Achieving the Clean Power Plan 2030 CO 2 Target with the New Normal in Natural Gas Prices

Abstract

The U.S. Clean Power Plan (CPP) seeks to reduce CO2 emissions from electric power by 32% from 2005 levels, in part, by adjusting the generation mix. Generating technologies can substitute via two distinct, but interdependent mechanisms: i) utilization—i.e. adjustment of operations of existing capacity and ii) expansion—i.e. decommissioning and construction of capacity. We develop a framework for analyzing these interdependent mechanisms, then construct and validate an empirical model of the U.S. electricity sector using recent data. Assuming current low gas prices persist, increasing utilization of gas (at the expense of higher-emitting coal) will drive higher returns to gas capacity. As a result, under our business-as-usual scenario for 2030 (no CPP) we project approximately 26% less CO₂ emissions than 2005 levels, indicating that the CPP target could be met with only limited policy intervention.