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Abstract

Downregulation of p57^Kip2 is involved in tumor progression, and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is an E3 ligase that regulates a variety of cell cycle proteins. However, the prognostic value of p57^Kip2 and its correlation with Skp2 in breast cancer have not been fully elucidated. Here we report our study on the expression of p57^Kip2 and Skp2 in 102 breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry, and analysis of clinicopathologic parameters in relation to patient prognosis. The expression of p57^Kip2 was negatively associated with Skp2 expression in breast cancer (r = −0.26, P = 0.009). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that both high Skp2 and low p57^Kip2 correlated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (P < 0.05), and a group with the combination of high Skp2/low p57^Kip2 demonstrated even worse DFS (log-rank = 21.118, P < 0.001). In addition, univariate analysis showed that Skp2, p57^Kip2, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) were all associated with DFS, and multivariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis and Skp2 were independent prognostic biomarkers. The correlation between p57 and Skp2 was further demonstrated in multiple breast cancer cell lines and cell cycle phases. Half-life and immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments indicated that Skp2 directly interacts with p57^Kip2 and promotes its degradation, rather than its mutant p57^Kip2 (T310A). Overall, our findings demonstrate that Skp2 directly degrades p57^Kip2, and an inverse correlation between these proteins (high skp2/low p57^Kip2) is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Thus, our results indicate a combined prognostic value of these markers in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords

Skp2 breast cancer degradation prognosis

Introduction

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death from malignant cancer among women worldwide. According to estimates, 235,030 new breast cancer cases were diagnosed and 40,430 patients died in 2014.^1,2 Although many generally accepted biomarkers and therapeutic targets [such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and BRCA1] have already been employed in clinical evaluation, variations in patient outcomes are difficult to explain. Therefore, identifying reliable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment is an urgent goal in breast cancer research.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are a family of enzymes that govern cell cycle progression by negatively regulating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CKI deregulation leads to uncontrolled proliferation and tumorigenesis.³ The newest member of the Cip/Kip family, p57^Kip2 (whose function has not been fully elucidated), is considered to be an important putative tumor suppressor gene. A number of studies, including our recent one,⁴ have shown that p57^Kip2 protein expression is markedly reduced in a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma,^4–6 colorectal carcinoma,⁷ ovarian cancer,^8–10 and breast cancer.^11–13 Moreover, several studies have shown that p57^Kip2 is implicated in breast tumorigenesis. p57^Kip2 is expressed at low levels during human mammary epithelial cell immortalization,¹⁴ which is regulated by estradiol in mammary carcinoma cells.^15,16 Pamela et al have assessed the p57^Kip2 allele imbalance/loss of heterozygosity (AI/LOH) and the p57^Kip2 protein level in breast cancer samples and found that this gene does not undergo AI/LOH, but p57^Kip2 protein levels are reduced compared to those in normal breast tissue. While these studies suggest that p57^Kip2 may be a prognostic marker in breast cancer, the prognostic value of p57^Kip2 is not yet clear.

The S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), an indispensable member of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex, was identified as a protein that interacts with cyclin A and CDK2 and controls G1-S progression.¹⁷ Skp2 has been reported to be overexpressed in breast cancer and is related to poor prognosis.^18–20 Recent studies have shown that Skp2 is also involved in the ubiquitinmediated degradation of p27^Kip1,²¹ p57^Kip2,22 E2F-1²³ and cyclin E.²⁴ Kamura et al have shown that p57^Kip2 accumulates in Skp2^–/– mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells during S phase and can bind to Skp2 in the HeLa cervical cancer cell line.²² In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), both p27^Kip1 and p57^Kip2 are expressed at much lower levels in cancer tissues and are associated with increased Skp2 expression.²⁵ These studies demonstrate that Skp2 plays a vital role in regulating p57^Kip2. However, the correlation between p57^Kip2 and Skp2 in breast cancer has not been fully elucidated.

