ Walls HE Ballas LM , (1980b) Evidence for the participation of independent translocases for phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate in the microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase system. J Biol Chem 255:10396–10406

Baron JC Comar D Bousser MG Soussaline F Crouzel C Plummer D Kellershohn LC Castaigne P , (1978) Etude tomographique, chez l'homme, du debit sanguin et de la consommation d'oxygéne du cerveau por inhalation continue d-oxygene 15. Rev Neurol (Paris) 134:545–556

Baron JC Comar D Soussaline F Todd-Pokropek A Bousser MG Castaigne P Kellershohn C. (1979a) Continuous ¹⁵O inhalation technique: An attempt to quantify CBF, EO₂ and CMRO₂. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (Suppl 72):194–195

Baron JC Comar D Bousser MG Loc'h C Kellershohn C Castaigne P , (1979b) Patterns of CBF and oxygen extraction fraction (EO2) in hemispheric infarcts: A tomographic study with ¹⁵O continuous inhalation technique. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (Suppl 72):324–325

Baron JC Bousser MG Comar D Duquesnoy N Sastre J Castaigne P , (1981a) Crossed cerebeller diaschisis: A remote functional depression secondary to supratentorial infarction in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S500–S501

Baron JC Bousser MG Comar D Soussaline F Castaigne P , (1981b) Noninvasive tomographic study of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in vivo. Eur Neurol 20:273–284

Baron JC Bousser MG Comar D Castiagne P , (1981c) Crossed cerebellar diaschisis in human supratentorial brain infarction. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 105:459–461

Baron JC Bousser MG Rey A Guillard A Comar D Castaigne P , (1981d) Reversal of focal “misery-perfusion syndrome” by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. Stroke 12:454–459

Baron JC Rey A Guillard A , (1981e) Non-invasive tomographic imaging of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis. Excerpta Medica 3:58–64

Baron JC Steinling M Tanaka T Cavalheiro E Soussaline F Collard P , (1981f) Quantitative measurement of CBF, oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and CMRO₂ with ¹⁵O continuous inhalation techniques and positron emission tomography (PET): Experimental evidence and normal values in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S5–S6

Benson DF , (1982a) The use of positron emission scanning techniques in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In: Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Progress in Research (Aging, Vol 19) ( Corkin S Davis KL Grawdan JH , eds), New York, Raven Press

Benson DF Metter EJ Kuhl DE Phelps ME , (1982b) The application of positron emission computed tomography in neurobehavioral problems. In: Localization in Neuropsychology, ( Kertesz A , ed), New York, Academic Press (in press)

Bergstrom M Boethins J Eriksson L Greitz T Ribbe T Widen L , (1981) Head fixation device for reproducible position alignment in transmission CT and positron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:136–141

Bessell EM Foster AB Westwood JH , (1972) The use of deoxyfluoro-d-glucopyranose and related compounds in a study of yeast hexokinase specificity. Biochem J 128:199–204

Bohm C Eriksson L Bergstrom M Litton J Suan R , (1978) A computer assisted ring detector positr a system for reconstruction tomography of the E Trans Nucl Sci NS-25:624–637

Bousser MG Baron JC Zizen MT Iba Comar D Cabanis E Castaigne P , (1980) Migrianous cerebral infarction: A tomographic study of cerebral blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction with the oxygen-15 inhalation technique. Stroke 11:145–148

Bowley AR Taylor CG Causer DA Barber DC Keyes WI Undrill PE Corfield JR Mallard JR , (1973) A radioisotope scanner for rectilinear, arc, transverse section and longitudinal section scanning (ASS-The Aberdeen Section Scanner). Br J Radiol 46:262–271

Brooks RA DiChiro G , (1976) Principles of computer assisted tomography (CAT) in radiographic and radioisotopic imaging. Phys Med Biol 21:689–732

Brooks RA Sank VM DiChiro G Friauf WS Leighton SB , (1980) Design of a high resolution positron emission tomograph: The Neuro-Pet. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:5–13

Brownell GL Sweet WH , (1953) Localization of brain tumors with positron emitters. Nucleonics 11:40

Brownell GL Burnham CA Chesler DA Correia JA Correll JE Hoop B Jr Parker JA Sabramanyam R , (1977) Transverse section imaging of radionuclide distributions in heart, lung and brain. In: Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine ( Ter-Pogossian MM Phelps ME Brownell GL , eds), Baltimore, University Park Press, pp 293–306

