There are no clear explanations for the spectrum of hip dysplasia nor for the observation that in normal and dysplastic hips, final development may be unpredictable with or without treatment. Immunohistochemical and histological studies of a three month old child's acetabulae were performed. Multiple inclusions were found in the lateral ring epiphysis and in the three flanges of the triradiate cartilage. These inclusions may represent cartilage vessel systems pre-destined to form the secondary centres of ossification. Damage to the primary acetabular growth plates may occur congenitally and help to explain the spectrum of acetabular dysplasia. Damage to one or more of these centres, whether due to instability, displacement or iatrogenic injury, may cause failure of late acetabular development. Hips at risk of damage to the acetabular cartilages should be followed up longer.
TonnisD.. Congenital dysplasia and dislocation of the hip in children and adults: Springer-Verlag; 1984.
2.
SeverinE.. Contribution to the knowledge of congenital dislocation of the hip joint.Acta Chir Scand1941; 84(supp 63).
3.
PortinaroN.M., BonifortiF.G., HubbleM.J.. Normal anatomy of the hip joint at birth.Hip Int1999; 9: 99–103.
4.
GrafR., TschaunerC., KlapschW.. Progress in prevention of late developmental dislocation of the hip by sonographic newborn hip “screening”: results of a comparative follow-up study.J Pediatr Orthop1993; 2: 115–21.
5.
JohnsonN.D., WoodB.P., NohK.S.. MR imaging anatomy of the infant hip.AJR Am J Roentgenol1989; 153: 127–33.
6.
TeotL., DeschampsF.. Histological and sonographic relationships of the new born infant hip.Revue de Chirugie Orthopedique1990; 76: 8–16.
7.
StantonR.P., CapecciR.. Computed tomography for early evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip.J Pediatr Orthop1992; 12: 727–30.
8.
AnglissR., FujiiG., PickvanceE.. Surgical treatment of late developmental displacement of the Hip. Result after 33 years.J Bone Joint Surg Br2005; 87: 384–94.
9.
PonsetiI.V.. Morphology of the acetabulum in Congenital Dislocation of the Hip.J Bone Joint Surg Am1978; 60: 586–99.
10.
SinghS., HeeH.T., LowY-P. Significance of the lateral epiphysis of the acetabulum to hip joint stability.J Pediatr Orthop2000; 20: 344–8.
11.
PortinaroN.M., MatthewsS., BensonM.K.. The acetabular notch in hip dysplasia.J Bone Joint Surg Br1994; 76: 271–3.
12.
O'HaraJ.N.. Congenital dislocation of the hip: Acetabular deficiency in adolescence (absence of the lateral acetabular epiphysis) after limbectomy in infancy.J Pediatr Orthop1989; 9: 640–8.
13.
IppolitoE., TovalgliaV., CateriniR.. Mechanisms of acetabular growth in the foetus in relation to the pathogenesis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.Ital J Orthop Traumatol1984; 10: 501–10.
14.
PonsetiI.V.. Growth and development of the acetabulum in the normal child.J Bone Joint Surg Am1978; 60: 575–85.
15.
PortinaroN.M., MurrayD.W., BensonM.K.. Microanatomy of the acetabular cavity and its relation to growth.J Bone Joint Surg Br2001; 83: 377–83.
16.
BurkusJ.K., GaneyT.M., OgdenJ.A.. Development of the cartilage canals and the secondary centre of ossification in the distal chondroepiphysis of the prenatal human femur.Yale J Biol Med1993; 66: 193–202.
17.
StockwellR.A.. The ultrastructure of cartilage canals and the surrounding cartilage in the sheep fetus.J Anat1971; 109: 397–410.
18.
AgrawalP., KulkarniD.S., AtreP.R.. The participation of cartilage canals in the ossification of the human fetal calcaneum.J Anat1986; 147: 135–42.
19.
GaneyT.M., LoveS.M., OgdenJ.A.. Development of vascularization in the chondroepiphysis of the rabbit.J Orthop Res1992; 10: 496–510.
20.
LuftiA.M.. Rate of growth, fate and functions of cartilage canals.J Anat1970; 106: 135–45.
21.
ToyoguchiT., YamaguchiK., NakagawaK., FukusawaT., MoriyaH., SakiyamaH.. Change of complement C1s synthesis during development of hamster cartilage.Calcif Tissue Res1996; 285: 199–204.
22.
AndradesJ.A., NimniM.E., BecerraJ., EisensteinR., DavisM., SorgenteN.. Complement proteins are present in developing endochondral bone and may mediate cartilage cell death and vascularization.Exp Cell Res1996; 227: 208–13.
23.
RoachH.I., AizawaT., ErenpreisaJ.. Programmed cell death in chondrocytes includes mechanisms other than apoptosis.Bone1997; 20: 82S.
24.
RoachH.I., BakerJ.E., ClarkeN.M.P.. Initiation of the bony epiphysis in long bones: chronology of interactions between the vascular system and the chondrocytes.J Bone Min Res1998; 13: 950–61.
25.
RoachH.I., ClarkeN.M.P.. “Cell Paralysis” as an intermediate stage in the programmed cell death of the epiphyseal chondrocytes during development.J Bone Min Res1999; 14: 1367–78.
26.
HarrisonJ.T.. The growth of the pelvis in the rat- a mensural and morphological study.J Anat1958; 92: 236–60.
27.
SomervilleE.W.. The nature of congenitally dislocated hip.Proc Roy Soc Med1974; 67: 1169–74.
28.
SiffertR.S.. Patterns of deformity in the developing hip.Clin Orthop Relat Res1981; 160: 14–29.
29.
PalmenK., Von RossenS.. Late diagnosis of dislocation of the hip joint in children.Acta Orthop Scand1975; 46: 90–101.
30.
KimYh. Acetabular dysplasia and osteoarthritis developed by an eversion of the acetabular labrum.Clin Orthop Relat Res1987; 215: 289–95.
31.
KlisicP.J.. Congenital dislocation of the hip - a misleading term: brief report.J Bone Joint Surg Br1989; 71: 136.