In this study, we examined the expression of p57^Kip2 and Skp2 in breast cancer tissues and analyzed the clinicopathologic features in relation to patient prognosis. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between p57^Kip2 and Skp2 and their functional relationship was found in breast cancer cell lines, indicating the combined prognostic value of p57^Kip2 and Skp2 in breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

Clinical Samples

Fresh surgical tissue samples were randomly obtained from 102 breast cancer patients in the Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, between 2006 and 2008. All patients were diagnosed for breast cancer, which was histologically confirmed. Treatment after surgery was strictly administered according to the NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) guidelines. Clinicopathological data, including age, menopause status, ER, PR, HER-2, tumor size, differentiation, lymph nodes metastasis, TNM stage, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival, were collected for all cases. The follow-up time for all patients was over 5 years, and 42 of the 102 patients relapsed or died.

Ethics

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Immunohistochemistry

Resected specimens were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin blocks. Five micrometer sections were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated in a series of ethanol concentrations. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by immersion in 0.3% methanolic peroxide for 15 minutes. Immunoreactivity of the target antigens was enhanced by microwaving the sections for 10 minutes in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 6.0. Test sections were incubated with rabbit anti-Skp2 monoclonal antibody (1:200; Cell Signaling Technology) and rabbit anti-p57 antibody (C-20, 1:300; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) in the blocking solution at 4°C overnight and then with biotinylated secondary antibodies at a dilution of 1:250. The antibody binding sites were finally visualized by an avidin–biotin peroxidase complex solution and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. For negative controls, the anti-Skp2 and anti-p57^Kip2 antibodies were replaced with 1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Skp2 and p57^Kip2 immunoreactivity was observed in all samples, which were evaluated by three pathologists in a coded manner. Each section was observed in 10 random 20× power fields, including a minimum of 1000 cells, and scored for the degree of expression. The p57^Kip2 sections were graded for the percentage of positive nuclear/cytoplasmic staining as follows: 1, <25%; 2, 26%–50%; 3, 51%–75%; and 4, >76%. The staining intensity was scored as follows: 0, no staining; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, strong. These two scores were added together and reanalyzed. Based on the sum, all p57^Kip2 samples were categorized into two groups: 0–3, low expression; 4–7, high expression. To define high and low protein expression, we used a cutoff of 10% for Skp2 (which was used in previous studies)^19,26,27 because it correlated well with quantitative immunoblot data.

Cell Culture and Transfection

MCF-7, SKBR3, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT474 were cultured at 37°C under an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in DMEM or RPMI 1640 media (HyClone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone), 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 g/mL streptomycin. T47D cells were transfected in the logarithmic growth phase with Lipofectamine” 2000 (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions, and subsequent experiments were performed 48 hours after transfection. Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding human p57^Kip2 (WT) and a non-phosphorylatable mutant p57^Kip2 (T310A) were inserted into the pIRES2-EGFP vector. A cDNA encoding human Skp2 with an HA tag was subcloned into pcDNA3. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the control fragment for p57 RNAi were designed and synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co. Ltd (Shanghai). Cell synchronization was performed as previously described.²⁸

Immunoblot Analysis

Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were scraped into the lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1% NP-40, 0.1% SDS, and 1% sodium deoxycholate) and incubated for 30 minutes on ice. Normalized protein amounts were separated on 4%–12% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore) by wet blotting. After blocking with 5% BSA at room temperature for 1 hour, the membranes were incubated with anti-p57^Kip2 antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology), Skp2 antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology), or β-actin antibody (Sigma Chemicals) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:5000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for one hour at 25°C and developed using ECL (enhanced chemiluminescent) detection (Millipore).

Immunoprecipitation

MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with Flag-p57 (WT), Flag-p57 (T310A), or a control vector for 48 hours, collected in modified lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 0.5 mM phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride, 1 mM NaF, and 0.1 mM sodium orthovanadate), and incubated for 30 minutes on ice. After centrifuging, the supernatants from the cell lysate were incubated with prepared Anti-Flag M2 Affinity Gel (Sigma Chemicals) for 2.5 hours at 4°C. The collected beads were washed three times with the lysis buffer and then eluted with SDS-PAGE sample buffer. The immunoblotting was performed as previously described. For immunodetection, primary anti-HA or anti-Flag rabbit antibodies (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology) were used.