Buchsbaum MS Kessler R Bunney WE Cappelletti J Coppola R van Kammen DP Rigel F Waters R Sokoloff L Ingvar D , (1981) Simultaneous electroencephalography and cerebral glucography with positron emission tomography (PET) in normals and patients with schizophrenia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S457–S458

Budinger TF Gullberg GT , (1974) Three-dimensional reconstruction in nuclear medicine by iterative least-squares and Fourier transform techniques imaging. IEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-21:2–20

Budinger TF Derenzo SE Gullberg GT Greenberg WL Huesman RH , (1977) Emission computed axial tomography with single photon and positron annihilation photon emitters. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:131–145

Burham CA Brownell GL , (1972) A multi-crystal positron camera. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-19:201–205

Bustany P Sargent T Saudubray JM Henry JF Comar D , (1981) Regional human brain uptake and protein incorporation of ¹¹C-l-methionine studied in vivo with PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S17–S18

Carroll L , (1979) Design and performance characteristics of a production model positron imaging system. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-25:606–614

Cho ZH Farukhih MR , (1977) Bismuth germanate as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras. J Nucl Med 18:840–844

Cho ZH Chan JK Eriksson K , (1976) Circular ring transverse axial positron camera for 3-dimensional reconstruction of radionuclide distribution. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-23:613–622

Comar D Cartron N Maziere M Marazano C , (1976) Labelling and metabolism of ¹¹C-methionine. Eur J Nucl Med 1:11–14

Comar D Maziere M Gadot JM Berger G Soussaline F , (1979) Visualization of ¹¹C-flunitrazepam displacement in the brain of the live baboon. Nature 280:329–331

Comar D Berger G Crouzel C Godot JM Maziere M Mestelan G , (1981) Carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals for brain receptor studies. J Label Compds Radiopharm 18:3–4

Comar D Maziere M Cepeda C Godot JM Menini C Naquet R , (1982) The kinetics and displacement of ¹¹C-flunitrazepam in the brain of the living baboon. Eur J Pharmacol (in press)

Cooper AJL McDonald JM Gelbard AS Gledhill RF Duffy TE , (1979) The metabolic fate of ¹³N-labeled ammonia in rat brain. J Biol Chem 254:4982–4992

Crane PO Pardridge WM Nyerges AM Oldendorf WH , (1981) The interaction of transport and metabolism on brain glucose utilization: A reevaluation of the lumped constant. J Neurochem 36:1601–1604

Derenzo SE Budinger TF Cahoon JL Greenberg WL Huesman RH Vuletich T , (1979) The Donner 280 crystal high resolution positron tomograph, IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-26:2790–2793

Di Chiro G DeLaPaz R Smith B Kornblith P Sokoloff L Brooks R Blasberg C Cummins C Kessler R Wolf A Fowler J London W Sever J , (1981a) ¹⁸F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron tomography of human cerebral gliomas. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S11–S12

Di Chiro G DeLaPaz R Smith B Kornblith P Sokoloff L Brooks R Blasberg R Cummins C Kessler R Wolf A Fowler J London W Sever J , (1981b) ¹⁸F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography of human cerebral gliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:937–938

Drayer BP Heinz ER Dujovny M Wolfson SK Jr Gur D , (1979) Patterns of brain perfusion: Dynamic computed tomography using intravenous contrast enhancement. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:633–640

Drayer BP Gur D Wolfson SK Jr Cook EE , (1980) Experimental xenon enhancement with CT imaging: Cerebral applications. Am J Radiol 134:39–44

Ducan CC Shiue CY Wolf AP Bennett GW Lambrecht RM , (1981) ¹⁸F-4-fluoroantipyrine for the measurement of cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1): S78–S79

Eichling JO Raichle ME Grubb RL Jr Ter-Pogossian MM , (1974) Evidence of the limitations of water as a freely diffusible tracer in brain of the rhesus monkey. Circ Res 35:358–364

Engel J Jr Rausch R Lieb JP Kuhl DE Crandall PH , (1981) Correlation of criteria used for localizing epileptic foci in patients considered for surgical therapy of epilepsy. Ann Neurol 9:215–244

