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Abstract

Objective

To measure effectiveness of liraglutide in reducing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), weight, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Emirati patients.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Endocrinology clinic in a 300-bed military hospital.

Patients

A total of 152 patients who qualified for liraglutide between September 21, 2012, (first patient visit) and May 5, 2014 (last patient visit).

Methods

Team collected demographic and clinical data using a standard form. Data keeper performed univariate analyses to measure the effect of liraglutide in reducing the three outcomes of interest; namely, HbA1C, weight, and SBP.

Results

One hundred patients had at least the first visit in the clinic and 98 patients came for a second follow-up visit while on the medication. Adherence of clinicians to the internal criteria for prescribing liraglutide was 92%. Patients' ages were 47.9 ± 11.7 years. Male-to-female ratio was almost 1:1. Overall, in the paired analyses, HbA1C decreased from first to second visits (8.7 ± 1.9 vs. 7.6 ± 1.8, P < 0.0001) and remained unchanged in subsequent visits (eg, in visit 3, HbA1C was 7.4 ± 1.8). Patients lost an average of 1.3 kg between the first and second visits (99.3 ± 19.3 vs. 98.0 ± 19.5, P = 0.0003). The reduction in SBP between visits 1 and 2 was less (130.9 ± 15.8 vs. 129.9 ± 16.5, P = 0.5896). ANOVA yielded a significant reduction in HbA1C at 4 months and 6 months (P values < 0.05). SBP dropped by about 3.6 mmHg and weight by about 2.3 kg (P values > 0.05).

Conclusions

Liraglutide is effective in reducing HbA1C, weight, and to a lesser extent, SBP in Emirati patients.

Keywords

liraglutide diabetes mellitus type II Emirati

Introduction

Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1) receptor agonist, reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) when combined with metformin in a dose-dependent fashion (ie, 0.7% for the 0.6 mg dose and 1% for doses ≥1.2 mg) in the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) study.¹ In this trial, liraglutide further decreased patients' weights by 1.8–2.8 kg and systolic blood pressure (SBP) by about 2–3 mmHg. Multiple studies have replicated these findings in real-world practice and in other regions of patients with type II diabetes mellitus.^2,3 On the other hand, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) regions lack data on liraglutide effectiveness in its residents, and especially local populations. Members of these two regions have been in the top 20 lists of highest incidence and prevalence of diabetes for several years.⁴ Nevertheless, authors fail to find primary literature on the effectiveness of liraglutide and other new diabetes medications in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) or nearby countries. Therefore, this study measures the effect of liraglutide on HbA1C, weight, and SBP in Emirati patients followed at our military hospital.

Patients and Methods

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Pharmacy and therapeutics committee approved the internal prescribing criteria for liraglutide, which included all of the following: type II diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m², and metformin failure. On the other hand, study team assessed adherence to these criteria during the first visit. Pharmacy department recorded names, identifiers, and dispensing history of patients who qualified and received liraglutide. First patient visit dated September 21, 2012, and the last follow-up visit coincided with May 5, 2014. Patients had scheduled follow-up visits every 2 months. However, patients had different number of visits because they can choose to follow up at other governmental hospitals. Patients received liraglutide as an add-on to their treatments. In addition, patients had counseling about increasing the liraglutide to the maintenance dose of 1.8 mg daily. Subgroups of patients whose baseline treatment included insulin, sulfonylureas, metformin, sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibitors), or metformin + sitagliptin underwent analyses for changes in HbA1C. Patients entered the paired analyses if they met these criteria: followed up at our hospital, are ≥18-year old, and had the pertinent visits data (eg, HbA1C). In contrast, for the unpaired analyses, the team set the same criteria mentioned above; however, they included all available data for the visits. In addition, study team excluded patients who discontinued treatment before the second follow-up visit (within 2 months of the start of liraglutide) or failed to follow up at our hospital from the paired comparisons of HbA1C, weight, and SBP. Other variables, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr) underwent similar analyses.