Statistics

All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS/IBM). Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare frequencies. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to assess prognosis after surgery, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival curves. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox regression model. The pathological variables were as follows: age (<50 years vs ≥50 years), menopausal status, histological grade (G1, G2, or G3), tumor size (<2 cm vs ≥2 cm), lymph nodes metastasis (negative or positive), stage (I, II, III), and ER, PR, and Her-2 levels. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The Correlation between Skp2 or p57^Kip2 Expression and Clinicopathological Parameters in Breast Cancer

To assess the expression of Skp2 and p57^Kip2, immunohistochemistry was performed in a series of 102 primary human breast cancers. Typical Skp2 and p57^Kip2 staining is shown in Figure 1. Forty-one (40.2%) patients expressed high levels of Skp2 and low levels of p57^Kip2, 24 (23.5%) patients expressed low levels of Skp2 and high levels of p57^Kip2, and 15 (14.7%) patients expressed high levels of both Skp2 and p57^Kip2, while 22 (21.6%) patients expressed low levels of both proteins. An inverse correlation was found between Skp2 and p57^Kip2 expression in breast cancer (r = −0.26, P = 0.009) (Table 1).

Figure 1.

Representative slides demonstrating expression of p57^Kip2 and Skp2 in breast cancer tissues. Tumor cells exhibit (A) high (×200) and (C) low (×200) Skp2 nuclear/cytoplasmic staining and (B) high (×200) and (D) low (×200) p57^Kip2 stains in breast cancer tissues.

Table 1

Correlation of Skp2 and p57 expression in breast cancer.

	Skp2		r	P-VALUE
	LOW	HIGH
p57
Low	22	41	−0.26	0.009
High	24	15

To examine the relationship between the expression levels of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 and the clinicopathological patient data, the Skp2 and p57^Kip2 levels were compared with the age at diagnosis, menopausal status, tumor differentiation, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, as well as ER, PR, and HER-2 expression (Table 2). The results suggest that the data represent an unselected group of breast cancers, and expression of both Skp2 and p57^Kip2 was significantly associated with histological grade (P < 0.01). High expression of Skp2 was more frequently observed in higher grade (poorly differentiated) tumors than in lower grade tumors. In contrast, high expression of p57^Kip2 was more frequently observed in lower grade (well or moderately differentiated) tumors. However, the Skp2 and p57^Kip2 levels did not significantly correlate with the age at diagnosis, menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, or ER, PR, or HER-2 levels (P > 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the inverse correlation between Skp2 and p57^Kip2 expression is much stronger in patients with poor tumor differentiation (G3). (r = −0.398, P = 0.006). However, no significant correlation between Skp2 and p57^Kip2 was observed among the patients with well to moderately differentiated tumors (G1 or G2) (P > 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 2

Relationship between the expression of Skp2 and p57^kip2 and clinicopathological parameters.

CHARACTERISTIC	Skp2			p57
	LOW	HIGH	P-VALUE	LOW	HIGH	P-VALUE
Age
≤50 y	25	30	0.938	33	22	0.692
>50 y	21	26		30	17
Menopausal status
Pre-	19	27	0.485	30	16	0.515
Post-	27	29		33	23
Histological grade
G1	13	7	0.02^*	6	14	0.003^**
G2	18	16		22	12
G3	15	33		35	13
Tumor size
≤2 cm	18	15	0.185	17	16	0.141
>2 cm	28	41		46	23
Lymph node status
Negative	23	19	0.101	22	20	0.103
Positive	23	37		41	19
AJCC stage
I	8	3	0.121	5	6	0.507
II	26	33		37	22
III	12	20		21	11
ER
Negative	17	23	0.672	26	14	0.589
Positive	29	33		37	25
PR
Negative	17	26	0.335	29	14	0.314
Positive	29	30		34	25
HER2
Negative	27	23	0.076	30	20	0.719
Positive	19	33		33	19
Total	46	56		63	39

P < 0.05;

P < 0.01.

