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Open access

Research article

First published 2024

No Matter How You Slice It,Black Students Are Punished More: The Persistence and Pervasiveness of Discipline Disparities

Sean Darling-Hammond, Eric Ho

AERA Open

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2025

Spatial-Racial Disparities in California's Capital Punishment: Examining the Influence of Geography and Race on Death Sentencing from 1987 to 2019

Nick Petersen

Race and Justice

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2021-12

Race,Ethnicity,and Punishment for Federal Sex Offenses: Changing Composition in Child Pornography and Sex Abuse Cases and Temporal Disparity in Sentencing Over Time

Richard D. Hartley, Alexander Testa, Erika Martinez

Sexual Abuse

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2021-2

School Punishment and Education: Racial/Ethnic Disparities With Grade Retention and the Role of Urbanicity

Anthony A. Peguero, Kay S. Varela, Miner P. “Trey” Marchbanks [...]

Urban Education

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2022-11

Plea Bargaining and Trial Decisions in Context: An Examination of Disparities in Punishment

Porche’ A. W. Okafor, Patricia Y. Warren, Eric A. Stewart

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2021-7

Financial Dependents and Sentencing Outcomes in Federal District Courts: Variation by Race,Ethnicity,and Sex

Alexander Testa, Richard D. Hartley

Criminal Justice Policy Review

Open access

Research article

First published 2026-1

Rewriting the Record: A Qualitative Analysis of Race,Criminal History,and Sentencing Policy Reform in Pennsylvania

C. Clare Strange, Rhys Hester, Jeffrey T. Ulmer [...]

Race and Justice

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2017-9

The Influence of Detailed Offender Characteristics on Consecutive Criminal Processing Decisions in the Netherlands

Hilde Wermink, Brian D. Johnson, Jan W. de Keijser [...]

Crime & Delinquency

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Research article

First published 2023-1

“Broken windows” discipline and racial disparities in school punishment

Mary Ellen Stitt

Punishment & Society

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Research article

First published 2025-3

An Examination of Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prison Misconduct Punishment

Alexandra V. Nur

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

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