Definitions

Metformin failure means an individualized HbAlC that remains outside a range of 6.5–8.5% within 3 months of treatment. Overweight translates to a BMI in the range of 25–30 kg/m². On the other hand, obesity corresponds to a BMI of more than 30 kg/m². Additionally, hypertension or high blood pressure (HTN) matches a SBP of more than 140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of more than 90 mmHg, or a patient receiving antihypertensive treatment. In contrast, team diagnosed dyslipidemia (DLP) in accordance with the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association prevention guidelines.⁵ Moreover, primary physician decided whether a patient has Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD).⁶ Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) refers to the term per the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines.^7,8

Setting

Study site comprises the main facility that provides health-care services to the UAE military and their family members. It amounts to approximately 300 beds with about 50% occupancy and 8,000 admissions per year. We have an annual outpatient clinics census of about 270,000. In addition to endocrinology, medical and surgical specialties provided include cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, nephrology, pediatrics, and critical care, as well as general, specialty, and orthopedic surgeries.

Team

Study team consisted of two endocrinology consultants and one specialist. One clinical pharmacist rounded daily with the team. In addition, two dedicated pharmacists recorded the names, identifiers, and liraglutide, as well as other medications dispensing history. Moreover, pharmacists counseled patients to start liraglutide at a dose of 0.6 mg daily and increase weekly by 0.6 mg to the maintenance dose of 1.8 mg daily. Furthermore, clinical pharmacy supervisor served as the data keeper and analyst.

Procedure

Team developed a standardized data collection tool and definitions. Both endocrinologists³ and clinical pharmacists² retrospectively filled these forms anonymously. Another staff validated first five cases of each investigator. Data included patient and staff codes, demographics, age and gender, visit number and date, follow-up site, height and weight, HbA1C, SBP and DBP, BUN, SCr, ALT, LDL, comorbidities, and medications used. Laboratory performed data measurements with standardized procedures and kits and reported them with common units and reference ranges. Patients consented to participation and the medical services corp ethics committee approved the study. Our research complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Statistical Analyses

Authors present continuous data with average ± standard deviation and categorical data with ratios or percentages. They performed no simulation or replacement of missing data in both cases. Data keeper analyzed the data in two different ways. First, he performed a paired comparison of visits when variables were available for both visits using the paired t-test. Second, he ran ANOVA test (unpaired analysis) for more than two visits to compare the HbA1C, weight, and SBP and then calculated unpaired t-test P values as needed. In addition, subgroup analyses were carried out to determine the effectiveness of liraglutide in patients on or off other antidiabetic treatments (eg, on insulin vs. those off insulin). Team used StatTools, version 6.3.0 (Palisades Corp). In all univariate analyses, the team a priori considered a P value of less than 0.05 as statistically significant. However, the data analyst determined that multivariate analyses were not possible.

Results

A total of 152 patients received liraglutide from Zayed Military Hospital, according to the pharmacy-maintained list. However, only 100, 98, 62, 32, 8, and 5 had at least one, two, three, four, five, or six follow-up visits at our clinics, respectively. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of these patients. Our patients were middle age and were equally divided between genders and in terms of insulin therapy. All patients were either overweight, obese, or morbidly obese. Comorbidities with highest prevalence in the cohort were DLP and HTN occurring in 95 and 73 patients, respectively. CKD and IHD presented in around 10% of our cohort. Adherence to internal criteria of use of liraglutide was high at 92%.

Table 1

Cohort baseline characteristics.

VARIABLE	CATEGORIES (N) OR MEAN ± STANDARD DEVIATION
Age	48.3 ± 11.6 years
Age 35–65 years	No: 22
Age 35–65 years	Yes: 78
Gender	M: Male (52)
Gender	F: Female (48)
BMI	25–30 kg/m² (6)
	30–35 kg/m² (28)
	35–40 kg/m² (21)
	40–50 kg/m² (17)
	Above 50 kg/m² (3)
Insulin	No: 54
Insulin	Yes: 46
Comorbidities	HTN (73)
	CKD (11)
	IHD (9)
	DLP (95)

Abbreviations: HTN, Hypertension; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; IHD, Ischemic Heart Disease; DLP, Dyslipidemia.