Table 3

Correlation of Skp2 and p57 expression in different histological grades.

	p57	Skp2		r	P−VALUE
		LOW	HIGH
G1	Low	5	1	0.252	0.260
G1	High	8	6
G2	Low	10	12	−0.203	0.236
G2	High	8	4
G3	Low	7	28	−0.398	0.006^**
G3	High	8	5

Note: **P < 0.01.

Prognostic Significance of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 Expression

The patients were divided into two groups based on Skp2 expression levels. In terms of DFS, 33 of 56 (58.9%) patients with high Skp2 expression died or experienced relapse, whereas only 9 of 46 (19.6%) patients with low Skp2 expression died or experienced relapse. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that Skp2 expression was significantly associated with DFS (log-rank = 14.836, P < 0.001) in breast cancer patients. Specifically, increased Skp2 expression was associated with worse prognosis in these patients (Fig. 2A). If the patients were divided into two groups based on p57^Kip2 expression, the DFS of patients with high p57^Kip2 expression was significantly longer than those with low p57^Kip2 expression (log-rank = 8.485, P = 0.004) (Fig. 2B). Therefore, in breast cancer patients, high Skp2 expression correlates with poor prognosis, whereas low p57^Kip2 expression correlates with worse prognosis. To better evaluate the prognostic value of Skp2 and p57^Kip2, the DFS of patients with the combination of high Skp2 and low p57^Kip2 expression was evaluated (Fig. 2C). This group demonstrated a significantly shorter DFS than the other groups, which was much more obvious compared with Skp2 or p57^Kip2 alone (log-rank = 21.118, P < 0.001).

Figure 2.

Association between Skp2 or p57^Kip2 expression with overall survival. Disease-free survival was plotted as a function of (A) Skp2 expression, (B) p57^Kip2 expression, and (C) Skp2 high/p57 low group. Analysis was done by Kaplan–Meier method.

To evaluate the prognostic value for breast cancer and further confirm the Kaplan–Meier analysis results, we used the univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model to analyze Skp2 and p57^Kip2 expression, clinical pathological factors and the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Skp2, p57^Kip2, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and ER and PR expression were all associated with DFS. Furthermore, the difference in DFS between patients with low Skp2 expression and those with high Skp2 expression was significant (4.104-fold, 95% CI 1.881–8.954, P < 0.001) (Table 4).

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate COX risk model.

VARIABLES	UNIVARIATE			MULTIVARIATE
	HR	95% CI	P-VALUE	HR	95% CI	P-VALUE
Age	0.600	0.312−1.154	0.126
Grade	1.723	1.082−2.744	0.022^*	1.495	0.879−2.544	0.138
Size	1.588	0.774−3.260	0.207
Node	3.681	1.689−8.025	0.001^**	2.837	1.246−6.458	0.013^*
ER	0.400	0.213−0.754	0.005^**	0.528	0.244−1.143	0.105
PR	0.420	0.222−0.794	0.008^**	0.630	0.286−1.386	0.251
HER2	1.306	0.693−2.461	0.408
p57	0.333	0.153−0.726	0.006^**	0.700	0.286 −1.713	0.435
Skp2	4.104	1.881−8.954	<0.001^**	2.552	1.098−5.931	0.029^*

P < 0.05;

P < 0.01.

The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the independent factors that affect DFS. The results demonstrated that lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.837, 95% CI 1.246–6.458, P = 0.013) and Skp2 expression (HR = 2.552, 95% CI 1.098–5.931, P = 0.029) affected the DFS. Taken together, Skp2 expression (but not p57^Kip2 expression) is an independent factor that can be used to evaluate prognosis in breast cancer patients.

The Inverse Correlation between Skp2 and p57^Kip2 Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Because Skp2 and p57^Kip2 expression is inversely correlated in clinical samples, we also assessed the protein expression of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 in six breast cancer cell line models. Although all these cell lines were derived from human breast cancer, western blotting revealed that the levels of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 expression differed between cell lines. However, all six cell lines demonstrated an inverse relationship between the levels of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 (Fig. 3A, B). Among these cell lines, p57^Kip2 expression was lowest in MDA-MB-231 and highest in T47D. Therefore, these two cell lines were selected for further study. Skp2 and p57 protein expression was then examined after synchronization induced by nocodazole in T47D cells. An inverse correlation between Skp2 and p57 was also observed in different cell cycle phases after release from prometaphase (Fig. 3C, D).

