The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the diagnostic evaluation of hepatic echinococcosis

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Hepatic echinococcosis (HE) is a zoonosis and depicts a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by larval infestation of E. multilocularis (alveolar echinococcosis, AE) and E. granulosus (cystic echinocococcosis, CE). In many countries, HE is a critical public health problem. Clinically, HE patients initially are often asymptomatic for years. Depending on the echinococcal manifestations patients can later develop unspecific symptoms as fatigue, abdominal pain and may present with elevated transaminases, jaundice and hepatomegaly. The combination of grey scale ultrasound and serological tests has been the gold standard for the screening and diagnosis of HE. Besides MRI, CT and FDG-PET scans, safe and directly accessible contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) may easily help to indirectly describe perilesional inflammation. Upon diagnosis of HE, an appropriate therapeutical strategy should be evaluated in a multidisciplinary way.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of the present retrospective monocenter study is to assess the diagnostic performance of CEUS examination in the evaluation of hepatic echinococcal manifestation by comparison with CT, MRI, FDG-PET scans and histopathology.

METHODS:

Out of 36 patients with echinococcal disease (16 patients with E. multilocularis infection, 12 patients with E. granulosus infection and 8 patient with unspecified Echinococcus infection) 8 HE patients (4 patients with E. multilocularis, 2 patients with E. granulosus and 2 patients with unspecified echinococcal liver disease) were included in this study on whom CEUS was performed between 2008–2016. The applied contrast agent was a second-generation blood pool agent (SonoVue ^®, Bracco, Milan, Italy). CEUS examinations were performed and interpreted by a single experienced radiologist with more than 15 years of experience.

RESULTS:

All patients were examined without occurrence of any side effects. In all 4 AE patients, contrast enhancement could be detected by means of CEUS and was confirmed by MRI or PET-CT scan. In the remaining 4 patients (CE and unspecified echinococcosis), doppler ultrasonography, CEUS and corresponding CT or MRI scans could not detect any hypervascularization of the lesions of interest. The histopathological analysis did not reveal any viable parasite material. CEUS showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% compared to MRI, CT or FDG-PET-CT.

CONCLUSIONS:

CEUS depicts a safe method for the evaluation of echinococcal liver disease. In addition to serological tests and grey scale ultrasound, CEUS imaging could be integrated as an easily accessible tool helping to describe hypervascularization as a sonomorphological correlate for active perilesional inflammation of echinococcal manifestations. CEUS may further help to differentiate between CE and AE and also to evaluate treatment outcome.