Glycated Hemoglobin

First, liraglutide decreased HbA1C from first to second visit in all patients with available paired data regardless of their other treatments (8.7 ± 1.9 vs. 7.6 ± 1.8, paired t-test P < 0.0001, number [N] of patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria in this comparison is 53), and this reduction was maintained in subsequent visits (visit 2: 7.6 ± 1.8 vs. visit 3: 7.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.1198, N = 36). Patients on insulin at baseline had large decline in HbA1C between the first and second follow-up visits (9.3 ± 2.0 vs. 8.1 ± 1.8, paired t-test P = 0.002, N = 26) and further dipped between second and third visits (8.3 ± 2.1 vs. 7.6 ± 2.2, P = 0.0131). Patients not on insulin had smaller but still statistically significant reductions in HbA1C between first and second visits (8.0 ± 1.8 vs. 7.2 ± 1.7, P = 0.016, N = 27), and this reduction was maintained in subsequent visits (visit 2: 6.9 ± 1.6 vs. 7.0 ± 1.6, P = 0.5363). All other patient subgroups including those with or without sulfonylureas, metformin, or combination of DPP4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) and metformin at baseline had significant reductions in their HbA1C between visits 1 and 2, and these comparisons are shown in Table 2. In the unpaired analysis of the data, HbA1C was reduced from first to second visit, although it did not reach significance. However, when we compared the reduction at third (fourth month) and fourth visits (sixth month) to the first visit, HbA1C reduction was significant (P value < 0.05). Overall absolute HbA1C reduction from first to fourth visit was 1.5% (Fig. 1).

Table 2

Subgroup analyses using two-tailed paired t-test for HbA1C between 1st and 2nd visits (0 and 2 months).

SUBGROUP (N)	HbA1C ON 1st VISIT	HbA1C ON 2nd VISIT	P VALUE
All (53)	8.7 ± 1.9	7.6 ± 1.8	<0.0001
No insulin (27)	8.0 ± 1.8	7.2 ± 1.7	0.016
Insulin (26)	9.3 ± 2.0	8.1 ± 1.8	0.002
No metformin (11)	8.6 ± 2.1	7.2 ± 0.8	0.0247
Metformin (42)	8.7 ± 2.0	7.7 ± 1.9	0.0012
No DPP4 I + Met (37)	8.7 ± 2.0	7.7 ± 1.7	0.0064
DPP4 I + Met (16)	8.7 ± 1.9	7.4 ± 1.9	0.0023
No sulfonyurea (31)	8.5 ± 2.6	7.2 ± 1.6	0.0063
Sulfonylura (22)	8.5 ± 2.6	7.2 ± 1.6	0.0051

Note: P value < 0.05 is significant.

Abbreviations: N, Number of patients; DPP4 I, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 Inhibitor (i.e. Sitagliptin in this study).

Figure 1.

Unpaired comparison of HbA1C in % mean ± 95% confidence interval error bounds. Months of follow-up (visits) on X axis. ANOVA P value < 0.05. All P values between visits were non-significant except for comparisons between visits on months 0 with months 4 or 6.

Weight

For all patients with available data, weight decreased between first and second follow-up visits (99.3 ± 19.3 vs. 98.0 ± 19.5, paired t-test, CI (−2.02, −0.64), P = 0.0003, N = 89). It seemed that this weight reduction was maintained between the second and third visits for the available weight data (100.4 ± 20.1 vs. 100.3 ± 20.3, CI (−0.70, 0.49), P = 0.8284). In the ANOVA and unpaired t-tests, an overall weight reduction of about 2.6 kg from visit 1 to visit 5 was not statistically significant (Fig. 2). However, unavailable data may have resulted in the analysis being underpowered to detect an intracohort reduction in weight between visits.

Figure 2.

Unpaired comparison of weights in kg mean ± 95% confidence interval error bounds. Months of follow-up (visits) on X axis. ANOVA P value > 0.05. All P values between visits were non-significant.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure decreased by about 1 mmHg between paired visits 1 and 2 (130.9 ± 15.8 vs. 129.9 ± 16.5, CI (−4.80, 2.72), P = 0.5896). It was further reduced to about 2 mmHg between visits 2 and 3 (130.3 ± 16.1 vs. 128.4 ± 17.2, CI [–6.35, 2.62], P = 0.4232). Moreover, no other paired comparisons yielded statistically significant results. Furthermore, in ANOVA and unpaired t-tests, a blood pressure reduction from visit 1 to visit 5 was by a mean of about 3.6 mmHg, and all comparisons were statistically nonsignificant as well (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Unpaired comparison of SBP in mmHg mean ± 95% confidence interval error bounds. Months of follow-up (visits) on X axis. ANOVA P value > 0.05. all P values between visits were non-significant.