Figure 3.

Reverse expression of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 in breast cancer cell lines. (A) Expression of p57^Kip2 and Skp2 in six breast cancer cell lines. β-actin was used as a loading control. (B) The results were quantified in the graphs in the right. (C) T47D cells were released from 18 h nocodazole (0.4 μM/mL)-induced prometaphase arrest and collected at the indicated times. Skp2 and p57^Kip2 expression showed reverse expression in different time points. The results were quantified to Skp2/p57^Kip2 ratio in the graph as (D).

Promotion of p57^Kip2 Degradation by Skp2

We hypothesized that Skp2 regulates the stability of p57^Kip2 in breast cancer. T47D breast cancer cells were transfected with siRNA-Skp2 or control, and then incubated with the protein synthesis inhibitor CHX (cycloheximide, 20 μg/mL) for 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours. After exposure to CHX, T47D cells exhibited an almost complete loss of p57^Kip2 within two hours. The degradation of endogenous p57^Kip2 was much slower in Skp2-knockdown T47D cells compared with the control cells (Fig. 4A). These results indicate that knockdown of Skp2 inhibits the degradation of p57^Kip2 in T47D cells.

To further investigate the association between Skp2 and p57^Kip2, MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with HA-Skp2 together with either wild-type (WT) Flag-p57^Kip2 or a T310A mutant. At 48 hours after transfection, the cells were treated with 10 μM MG132 for an additional four hours. IP was performed to assess interactions between Skp2 and the WT or mutant forms of p57^Kip2. The IP results showed that Skp2 could bind to the WT p57^Kip2, but not the T310A mutant, in MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 4B).

Figure 4.

Association of Skp2 with p57^Kip2 degradation in breast cancer cell lines. (A) After transfection with Skp2 siRNA or control for 48 hours, T47D cells were incubated for the indicated times with CHX (20 μg/mL). Cell lysates were then subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodys to p57^Kip2 or Skp2. (B) Cells were transfected with HA-Skp2 and Flag-p57 (WT) or Flag-p57 (T310A) for 48 hours and then incubated with 10 μM MG132 for 4 hours. After that, cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with an antibody against Flag and analyzed by immunoblotting. (C) After transfection with HA-skp2 and Flag-p57 (WT) or Flag-p57 (T310A) for 48 hours, cells were incubated for the indicated times with CHX (20 μg/mL). Cell lysates were then used for immunoblot analysis with antibodies to Flag or HA. β-Actin was used as a loading control.

MDA-MB-231 cells were then transfected with HA-Skp2, Flag-p57^Kip2 (WT), or Flag-p57^Kip2 (T310A) and incubated with CHX (20 μg/mL) for various periods. Overexpression of Skp2 promoted the degradation of p57^Kip2. However, mutant p57^Kip2 (T310A), which could not be phosphorylated, was degraded at a much slower rate than WT p57^Kip2. This result suggests that phosphorylation of p57^Kip2 at Thr310 is involved in p57^Kip2 degradation (Fig. 4C).

Discussion

Skp2 is frequently expressed at high levels in breast cancer tissues^18–20,29 and is closely related to the cell cycle.³⁰ Previous studies have also shown that Skp2 is involved in the ubiquitinmediated degradation of Cip/Kip family members.^24,31 Here we have demonstrated that the expression of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 is inversely correlated in breast cancer patient samples. Moreover, this correlation is stronger in poorly differentiated tumors compared with well and moderately differentiated tumors. This negative correlation was observed not only in clinical samples but also in multiple cell lines and cell cycle phases. These data suggest that Skp2 and p57^Kip2 have underlying biological connections in breast cancer. IP and half-life experiments showed that Skp2 could directly bind to WT p57^Kip2 but not mutant p57^Kip2 (T310A). In addition, phosphorylation at this site is known to accelerate p57^Kip2 degradation through Skp2. Previous studies in HeLa cervical cancer cells have demonstrated that Skp2 can ubiquitinate p57^Kip2 but not the p57^Kip2 (T310A) mutant in the context of Cks1 and cyclin E-CDK2 involvement.²² Our results are consistent with the data on HeLa cells and, therefore, suggest that high Skp2 expression may lead to an acceleration of p57^Kip2 degradation, resulting in worse clinical outcome. As far as we know, one small-molecule inhibitor of Skp2 has been developed; this inhibitor can cause an increase in p27^Kip1 levels without affecting its transcription.^32,33 Perhaps this drug will be effective in patients with high Skp2/low p57 levels. Alternatively, the future development of a new inhibitor targeting both p57^Kip and Skp2 might lead to promising therapeutic effects.

