People living with multiple sclerosis (MS) have to cope with many emotional, physical, social, and practical challenges associated with their chronic health condition on a daily basis. These daily challenges, by their chronic and accumulating nature, can cause considerable psychosocial stress and affect quality of life (QOL). Core-self evaluations (CSE) is a higher order positive psychology construct that has been described as a protective factor for psychological stress in people with chronic health conditions and disabilities. It is also positively associated with life satisfaction.
OBJECTIVE:
This study explored the mediation effect of CSE on the relationship between stress and QOL in women with MS.
RESULTS:
Results revealed that stress was negatively associated with CSE and QOL. Conversely, CSE was positively correlated with QOL. In fact, CSE served as a mediator between stress and QOL, suggesting that higher levels of CSE can buffer the negative impact of stress on QOL.
CONCLUSION:
Findings provide support for rehabilitation counselors to integrate CSE into the rehabilitation process and facilitate CSE development, which can help clients with MS better cope with their daily hassles and stressors to improve functioning and well-being, leading to higher QOL.
Acabchuk,R. L., Kamath,J., Salamone,J. D., & Johnson,B. T. (2017). Stress and chronic illness: The inflammatory pathway. Social Science and Medicine, 185, 166–170. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.039
2.
Artemiadis,A. K., Anagnostouli,M. C., & Alexopoulos,E. C. (2011). Stress as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis onset or relapse: A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology, 36(2), 109–120. doi: 10.1159/000323953
3.
Artemiadis,A. K., Vervainioti,A. A., Alexopoulos,E. C., Rombos,A., Anagnostouli,M. C., & Darviri,C. (2012). Stress management and multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(4), 406–416. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acs039
4.
Asche,C. V., Singer,M. E., Jhaveri,M., Chung,H., & Miller,A. (2010). All-cause health care utilization and costs associated with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis in the United States, Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy16(9), 703–712.
5.
Bandura,A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology4(3), 359–373.
6.
Baron,R. M., & Kenny,D. A. (1986). The moderator– mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology5, 1173–1182.
Bishop-Fitzpatrick,L., Smith DaWalt,L., Greenberg,J. S., & Mailick,M. R. (2017). Participation in recreational activities buffers the impact of perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder, Autism Research10(5), 973–982.
9.
Brown,R. F., Tennant,C. C., Sharrock,M., Hodgkinson,S., Dunn,S. M., & Pollard,J. D. (2006a). Relationship between stress and relapse in multiple sclerosis: Part I. Important features. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 12(4), 453–464. doi: 10.1191/1352458506ms1295oa
10.
Brown,R. F., Tennant,C. C., Sharrock,M., Hodgkinson,S., Dunn,S. M., & Pollard,J. D. (2006b). Relationship between stress and relapse in multiple sclerosis: Part II. Direct and indirect relationships. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 12(4), 465–475. https://doi.org10.1191/1352458506ms1296oa
11.
Buljevac,D., Hop,W. C. J., Reedeker,W., Janssens,A. C. J. W., Van Der Meché,F. G. A., Van Doorn,P. A., & Hintzen,R. Q. (2003). Self reported stressful life events and exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: Prospective study, BMJ327(7416), 1–5.
12.
Chang,C. H., Ferris,D. L., Johnson,R. E., Rosen,C. C., & Tan,J. A. (2012). Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature, Journal of Management38(1), 81–128.
13.
Culpin,I., Stapinski,L., Miles,Ö. B., Araya,R., & Joinson,C. (2015). Exposure to socioeconomic adversity in early life and risk of depression at 18 years: The mediating role of locus of control, Journal of Affective Disorders183, 269–278.
14.
Dardas,L. A., & Ahmad,M. M. (2015). Coping strategies as mediators and moderators between stress and quality of life among parents of children with autistic disorder, Stress and Health31(1), 5–12.
15.
DeLuca,J., & Nocentini,U. (2011). Neuropsychological, medical and rehabilitative management of persons with multiple sclerosis, NeuroRehabilitation29(3), 197–219.
16.
Diener,E., Emmons,R. A., Larsen,R. J., & Griffin,S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale, Journal of Personality Assessment49, 71–75.
17.
Dougall,A. L., & Baum,A. (2011)., Stress, health, and illness. Routledge.
18.
Eysenck,H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 244-276). Guilford Press.
19.