Engel J Kuhl DE Phelps ME Mazziotta JC , (1982a) Characterization of local cerebral glucose metabolism in partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol (in press)

Engel J Jr Kuhl DE Phelps ME Crandall P , (1982b) Localization of the epileptogenic focus in partial epilespy with PCT and EEG. Ann Neurol (in press)

Engel J Jr Brown J Kuhl D Phelps ME Mazziotta JC Crandall PH , (1982c) Pathological findings underlying focal temporal lobe hypometabolism in partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol (in press)

Erickson K Bergstrom M Eriksson L , (1980) Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of subdural hematomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:737–745

Eriksson L Bohm C Kesselberg M , (1982) A four ring positron camera for emission tomography of the brain. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci (in press)

Farkas T Reivich M Alavi A Greenberg JH Fowler JS MacGregor RR Christman DR Wolf AP , (1980) The application of [¹⁸F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose and positron emission tomography in the study of psychiatric conditions. In: Cerebral Metabolism and Neural Function ( Passonneau JV Hawkins RA Lust WD , eds), Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, pp 403–408

Farkas T Wolf AP Fowler J MacGregor R Brodie J Christman D Cancro R Brill R Goldman A , (1981) Regional brain glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S496

Finklestein S Alpers NA Ackerman RH , (1980) Positron imaging of the normal brain: Regional patterns of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 105:8–10

rackowiak SJ Lenzi GL Jones T Heather JD , (1980) Quantitative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in man using ¹⁵O and positron emission tomography: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Comput Tomogr 4:727–736

Frackowiak RS Pozzilli C Legg JJ Du Boulay GH Marshall J Lenzi GL Jones T , (1981a) A prospective study of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in dementia using positron emission tomography and oxygen-15. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S453–S454

Frackowiak RS Pozzilli C Legg NJ Du Boulay GH Marshall J Lenzi GL Jones T , (1981b) Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilization in dementia: A clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography. Brain 104:753–778

Frey KA Wieland DM Brown LE Rogers WL Agronoff BW , (1981) Development of a tomographic myelin scan. Ann Neurol 10:214–221

Gallagher BM Fowler JS Gutterson NI MacGregor RR Wan C-N Wolf AP , (1978) Metabolic trapping as a principle of radiopharmaceutical design. The factors responsible for the bio-distribution of ¹⁸F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (¹⁸FDG). J Nucl Med 19:1154–1161

Ginsberg MD Reivich M Giandomenico A Greenberg JH , (1977) Local glucose utilization in acute focal cerebral ischemia: Local dysmetabolism and diaschisis. Neurology 27:1042–1048

Greenberg J Reivich M Alavi A Hand P Rosenquist A Rintelmann W Stein A Tusa R Dann R Christman D Fowler J MacGregor B Wolf A , (1981) Metabolic mapping of functional activity in human subjects with the [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose technique. Science 212:678–680

Grubb RL Jr Raichle ME Eichling JO Ter-Pogossian MM , (1974) The effects of changes in P_aco₂ on cerebral blood volume, blood flow and vascular mean transit time. Stroke 5:630–639

Grubb RL Raichle ME Gado MH Eichling JO Hughes CP , (1977) Cerebral blood flow, oxygen utilization and blood volume in dementia. Neurology 27:905–910

Grubb RL Raichle ME Higgins CS Eichling JO , (1978) Measurement of regional cerebral blood volume by emission tomography. Ann Neurol 4:322–328

Grubb RL Ratcheson RA Raichle ME Kliefoth AB Gado MH , (1979) Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis patients. J Neurosurg 50:733–741

Haggendal E , (1965) Blood flow autoregulation of the cerebral gray matter with comments on its mechanisms. In: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ( Ingvar DH Lassen NA , eds), Copenhagen, Munksgaard, pp 104–110

Harper AM Glass HI , (1965) Effect of alterations in the arterial carbon dioxide tension on the blood flow through the cerebral cortex at normal and low arterial blood pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:449

Hawkins R Phelps ME Huang SC Kuhl DE , (1981) Effect of ischemia on quantification of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1:37–52

Heiss W-D Kloster G Vyska K Traupe H Freundlieb C Becker V Feinendegen E Stoeklin G , (1981) Regional cerebral distribution of (C-11)-methyl-d-glucose compared with CT perfusion patterns in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S506–S507