p57^Kip2 is generally considered to be an important tumor suppressor gene in many cancers.³⁴ As an imprinted gene located at chromosome 11p15.5, p57^Kip2 has potent functions in regulating cyclins and CDKs, controlling DNA replication, and participating in tumor cell proliferation during G1-S and G2-M phases.³⁵ Most p57^Kip2-null mice die after birth and display severe developmental defects as a result of increased apoptosis and delayed differentiation.³⁶ Therefore, we hypothesize that p57^Kip2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer. Previous studies, including our own,^4–6 have shown that p57 is frequently downregulated and associated with clinical outcome and tumor invasiveness in multiple types of cancers.^7–13 In the present study, high p57^Kip2 expression indeed correlated with a better tumor differentiation grade and longer DFS in breast cancer (P < 0.01). Moreover, we also found that cases with the combination high Skp2/low p57 expression had a significantly worse overall survival (P < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed that p57 expression was associated with DFS, but not an independent factor for prognosis. In contrast, Skp2 expression was elevated in cancer tissue and was considered to be an independent factor for the overall survival according to the multivariate Cox proportional analysis (P < 0.05).

These results prompted us to hypothesize that the relationship between p57^Kip2 expression and prognosis is complicated. As discussed above, high levels of Skp2 can directly affect p57^Kip2 degradation in breast cancer cells. The association between p57^Kip2 and DFS might result from regulation by Skp2, which would affect p57^Kip2 in the multivariate analysis calculations. Moreover, if we consider only the node, histological grade, and p57^Kip2 expression in the multivariate analysis, p57 can be considered to be an independent prognostic marker (Supplementary Table 1). This phenomenon further suggests that p57^Kip2 alone is not a reliable marker for prognosis, but a Skp2/p57 index could serve as a more promising marker for predicting clinical outcome.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we found that the expression of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 negatively correlates in breast cancer tumor samples and cell lines. Both p57^Kip2 and Skp2 were associated with breast cancer patient prognosis, and a high Skp2/low p57 index can predict an even worse prognosis. In addition, we have demonstrated that Skp2 can directly regulate p57^Kip2 degradation in vivo in breast cancer cells. These findings demonstrate that Skp2 plays an important role in regulating p57^Kip2, thus suggesting that the combination of these markers has prognostic value in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Kishina Gala, Zhiqiang Li, and Weiyi Toy for useful suggestions.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HG. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript and conducted most experiments: CY. Carried out immunostaining and data analysis: HN, YZ, and JM. Evaluated pathology of slices: LH, QG, JM. Developed the structure and arguments for the paper: LJ. Made critical revisions and approved final version: KN. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary table 1. Multivariate COX risk model.

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High Skp2/Low p57 Kip2 Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Carcinoma

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Clinical Samples

Ethics

Immunohistochemistry

Cell Culture and Transfection

Immunoblot Analysis

Immunoprecipitation

Statistics

Results

The Correlation between Skp2 or p57Kip2 Expression and Clinicopathological Parameters in Breast Cancer

Prognostic Significance of Skp2 and p57Kip2 Expression

The Inverse Correlation between Skp2 and p57Kip2 Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Promotion of p57Kip2 Degradation by Skp2

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Author Contributions

Supplementary Material

References

The Correlation between Skp2 or p57^Kip2 Expression and Clinicopathological Parameters in Breast Cancer

Prognostic Significance of Skp2 and p57^Kip2 Expression

The Inverse Correlation between Skp2 and p57^Kip2 Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Promotion of p57^Kip2 Degradation by Skp2