Folkman,S., Lazarus,R. S., Gruen,R. J., & DeLongis,A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology50(3), 571–579.
20.
Folkman,S., & Nathan,P. E. (2011).. The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping. Oxford University Press.
21.
Goretti,B., Portaccio,E., Zipoli,V., Hakiki,B., Siracusa,G., Sorbi,S., & Amato,M. P. (2009). Coping strategies, psychological variables and their relationship with quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Neurological Sciences, 30(1), 15–20. doi: 10.1007/s10072-008-0009-3
22.
Grech,L. B., Kiropoulos,L. A., Kirby,K. M., Butler,E., Paine,M., & Hester,R. (2018). Target coping strategies for interventions aimed at maximizing psychosocial adjustment in people with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care, 20(3), 109–119. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2017-008
23.
Harris,K. J., Harvey,P., & Kacmar,K. M. (2009). Do social stressors impact everyone equally? An examination of the moderating impact of core self-evaluations, Journal of Business and Psychology24(2), 153–164.
24.
Hirschi,A. (2011). Vocational identity as a mediator of the relationship between core self-evaluations and life and job satisfaction, Applied Psychology60(4), 622–644.
25.
Hughes,R. B., Taylor,H. B., Robinson-Whelen,S., & Nosek,M. A. (2005). Stress and women with physical disabilities: identifying correlates. Womens Health Issues, 15(1), 14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2004.09.001
26.
Janssens,A. C. J. W., Van Doorn,P. A., De Boer,J. B., Van der Meche,F. G. A., Passchier,J., & Hintzen,R. Q. (2003). Impact of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis on quality of life, anxiety, depression and distress of patients and partners, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica108(6), 389–395.
27.
Judge,T. A., Erez,A., Bono,J. E., & Thoresen,C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure, Personnel Psychology56(2), 303–331.
28.
Judge,T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller,J. D. (2011). Implications of core self-evaluations for a changing organizational context. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 331–341. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.10.003
29.
Judge,T. A., Locke,E. A., Durham,C. C., & Kluger,A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations, Journal of Applied Psychology83, 17–34.
30.
Kammeyer-Mueller,J. D., Judge,T. A., & Scott,B. A. (2009). The role of core self-evaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 177–195. doi: 10.1037/a0013214
31.
Kidd,T., Carey,N., Mold,F., Westwood,S., Miklaucich,M., Konstantara,E., Sterr,A., & Cooke,D. (2017). A systematic review of the effectiveness of self-management interventions in people with multiple sclerosis at improving depression, anxiety and quality of life. PLoS One, 12(10), e0185931. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185931
32.
Kirchner,T., & Lara,S. (2011). Stress and depression symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: The mediating role of the loss of social functioning, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica123(6), 407–413.
33.
Lazarus,R. S., & Folkman,S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
34.
Levenstein,S., Prantera,C., Varvo,V., Scribano,M. L., Berto,E., Luzi,C., & Andreoli,A. (1993). Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: A new tool for psychosomatic research, Journal of Psychosomatic Research37(1), 19–32.
35.
Lex,H., Weisenbach,S., Sloane,J., Syed,S., Rasky,E., & Freidl,W. (2018). Social-emotional aspects of quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23(4), 411–423. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1385818
36.
Liu,W., Li,Z., Ling,Y., & Cai,T. (2016). Core self-evaluations and coping styles as mediators between social support and well-being, Personality and Individual Differences88, 35–39.
37.
Martz,E., & Livneh,H. (2016). Psychosocial adaptation to disability within the context of positive psychology: Findings from the literature, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation25, 4–12.
38.
McCabe,M. P., & McKern,S. (2002). Quality of life and multiple sclerosis: Comparison between people with multiple sclerosis and people from the general population, Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings9(4), 287–295.
39.
McEwen,B. S., Bowles,N. P., Gray,J. D., Hill,M. N., Hunter,R. G., Karatsoreos,I. N., & Nasca,C. (2015). Mechanisms of stress in the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 18(10), 1353–1363. doi: 10.1038/nn.4086
40.
Mitsonis,C. I., Potagas,C., Zervas,I., & Sfagos,K. (2009). The effects of stressful life events on the course of multiple sclerosis: A review. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119(3), 315–335. doi: 10.1080/00207450802480192
41.
