This chapter looks into the changing contexts and definitions of clienteles of lifelong learners over the last quarter of a century. The author has been involved in three closely related studies on who lifelong learners are, how they access and participate in higher education (HE), and how and what are they learning in HE and summarises some of the developments and issues over the 25 years that these studies cover (approximately 1987 to 2012).
AgboS. (2000). The United States: Heterogeneity of the student body and the meaning of ‘non-traditional’ in US higher education. in SchuetzeH. G.SloweyM. (eds). Higher education and lifelong learners – International perspectives on change (pp. 149–169). London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
2.
AmaralA.FonsecaM. (2012). Higher education and lifelong education in Portugal. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 82–96). London and New York: Routledge.
3.
Alvarez-MendiolaG. (2012). Great expectations, scattered approaches, disjointed results: The rocky road to lifelong learning in Mexican higher education. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 157–172). London and New York: Routledge.
4.
BronA.AgéliiK. (2000). Non-traditional students in higher education in Sweden: From recurrent education to lifelong learning. in SchuetzeH. G.SloweyM. (eds), Higher education and lifelong learners – International perspectives on change (pp. 83–100). London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
5.
CandyP. (2003). Self-directed learning on-line. in SloweyM.WatsonD. (eds). Higher education and the lifecourse (pp. 93–105). Maidenhead: SRHE and Open University Press.
6.
CanenA. (2012). Lifelong learning and the role of the university in Brazil: Some reflections. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 266–278). London and New York: Routledge.
7.
CrossP. (1981). Adults as learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
8.
European Commission (2000). A memorandum on lifelong learning. Brussels: European Union.
9.
FieldJ. (2000). Lifelong learning and the new educational order. London: Trentham Books.
10.
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD (2005). Policies to strengthen incentives and mechanisms for co-financing lifelong learning. Bonn: Ministry.
11.
IstanceD.SchuetzeH. G.SchullerT. (eds) (2002). International perspectives of lifelong learning – From recurrent education to the knowledge society. Buckingham: Open University Press.
12.
JarvisP. (2004). Adult education and lifelong learning – Theory and practice (3rd ed.). London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
13.
KaswormC. E. (2012). Adult higher education and lifelong learning in the USA: Perplexing contradictions. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 173–192). London and New York: Routledge.
14.
OECD (1973). Recurrent education: A strategy for lifelong learning. Paris: OECD.
15.
OECD (1987). Adults in higher education. Paris: OECD.
16.
OECD (1996). Lifelong learning for all. Paris: OECD.
17.
OECD (1997). Lifelong investment in human capital. In OECD (ed.). Education policy analysis (pp. 29–43). Paris: OECD.
18.
OECD (1999). Resources for lifelong learning: What might be needed and how might it be funded? In OECD (ed.). Education policy analysis (pp. 7–26). Paris: OECD.
19.
OECD (2000). Where are the resources for lifelong learning?Paris: OECD.
20.
OECD (2003). Strategies in sustainable investment in adult lifelong learning. in OECD (ed.). Education policy analysis (pp. 79–102). Paris: OECD.
21.
OECD (2004a). Taxation and lifelong learning. in OECD (ed.). Education policy analysis (pp. 99–126). Paris: OECD.
22.
OECD (2004b). Co-financing lifelong learning – Towards a systemic approach. Paris: OECD.
23.
OsborneM.HoustonM. (2012). Universities and lifelong learning in the UK – Adults as losers, but who are the winners? in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners, (pp. 112–132). London and New York: Routledge.
24.
PecharH.WrobleskiA. (2000). The enduring myth of the full-time student: An exploration of the reality of participation patterns in Austrian universities. in SchuetzeH. G.SloweyM. (eds). Higher education and lifelong learners – International perspectives on change (pp. 27–47). London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
25.
SchuetzeH. G. (1996). Paid educational leave through legislation and collective bargaining. in TuijnmanA. (ed.). International encyclopedia of adult education and training (pp. 303–307). Oxford: Pergamon.
26.
SchuetzeH. G. (2006). International concepts and agendas of lifelong learning. COMPARE36(3), 289–306.
27.
SchuetzeH. G. (2007). Individual learning accounts and other models of financing lifelong learning. International Journal of Lifelong Learning, 26(1), 5–23.
28.
SchuetzeH. G. (2009). Financing lifelong learning. in JarvisP. (ed.). The Routledge International Handbook of Lifelong Learning (pp. 375–389). London and New York: Routledge.
29.
SchuetzeH. G.CaseyC. (2006). Models and meanings of lifelong learning: Progress and barriers on the way to the learning society. COMPARE, 36(3), 279–287.
30.
SchuetzeH. G.IstanceD. (1987). Recurrent education revisited – Modes of participation and financing. Stockholm: Almquist & Wicksell International.
31.
SchuetzeH. G.SloweyM. (2000). Traditions and new directions in higher education. in SchuetzeH. G.SloweyM. (eds). Higher education and lifelong learners – International perspectives on change (pp. 3–24). London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
32.
SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). (2012). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners. London and New York: Routledge.
33.
SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (2012). All change – no change? Lifelong learners and higher education revisited. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 3–23). London and New York: Routledge.
34.
SuriH.BeckettD. (2012). Intensifying performance and learner-centredness in Australian higher education. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 195–216). London and New York: Routledge.
35.
TeichlerU. (2015 forthcoming). After decades of declamation: Higher education on the move towards lifelong learning? In ZgagaP.WolterA.TeichlerU.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Higher education reforms – Looking back, looking forward.
36.
TimmermannD. (1983). Financing mechanisms: Their impact on post-compulsory education. in LevinH.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Financing recurrent education – Strategies for increasing employment, job opportunities, and productivity (pp. 99–129). Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications.
37.
TimmermannD. (1996). Lifelong education: Financing mechanisms. in TuijnmanA. (ed.). International encyclopedia of adult education and training (pp. 300–303). Oxford: Pergamon.
38.
ThuborgC.BronA. (2012). Higher education and lifelong learning in Sweden. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 97–111). London and New York: Routledge.
39.
UNESCO Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century (1996). Learning: The treasure from within. Paris: UNESCO (Delors Report).
40.
United States Senate (2012). For profit higher education: The failure to safeguard the federal investment and ensure student success. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
41.
WaltersS. (2012). Higher education in lifelong learning in a middle-income country: But the grace of champions? in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 251–265). London and New York: Routledge.
42.
WolterA. (2012) From individual talent to institutional permeability: Changing policies for non-traditional access routes in German higher education. in SloweyM.SchuetzeH. G. (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 43–59). London and New York: Routledge.
YamamotoS. (2012). Lifelong learning and higher education in Japan. in SloweyM.Schuetze (eds). Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 217–229). London and New York: Routledge.