Hoffman EJ Phelps ME Mullani NA Higgins CS Ter-Pogossian MM , (1976) Design and performance characteristics of a whole body transaxial tomography. J Nucl Med 17:493–503

Hoffman EJ Huang SC Phelps ME , (1979) Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 1. Effect of object size. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:299–308

Hoffman EJ Phelps ME Huang SC Kuhl DE Crabtree M Burke M Burgiss S Keyser R Highfill R Williams C , (1981) A new tomograph for quantitative positron emission computed tomography of the brain. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-28:99–103

Holden JE Gatley SS Hichwa RD Shaughnessy WJ Nickles RJ Polcyn RE , (1981) Regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomographic measurements of fluoromethane kinetics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1): S35–S36

Huang SC Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Kuhl DE , (1979) A theoretical study of quantitative flow measurements with constant infusion of short lived isotopes. Phys Med Biol 24:1151–1161

Huang SC Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Sideris K Selin CJ Kuhl DE , (1980) Non-invasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man. Am J Physiol 238:E69–E82

Huang SC Carson RE Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Schelbert HR Kuhl DE , (1981a) A boundary method for attenuation correction in positron computed tomography. J Nucl Med 22:627–637

Huang SC Phelps ME Carson RE Hoffman EJ Plummer D MacDonald NS Kuhl DE , (1981b) Tomographic measurement of local cerebral blood flow in man with O-15 water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1):531–532

Huang SC Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Kuhl DE , (1981c) Error sensitivity analysis of fluorodeoxyglucose method for measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1:391–401

Huang SC Carson RE Phelps ME , (1982) Measurement of local cerebral blood flow and distribution volume with short-lived isotopes: A general input technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 2:99–108

Heymann MA Payne BD Hoffman JIE Rudolph AM , (1977) Blood flow measurements with radionuclide-labeled particles. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 20:55–79

Ido T Wan CN Casella V Fowler JS Wolf AP Reivich M Kuhl DE , (1978) Labeled 2-deoxy-d-glucose analogs: ¹⁸F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-f1uoro-d-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-mannose, and ¹⁴C-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-^d-glucose. J Label Compds Radiopharm 24:174–183

Ingvar DH Franzen G , (1971) Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat Scand 50:425–462

Jones T Chesler DA Ter-Pogossian MM , (1976) The continuous inhalation of oxygen-15 for assessing regional oxygen extraction in the brain of man. Br J Radiol 49:339–343

Kanno I Uemura K Miura S Miura Y , (1981) Headtome: A hybrid emission tomograph for single photon and positron emission imaging of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:216–226

Kay DB Keys JW , (1975) First order corrections for absorption and resolution compensation in radionuclide Fourier tomography. J Nucl Med 16:540–545

Kennedy C Sokurada O Shinohara M Jehle J Sokoloff L , (1978) Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey. Ann Neurol 4:293–301

Kety SS Schmidt CE , (1948) The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest 27:476–483

Ku H Barrio JR , (1981) On the synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled spiroperidol: Mechanistic studies. J Nucl Med 22: P13

Kuhl DE Edwards RQ , (1963) Image separation radioisotope scanning. Radiology 30:653–661

Kuhl DE Edwards RQ Ricci AR Reivich M , (1973) Quantitative section scanning using orthogonal tangent correction. J Nucl Med 14:196–200

Kuhl DE Reivich M Alavi A Nyari I Staum MM , (1975) Local cerebral blood volume determined by three-dimensional reconstruction of radionuclide scan data. Circ Res 36:610–619

Kuhl DE Edwards RQ Ricci AR Yacob RJ Mich TJ Alavi A , (1976) The Mark IV system for radionuclide computed tomography of the brain. Radiology 121:405–413

Kuhl DE Engel J Jr Phelps ME Selin C , (1980a) Epileptic pattern of local cerebral metabolism and perfusion in man determined by emission computed tomography of ¹⁸FDG and ¹³NH₃. Ann Neurol 8:348–360

Kuhl DE Phelps ME Kowell AP Metter EJ Selin C Winter J , (1980b) Effects of stroke on local cerebral metabolism and perfusion: Mapping by emission computed tomography of ¹⁸FDG and ¹³NH₃. Ann Neurol 8:47–60

Kuhl DE Phelps ME Markham C Winter J Metter J Riege W , (1981) Local cerebral glucose metabolism in Huntington's disease determined by emission computed tomography of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1):S459–S460