Other Findings

Liraglutide has little and nonsignificant effect on ALT, LDL, BUN, and SCr. For example, ALT increased negligibly by about 2.5 U/L from visit 1–2 (45.2 ± 13.1 vs. 47.7 ± 17.5, not significant). In terms of tolerability, three patients discontinued liraglutide due to nausea and vomiting and only one had acute pancreatitis, which required hospitalization. Liraglutide was generally well tolerated.

Discussion

Liraglutide has significant paired reductions in HbA1C in all patients and across all subgroups of baseline therapies in our study. HbA1C average reductions from first to second follow-up visits ranged from 0.8% to 1.4%, depending on the background diabetes treatment. In the unpaired analysis, overall HbA1C decreased by an average of 1.5% from first to fourth follow-up visit. It was largely evident by the first 2–4 months (ie, between second and third follow-up visits). In addition, liraglutide maintained this effect in subsequent visits. These findings are the first reported in our region and are comparable with that seen in the LEAD program¹ and other international literture.^2,3 It further lends itself as evidence on the effectiveness of liraglutide in Emirati patients and possibly Arab patients.

Patients in our study have been titrated up to the maximum dose of 1.8 mg daily. Therefore, the effects on HbA1C (about 1.5% reduction overall) in our patients seem to be the maximum that could be achieved in our real-world scenario in Emirati patients. Although these effects are greater than those encountered with the lower dose of 0.6 mg daily, higher doses of up to 3 mg were used by others in weight reduction and to produce more HbA1C control.^9,10 Hence, our team could not assess the effects that these higher doses may have.

Patients on insulin had greater reductions between first and second as well as second and third visits that were significant compared with patients who were not on insulin at baseline. This finding may be due to the fact that patients using insulin had greater baseline HbA1C. Additionally, other studies have shown concordant observations that adding liraglutide to insulin would result in greater effects.^11,12 Moreover, we have shown that reductions in HbA1C are significant between first and second visits across all baseline diabetes treatment medication subgroups. On the other hand, Haraguchi et al¹³ showed that multiple oral antidiabetic medications, especially sulfonylureas, are predictors of a poor response to liraglutide. Interestingly, in our study, despite continuing their sulfonylureas and other antidiabetic medications, patients show significant reductions in HbA1C regardless of baseline treatments. This finding is very important because it indicates that Emirati patients taking sulfonylureas or other treatments can still benefit from liraglutide. Another important implication is that patients on insulin seem to be better responders to the additional control of HbA1C that liraglutide offers.

Our team studied HbA1C as a surrogate marker without evaluating the end outcomes such as micro- and macrovascular complications. However, previous studies^14,15 have shown that HbA1C reductions lead to significant decrease in diabetes complications. For example, in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS),¹⁴ it has been shown that a reduction of 1% in HbA1C is associated with a 25% risk reduction in diabetes micro-vascular complications. Although our region lacks similar data, authors expect that our patients will have similar benefits from the reduction in glycated hemoglobin.

Several studies demonstrated that liraglutide produces significant weight reduction in patients with diabetes.^2,16,17 For example, Nauck et al¹⁶ found that adding liraglutide to metformin and titrating to a maintenance dose of 2 mg for 5 weeks resulted in about 3 kg weight reduction in patients with diabetes type II, which was significantly larger than that observed in patients who received metformin plus glimepride. Another research group explained that this weight loss in the liraglutide-treated patients might be due to diminishing fat tissue.¹⁸ Astrup et al¹⁰ published data that it was significantly a superior effect compared with the known medication orlistat. These findings lead to the use of liraglutide in female patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) where it has been associated with more weight reduction than metformin and may as a result have a role in managing infertility in such patients.¹⁹ Potts et al²⁰ has shown that both exenatide and liraglutide caused reduction in weight and that liraglutide 1.8 mg has an additional reduction compared with placebo of about 1.5 kg over a 5-week period. At the same time, our team region member countries have the highest prevalence of diabetes, PCOS, and infertility in the world.⁴ Therefore, liraglutide may offer our Emirati patients a new hope. Nevertheless, in our real-life evaluation, the weight reduction was not as pronounced as it has been shown in the other studies. Our maintenance dose of 1.8 mg significantly reduced weight but to a lesser extent of about 1.3 kg in the first 2 months of treatment. Multiple explanations may help understand these differences. One could be that efficacy trials are likely to produce higher estimates of effect. Another explanation is that our study recruits no control group, which, if present, may reveal a greater effect on weight in our patients. Additionally, it seems that there is a range of weight reductions in different studies with ours being on the lowest end and that of Nauck et al being at the other extreme. Potts et al gives a more modest and closer weight reduction estimate to the one we have in this study. Of note, Rizzo et al^21,22 has summarized the effects of GLP1 agonists, including liraglutide, on weight stating that it extends from signaling satiety and reducing food intake to positive effects on myocardial cells, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and endothelial dysfunction. These agents may therefore be promising in even more dangerous situations such as metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis.