Mohr,D. C., Hart,S. L., Julian,L., Cox,D., & Pelletier,D. (2004). Association between stressful life events and exacerbation inmultiple sclerosis: Ameta-analysis. BMJ, 328(7442), 731. https://doi.org10.1136/bmj.38041.724421.55
42.
Mohr,D. C., Lovera,J., Brown,T., Cohen,B., Neylan,T., Henry,R., Siddique,J., Jin,L., Daikh,D., & Pelletier,D. (2012). A randomized trial of stress management for the prevention of new brain lesions in MS, Neurology79(5), 412–419.
43.
Morey,J. N., Boggero,I. A., Scott,A. B., & Segerstrom,S. C. (2015). Current Directions in Stress and Human Immune Function, Current Opinion in Psychology5, 13–17. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.007
44.
Newland,P., Jensen,M. P., Budhathoki,C., & Lorenz,R. (2015). Secondary health conditions in individuals with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional web-based survey analysis, Journal of Neuroscience Nursing47(3), 124–130. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000130
45.
Ochoa,C., Casellas-Grau,A., Vives,J., Font,A., & Borras,J. M. (2017). Positive psychotherapy for distressed cancer survivors: Posttraumatic growth facilitation reduces posttraumatic stress, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology17(1), 28–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.09.002
46.
Pakenham,K. I. (2006). Investigation of the coping antecedents to positive outcomes and distress in multiple sclerosis (MS), Psychology and Health21(5), 633–649. doi: 10.1080/14768320500422618
47.
Pavot,W., & Diener,E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction, Journal of Positive Psychology3(2), 137–152.
48.
Radley,J. J., Kabbaj,M., Jacobson,L., Heydendael,W., Yehuda,R., & Herman,J. P. (2011). Stress risk factors and stress-related pathology: Neuroplasticity, epigenetics and endophenotypes, Stress14(5), 481–497. https://doi.org10.3109/10253890.2011.604751
49.
Rosenberg,M. (1979). Conceiving the self. Basic Books.
50.
Rotter,J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, Whole No.609.
51.
Sanaeinasab,H., Saffari,M., Hashempour,M., Karimi Zarchi,A. A., Alghamdi,W. A., & Koenig,H. G. (2017). Effect of a transactional model education program on coping effectiveness in women with multiple sclerosis, Brain and Behavior7(10), 1–9. doi: 10.1002/brb3.810
Schneiderman,N., Ironson,G., & Siegel,S. D. (2005). Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology1, 607–628. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141
54.
Schönfeld,P., Brailovskaia,J., Bieda,A., Zhang,X. C., & Margraf,J. (2016). The effects of daily stress on positive and negative mental health: Mediation through self-efficacy, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology16(1), 1–10.
55.
Senders,A., Bourdette,D., Hanes,D., Yadav,V., & Shinto,L. (2014). Perceived Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: The Potential Role of Mindfulness in Health and Well-Being, Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine19(2), 104–111. doi: 10.1177/2156587214523291
56.
Senders,A., Sando,K., Wahbeh, Hiller,A. P., & Shinto,L. (2016). Managing psychological stress in the multiple sclerosis medical visit: Patient perspectives and unmet needs, Journal of Health Psychology21(8), 1676–1687.
57.
Smedema,S. M. (2014). Core self-evaluations and well-being in persons with disabilities, Rehabilitation Psychology59(4), 407–414. doi: 10.1037/rep0000013
58.
Smedema,S. M., Chan,F., Yaghmaian,R. A., Cardoso,E. D., Muller,V., Keegan,J., Dutta,A., & Ebener,D. J. (2015). The relationship of core self-evaluations and life satisfaction in college students with disabilities: Evaluation of a mediator model, Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability28(3), 341–358.
59.
Smedema,S. M., Pfaller,J. S., Yaghmaian,R. A., Weaver,H., da Silva Cardoso,E., & Chan,F. (2015). Core self-evaluations as a mediator between functional disability and life satisfaction in college students with disabilities majoring in science and technology, Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education29(1), 96–104.
60.
Smedema,S. M., & Tansey,T. N. (2015). Mediators of the relationship between core self-evaluations and life satisfaction in individuals with spinal cord injuries, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin58(4), 217–226.
61.
R Core Team (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/.
62.
Tingley,D., Yamamoto,T., Hirose,K., Keele,L., & Imai,K. (2014)., Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis.
63.
WHO. (2001).. International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