Kuhl DE Metter EJ Riege WH Phelps ME , (1982a) Effects of human aging on patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization determined by the [¹⁸FDG]fluorodeoxyglucose method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol (in press)

Kuhl DE Phelps ME Markham CH Metter EJ Reige WH Winter J , (1982b) Cerebral metabolism and atrophy in Huntington's Disease determined by FDG and CT scan. Ann Neurol (in press)

Lammertsma AA Frackowiak RS Lenzi GL Heather JD Pozzilli C Jones T , (1981a) Accuracy of the oxygen-15 steady state technique for measuring rCBF and rCMRO₂: Tracer modeling, statistics and spatial sampling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1):S3–S4

Lammertsma AA Itoh M McKenzi CG Jones T Frakowiak RSJ , (1981b) Quantitative tomographic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in patients with brain tumors using oxygen-15 and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1):S567–S568

Lammertsma AA Jones T Frackowiak FS Lenzi G-L , (1981c) A theoretical study of the steady-state model for measuring regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization using oxygen-15. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:544–550

Lassen NA , (1966) The luxury-perfusion syndrome and its possible relation to acute metabolic acidosis localized within the brain. Lancet ii:1113–1115

Lassen NA Perl W , (1979) Tracer Kinetic Methods in Medical Physiology. New York, Raven Press

Lenzi GL Jones T McKenzie CG Buckingham PD Clark JC Moss S , (1978) Study of regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow relationships in man using the method of continuously inhaling oxygen-15 and oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41:1–10

Lenzi GL Frackowiak RS Jones T , (1981a) Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen utilization (CMRO₂) and oxygen extraction ratio (OER) in acute hemispheric stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1): S504–S505

Lenzi GL Frackowiak RS Jones T Heather JD Lammertsma AA Rhodes CG Pozzilli C , (1981b) CMRO₂ and CBF by the oxygen-15 inhalation techniques: Results in normal volunteers and cerebrovascular patients. Eur Neurol 20:285–290

Littleton JT Rumbaugh CL Winter FS , (1963) Polydirectional body section roentgenography: A new diagnostic approach. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 39:1179–1193

Lockwood AH Finn RD Campbell JA , (1980) Factors that effect the uptake of ¹³N ammonia by the brain: The blood-brain pH gradient. Brain Res 181:259–266

Maziere M Berger G Godot JM Prenant C Comar D , (1981) Etorphine ¹¹C: A new tool of the “in vivo” study of brain opiate receptors. J Label Compds Radiopharm 18:15–16

Mazziotta JC Phelps ME Miller J Kuhl DE , (1981a) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Normal unstimulated state. Neurology 31:503–516

Mazziotta JC Phelps ME Plummer D Kuhl DE , (1981b) Quantitation in positron computed tomography: 5. Physical-anatomical effects. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:734–743

Mazziotta JC Phelps ME Carson RE Kuhl DE , (1982a) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Sensory deprivation. Ann Neurol 10 (in press)

Mazziotta JC Phelps ME Carson RE Kuhl DE , (1982b) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Auditory stimulation. Neurology 32 (in press)

Mazziotta JC Phelps ME Meadors AK Ricci A Winter J Bentson JR , (1982c) Anatomical localization schemes for use in positron computed tomography using a specially designed head holder. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6 (in press)

Metter EJ Riege WH Hanson W Phelps ME Kuhl DE , (1981a) Correlation of metabolic and language abnormalities in aphasia. Ann Neurol 10:102

Metter EJ Wasterlain CG Kuhl DE Hanson WR Phelps ME , (1981b) ¹⁸FDG -positron emission computed tomography: A study of aphasia. Ann Neurol 10:173–183

Metter EJ Riege WH Hanson WR Camrus L Phelps ME Kuhl DE , (1982) Metabolic comparisons of language disturbances in subcortical and cortical lesions. Brain Lang (in press)

Montgomery EB Grubb RL Raichle ME , (1981) Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in postoperative cerebral vasospasm and treatment with hypertensive therapy. Ann Neurol 9:502–506

Muehllehner G Wetzel RA , (1971) Section imaging by computer calculation. J Nucl Med 12:79–87

Muehllehner G Buschin MP Dudek JH , (1976) Performance parameters of positron imaging camera. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-23:528–537