Wang et al²³ have carried out a meta-analysis of clinical trials to study the effect of liraglutide on blood pressure. They showed that liraglutide lowered both systolic and DBP by 1–5 mmHg when compared with placebo and other antidiabetic medications. These reductions in blood pressure were statistically significant. For example, they have showed that liraglutide 1.8 mg resulted in a SBP reduction of about 4.49 mmHg compared with placebo. Fonseca et al²⁴ has also shown in their pooled analysis of six randomized trials that a dose of 1.8 mg of liraglutide resulted in a significant SBP reduction compared with placebo at 26 weeks and evident by week 2 (2.9 ± 0.7 mmHg vs. 0.5 ± 0.9 mmHg). In our study, overall SBP reduction was not statistically significant in the paired analyses, but when considering all available data into account, there was about 3.6 mmHg reduction in SBP between visits 1 and 5, yet insignificant. We could reconcile these findings by noting that our study did not have a placebo group. Therefore, it is impossible to replicate the previous findings. Although we have seen SBP reductions in our group, which in the unpaired analysis could reach a 3.6 mmHg in 8 months, our intragroup comparisons between the months or visits were not statistically significant. Finally, measuring compliance, if it was at all possible, could have partially elucidated the reasons of these differences for both weight and SBP.

Liraglutide has a relatively good safety and tolerability profile in our study. Although pancreatitis has been reported,^25,26 it only occurred in one patient (∼1%) in our cohort. Patient was morbidly obese, and the case severity was mild–to-moderate. Although, we admitted the patient to the hospital and discontinued the liraglutide, the patient improved immediately on fluids, the pancreatic enzymes normalized, and patient had a good, short, and uncomplicated course. Also only three patients discontinued the medication due to nausea and vomiting. A previous study²⁷ has shown that liraglutide can actually decrease liver enzymes through its effect on weight and glucose. In our study, however, there were no significant effects on liver enzymes. Lastly, liraglutide had very little effect on all the other variables including ALT and LDL.

Conclusion

This is the first study on liraglutide in the MENA and GCC regions to the best knowledge of the authors. It confirms that liraglutide in a real-world practice setting significantly reduced glycated hemoglobin and, to a lesser degree, weight as well as blood pressure in Emirati patients with type II diabetes with a relatively good tolerability profile. More studies are needed in our region to confirm these findings and to further elaborate on the effects of liraglutide on weight and blood pressure. For example, we would be interested to find out if the higher dose of 3 mg daily would have more significant effects on our female patients with diabetes, PCOS, and infertility. We would also love to see new data on the effects that liraglutide has on SBP, which may bridge the gap between our findings and those of international research groups.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Ayesha Al Qasemi, Head of Pharmacy Department, at Zayed Military Hospital for her continuous support on doing this research project.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NKG, MN, DS, MA. Analyzed the data: NKG, LMS, SIAM. Wrote the 1st manuscript: NKG, LMS. Contributed to writing the manuscript: NKG, LMS, MN, DS, SIAM, MA. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: NKG, LMS, MN, DS, SIAM, MA. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: NKG, LMS, MN, DS, SIAM, MA. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.

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Effectiveness of Liraglutide in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Management: Experience in Emirati Patients

Abstract

Objective

Design

Setting

Patients

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Patients and Methods

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Definitions

Setting

Team

Procedure

Statistical Analyses

Results

Glycated Hemoglobin

Weight

Blood Pressure

Other Findings

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

References