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Research article

First published 2008-06

Is Perceived Emotional Support Beneficial? Well-Being and Health in Independent and Interdependent Cultures

Yukiko Uchida, Shinobu Kitayama, Batja Mesquita [...]

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

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Research article

First published 2026

Independent and Interdependent Self-Construal Revisited: Cultural Patterns and Psychological Correlates

Hyunji Kim, Joni Sasaki, Hoon-Seok Choi

Cross-Cultural Research

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Research article

First published 2010-5

Cultural Self-Construals of Mexican,Spanish,and Danish College Students: Beyond Independent and Interdependent Self

Andrés Santamaría, Manuel L. de la Mata, Tia G. B. Hansen [...]

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Open access

Research article

First published 2026

The promotion of independence and interdependence in parent–child interactions across two cultures: Associations with maternal socialization goals

Jeffry Quan, Jean-François Bureau, Audrey-Ann Deneault [...]

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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Research article

First published 2014-6

The Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene ( DRD4 ) Moderates Cultural Difference in Independent Versus Interdependent Social Orientation

Shinobu Kitayama, Anthony King, Carolyn Yoon [...]

Psychological Science

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Research article

First published 2000-05

Independent and Interdependent Conceptions of Self: An Investigation of Age,Gender,and Culture Differences in Importance and Satisfaction Ratings

David Watkins, Shahrenaz Mortazavi, Irina Trofimova

Cross-Cultural Research

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Research article

First published 2017-9

American = Independent?

Hazel Rose Markus

Perspectives on Psychological Science

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Research article

First published 2005-01

Beyond Left-Right Ideology in the Study of Justice Perception

Rosemary Ann Frey, Lawrence Alfred Powell

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Research article

First published 2006-03

Cultural Models,Socialization Goals,and Parenting Ethnotheories

Heidi Keller, Bettina Lamm, Monika Abels [...]

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Research article

First published 2016-10

Culture and Healthy Eating

Cynthia S. Levine, Yuri Miyamoto, Hazel Rose Markus [...]

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

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