Nilsson OS Arion WJ Depierre JW Dallner G Ernster L , (1978) Evidence for the involvement of a glucose-6-phosphate carrier in microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Eur J Biochem 82:627–634

Nordlie RC , (1974) Metabolic regulation of multifunctional glucose-6-phosphatase. Curr Top Cell Regul 8:33–117

Nordlie RC , (1979) Multifunctional glucose-6-phosphatase: Cellular biology. Life Sci 24:2397–2404

Norenberg MD Martinez-Hernandez A , (1979) Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain. Brain Res 161:303–310

Norimasa N Tanaka E Tokehiro T Yamamoto M Murayama H Suda Y Masahiro E Takeshi I Tateno Y Shishido F Ishimatsu K Ueda K Takami K , (1980) Positologica: A positron ECT device with a continuously rotating detector ring. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-27:1128–1136

Obrist WD Thompson HK Wang HS , (1971) A simplified procedure for determining fast components of CBF by ¹³³Xe inhalation. In: Brain and Blood Flow ( Russell RWR , ed), London, Pitman Medical, pp 11–15

Obrist WD Thompson HK Wang HS Wilkinson WD , (1975) Regional cerebral blood flow estimated by 133-xenon inhalation. Stroke 6:245–256

Phelps ME , (1977) Emission computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med 7:337–365

Phelps ME , (1981) Positron computed tomography studies of cerebral glucose metabolism in man: Theory and application in nuclear medicine. Semin Nucl Med 11:32–49

Phelps ME Grubb RL Jr Ter-Pogossian MM , (1973a) Correlation between P_aCO₂ and regional cerebral blood volume by x-ray fluorescence. J Appl Physiol 35:275–280

Phelps ME Grubb RL Jr Ter-Pogossian MM , (1973b) In vivo cerebral blood volume by x-ray fluorescence: Validation of the method. J Appl Physiol 35:741–747

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Mullani NA Ter-Pogossian MM , (1975a) Application of annihilation coincidence detection to transaxial reconstruction tomography. J Nucl Med 16:210–223

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Mullani NA Ter-Pogossian MM , (1975b) Transaxial emission reconstruction tomography: Coincidence detection of positron-emitting radionuclides. In: Non-Invasive Brain Imaging, Radionuclides and Computed Tomography ( DeBlanc H Sorenson JA , eds), New York, Soc of Nucl Med, pp 87–109

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Coleman RE Welch MJ Raichle ME Weiss ES Sobel BE Ter-Pogossian MM , (1970a) Tomographic images of blood pool and perfusion in brain and heart. J Nucl Med 17:603–612

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Mullani N Higgins CS Ter-Pogossian MM , (1976b) Design considerations for a positron emission transaxial tomograph (PETT III). IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-23:516–522

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Kuhl DE , (1977a) Physiologic tomography: A new approach to in vivo measure of metabolism and physiologic function. In: Medical Radionuclide Imaging, Vol 1, Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, pp 233–253

Phelps ME Hoffman ET Raybaud C , (1977b) Factors which effect cerebral uptake and retention of ¹³NH₃. Stroke 8:694–702

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Mullani NA Higgins CS Ter-Pogossian MM , (1977c) Some performance and design characteristics of PETT III. In: Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine ( Ter-Pogossian MM Phelps ME Brownell GL , eds), Baltimore, University Park Press, pp 371–392

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Huang SC Kuhl DE , (1978a) ECAT: A new computerized tomographic imaging system for positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 19:635–647

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Huang SC Kuhl DE , (1978b) Design and performance characteristics of the ECAT positron tomograph. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2:648

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Huang SC , (1979a) Single-slice versus multiple-slice positron tomographs. J Nucl Med 20:800–802

Phelps ME Huang SC Hoffman EJ Selin C Sokoloff L Kuhl DE , (1979b) Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18) 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Validation of method. Ann Neurol 6:371–388

Phelps ME Huang SC Hoffman EJ Kuhl DE , (1979c) Tomographic measurement of cerebral blood volume with C-11 labeled carboxyhemoglobin. J Nucl Med 20:328–334

Phelps ME Kuhl DE Mazziotta JC , (1981a) Metabolic mapping of the brain's response to visual stimulation: Studies in humans. Science 211:1445–1448

Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Huang SC Kuhl DE , (1981b) The NeuroECAT: A new high resolution multiplane positron computed tomograph for imaging the brain. J Nucl Med 22:38

Phelps ME Huang SC Hoffman EJ Selin C Kuhl DE , (1981c) Cerebral extraction of N-13 ammonia: Its dependence on cerebral blood flow and capillary permeability–surface area product. Stroke 12:607–619

Phelps ME Mazziotta JC Kuhl DE Nuwer M Packwood J Metter J Engel J Jr , (1981d) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Visual stimulation and deprivation. Neurology 31:517–529

Phelps ME Huang S-C Hoffman EJ Plummer D Carson R , (1982) An analysis of signal amplification using small detectors in positron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr (in press)

Raichle ME , (1980) Positron emission tomography: A new technology of importance in the study of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Cerebral Arterial Spasm ( Wilkins RH , ed), Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, pp 338–350

Raichle ME Larson KB Phelps ME Grubb RL Jr Welch MJ Ter-Pogossian MM , (1975) In vivo measurement of brain glucose transport and metabolism employing glucose-¹¹C. Am J Physiol 228:1936–1948

Raichle ME Eichling JO Straatmann MG Welch MJ Larson KB Ter-Pogossian MM , (1976) Blood brain barrier permeability of ¹¹C-labeled alcohols and ¹⁵O-labeled water. Am J Physiol 230:543–552

Raichle ME Welch MJ Grubb RL Jr Higgins CS Ter-Pogossian MM Larson KB , (1978) Measurement of regional substrate utilization rates by emission tomography. Science 199:986–987

Raichle ME Larson KB Markham J Depresseux J-C Grub RL Jr Ter-Pogossian MM , (1981a) Measurement of regional oxygen consumption by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1):S7–S8

Raichle ME Markham J Larson K Grubb RL Jr Welch MJ , (1981b) Measurement of local cerebral blood flow in man with positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1(Suppl 1):S19–S20

Rankowitz S Robertson JS Higinbotham WA Niell AM , (1962) Positron scanner for locating brain tumors. IRE Int Conv Rec 9:49–56

Reivich M , (1964) Arterial P₂CO₂ and cerebral hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 206:25–35

Reivich M Greenberg J Alavi A Christman D Fowler J Hand P Rosenquist A Rintelmann W Wolf A , (1979a) The use of the ¹⁸F-fluoro-deoxyglucose technique for mapping of functional neural pathways in man. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (Suppl 72):198–199

Reivich M Kuhl D Wolf A Greenberg J Phelps M Ido T Casella V Fowler J Hoffman E Alavi A Som P Sokoloff L , (1979b) The (¹⁸F)-fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ Res 44:127–137

Reivich M Cobbs W Rosenquist A Stein A Schatz N Savino P Alavi A Greenberg J , (1981) Abnormalities in local cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with visual field defects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S471–S472

Rhodes CG Lenzi GL Frackowiak SJ Jones T Pizzolli C , (1981) Measurement of CBF and CMRO₂ using continuous inhalation of C¹⁵O₂ and ¹⁵O₂. J Neurol Sci 50:381–389

Robertson JS Neil AM , (1962) Use of a digital computer in the development of a positron scanning procedure. In: Proc 4th IBM Medical Symposium, pp 77–103

Roland P Meyer E Yamamoto Y Thompson CJ , (1981) Dynamic positron emission tomography as a tool in neuro-science: Functional mapping in normal human volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S463–S464

Schuier F Orzi F Suda S Kennedy C Sokoloff L , (1981) The lumped constant for the [¹⁴C]deoxyglucose method in hyperglycemic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S63

Smith CB Davidson A Diebler G Petlak C Pettigrew K Sokoloff L , (1980) A method for determining the local rates of protein synthesis in brain. Trans Am Soc Neurol Chem 11:94

Sokoloff L , (1976) Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain. In: Basic Neurochemistry ( Siegel GJ Albers RW Katzman R Agranoff BW , eds), Boston, Little Brown, pp 388–413

Sokoloff L , (1981) Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurement of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1:7–36

Sokoloff L Reivich M Kennedy C Des Rosiers MH Patlak CS Pettigrew KD Sakurada O Shinohara M , (1977) The (¹⁴C)-deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 28:897–916

Subramanyam R Alpert NM Hoop B Brownell GL Taveras JM , (1978) A model for regional cerebral oxygen distribution during continuous inhalation of ¹⁵O₂, C¹⁵O and C¹⁵O₂. J Nucl Med 19:48–53

Sweet WH , (1951) Uses of nuclear disintegrations in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, N Engl J Med 245:875

Tanaka E , (1973) Multi-crystal section imaging device and its data processing. In: Proceedings of the 13th Congress of Radiology, Madrid, Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, pp 81–85

Ter-Pogossian MM , (1981) Special characteristics and potential for dynamic function studies with PET. Semin Nucl Med 11:13–23

Ter-Pogossian MM Phelps ME Hoffman EJ Mullani NA , (1975) A positron emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear medicine imaging (PETT). Radiology 114:89–98

Ter-Pogossian MM Phelps ME Brownell GL Cox JR Jr Davis DO Evans RG , (1977) Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Baltimore, University Park Press

Ter-Pogossian MM Mullani NA Hood J Higgins CS Currie CM , (1978a) A multislice positron emission computed tomograph (PETT IV) yielding transverse and longitudinal images. Radiology 128:477–484

Ter-Pogossian MM Mullani NA Hood JT , (1978b) Design considerations for a positron emission transverse tomograph (PETT V) for imaging of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2:539–544

Ter-Pogossian MM Mullani NA Ficke DC Markham J Snyder DL , (1981) Photon time-of-flight-assisted positron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:227–229

Tewson TJ Raichle ME Welch MJ , (1980) Preliminary studies with ¹⁸F-haloperidol: A radioligand for in vivo studies of the dopamine receptors. Brain Res 192:291–295

Thompson CJ Yamamoto YL Meyer E , (1979) Positome II: A high efficiency positron imaging system for dynamic brain studies. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-26:582–589

Todd-Pokropek AE , (1972) The formation and display of section scans. In: Proceedings of the Symposium of the American Congress of Radiology, 1971, Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 545–556

Tsui E Budinger TF , (1978) Transverse section imaging of mean clearance time. Phys Med Biol 23:644–653

Vyska K Freundlieb C Hock A Becker V Feinendegen LE Koster G Stöcklin G Traupe H Heiss W-D , (1981) The assessment of glucose transport across the blood brain barrier in man by use of 3-(C-11)-methyl-d-glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S42–S43

Weber G , (1977) Enzymology of cancer cells. N Engl J Med 296:486–493

Welch MF Tewson TJ , (1979) Radiopharmaceuticals for neurological studies. In: Radiopharmaceuticals II ( Sorenson JA , ed), New York, Soc Nucl Med, pp 201–219

Widen L Bergstrom M Blomqvist G Brismar T Ehrin E Elander S Eriksson K Eriksson L Greitz T Litton J-E Malmborg P Nilsson L , (1981) Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: Emission computed tomography measurements with 11-C-glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 1 (Suppl 1):S455–S456

Williams CW Crabtree MC Burke MR Keyser RM Burgiss SG Hoffman EJ Phelps ME , (1981) Design of the NeuroECAT: A high resolution, high efficiency positron tomograph for imaging the adult head or infant torso. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-28:1736–1740

Wolf A , (1981) Special characteristics and potential for radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Semin Nucl Med 11:2–12

Wolf AP Fowler JS , (1979) Organic radiopharmaceuticals: Recent advances. In: Radiophamaceuticals II ( Sorenson JA . ed), New York, Soc Nucl Med, pp 73–93

Wrenn ER Good ML Handler P , (1951) The use of positron emitting radioisotopes for the localization of brain tumors. Science 113:525–527

Yamamoto YL Thompson CJ Meyer E Robertson JS Feindel W , (1977) Dynamic positron emission tomography for study of cerebral hemodynamics in cross section of the head using positron emitting ⁶⁸Ga-EDTA and ⁷⁷Kr. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:43–56

Yamamoto YL Little J Thompson C Meyer E Feindell W. (1979) Positron emission tomography following EC-IC bypass surgery. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (Suppl 72):522–523

Yoshino Y Elliott KAC , (1970) Effects of various conditions on the movement of carbon atoms derived from glucose into and out of proteins in rat brain. Can J Biochem 48:236–242

Zieler K , (1965) Equations for measuring blood flow by external monitoring of radioisotopes. Circ Res 16:309–321