Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

This study investigates expressions of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) in bladder cancer tissues and their effects on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis.

METHODS:

Arraystar Human CircRNA chip was applied to analyzing the differential expression of circRNA in four bladder cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal bladder tissues. Real time quantitative PCR was utilized to detect the expression of circ0001429 in tissue specimens. Bioinformatics, RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were used to verify the relationship among circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA in bladder cancer. Cell propagation was determined by CCK8 assay and roles of circ0001429 and miR-205-5p in cell migration were verified with transwell migration assay. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were conducted to observe the impact on cell apoptosis ability. Xenograft experiment was also performed to validate the influence of circ0001429 on tumor growth in vivo.

RESULTS:

Expressions of circ0001429 and VEGFA were up-regulated, whereas miR-205-5p expression was down-regulated in bladder cancer tissues in comparison with paired adjacent normal bladder tissues. Circ0001429 enhanced the propagation and metastasis abilities of T24 cells and 5637 cells in vitro, but reduced cell apoptosis. In vivo experiments revealed the inhibitor role of sh-circ0001429 in tumor growth and lung metastasis. Circ0001429 sponged miR-205-5p that targeted VEGFA, thereby modulating the protein level of VEGFA. Meanwhile, miR-205-5p restrained the cell viability and mobility and promoted the apoptosis in bladder cancer. Circ0001429 could accelerate cell propagation, migration and invasiveness through increasing VEGFA expression via miR-205-5p.

CONCLUSION:

Circ0001429 and VEGFA were highly expressed in bladder cancer, while miR-205-5p were lowly expressed in bladder cancer. The circ0001429 could target at miR-205-5p to regulate VEGFA and promote the development of bladder cancer.

Keywords

Bladder cancer circ0001429 miR-205-5p VEGFA

1. Introduction

Bladder cancer, with estimated 386,300 new cases and 150,200 deaths per year, is a frequently seen urinary system cancer [30]. Metastases happen more frequently in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients and always correlate with poor prognosis [2]. Although appreciable advance has been made in surgical techniques and adjuvant chemotherapies, the mortality of metastatic bladder cancer has not been significantly reduced [30]. Therefore, further comprehension of the gene expression may be favorable to the treatment of bladder cancer.

Circular RNA (circRNA), a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs that contain a circular loop, was found to exhibit multiple biological effects [27]. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, lots of circRNAs have been successfully identified in various cell lines from different species, but their functional significance remains unclear [30]. Latest studies have reported that circRNAs may be involved in neurological disorders [12] and cancers [22]. Recently, circRNAs are demonstrated to act as “miRNA sponges” and can expose a negative regulation on miRNAs [30]. All these findings strongly indicate potential functions of circRNAs in disease pathogenesis by regulating gene expressions [18].

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of highly conserved small (19–25 nucleotides-long) single-stranded non-coding RNAs. MiRNAs can down-regulate gene expressions in various ranges of biological functions by binding to the 3’-UTR of target genes [28]. Numerous studies have manifested that dysregulation of miRNAs may be an important factor for carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis [28, 4]. Accumulative researches have revealed the down-regulated expression of miRNAs in many human malignancies, including bladder cancer [7, 15]. Notably, miR-205-5p was proved to be suppressor of VEGFA in human glioblastoma cells [29]. Downregulation of miR-205-5p were significantly linked to progression in non-muscle invasive bladder tumors [19]. Thus, miR-205-5p could be new molecular indicators for bladder cancer patients’ diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics [4].

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been identified as a critical protein in promoting angiogenesis on tumor growth and metastasis [3]. The VEGF gene is located on chromosome 6p21.3 and consists of 9 exons. VEGFA is one of the most potent inducers of angiogenesis, and increased expression of VEGFA has been detected in almost all known tumors, including bladder cancer [24]. VEGFA can activate ERK1/2, PI3K-Akt/PKB pathway, and phospholipase C- $\gamma$ multiple signaling cascades [6]. Furthermore, levels of VEGFA in the urine of patients with stage Ta/T1 TCC (Transitional Cell Carcinoma) were markedly increased, suggesting the importance of VEGFA in the pathogenesis of the bladder [10].

Here, we identified a circular RNA, termed circ000 1429, which was obvious reduced in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. Additionally, we found that circ0001429 knock-down inhibited growth and metastasis of bladder cancer cells via suppressing VEGFA expression by miR-205-5p expression increase.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Human tissue specimens

Twenty pairs of bladder cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal bladder tissues were collected from patients undergoing no chemoradiotherapy or other treatment for the tumor therapy at General Hospital of Western Theater Command. All participants were confirmed by exhaustive diagnosis and the tissue samples were independently examined by three well-qualified pathologists. Tissue specimens were frozen in liquid nitrogen instantly after surgical removal, and conserved at below 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C. The implementation of this project has been approved by the General Hospital of Western Theater Command.

2.2 Microarray analysis

Affymetrix microarray platform GPL19978 and microarray data GSE92675 were gained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/geo/). This datasetc consisted of eight tissue specimens including four bladder cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal bladder tissues. The screening threshold for differentially expressed mRNAs was set as $P<$ 0.05 and log ${}_{2}$ (FC) $>$ 1 or log ${}_{2}$ (FC) $<$ $-$ 1.

2.3 Cell culture

Human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and 5637 were obtained from ATCC, SV-HUC-1 and BIU-87 were provided by BNCC. T24, 5637 and BIU-87 were grown in RPMI 1640 (Gibco Laboratoties, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with NaHCO ${}_{3}$ 1.5 g/L, Glucose 2.5 g/L, Sodium Pyruvate 0.11 g/L and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Gibco Laboratories). SV-HUC-1 was maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Life Technologies, Inc.) with 10% FBS. All cells were incubated at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C in 5% CO ${}_{2}$ in air with 100% humidity.

2.4 RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNAs extraction was performed using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA), followed by quantification by NanoDrop 2000. 200 ng of total RNA per sample was converted to cDNA using the ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Kit (Toyobo, Japan). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was implemented using the THUNDERBIRD SYBR ${}^{\@setsize{\scriptsize}{8pt}{\viipt}{\@viipt}{\textregistered}}$ qPCR Mix (Toyobo, Japan) based on the manufacturer’s manual. GADPH and U6 were regarded as internal control for mRNA and miRNA separately. The relative value of mRNAs was normalized and calculated using the 2 ${}^{\Delta\Delta ct}$ method. Primers sequences were presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Prime sequences for qRT-PCR

Gene	Prime sequence (5’-3’)
hsa_circ_0097271	F: TTGGAACTCGCAGAATGG
	R: GCTTGATGACAGAGACAGA
miR-205-5p	F: ACACTCCAGCTGGGTCCTTCATTCCACCGG
	R: TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG
VEGFA	F: GGCTGCTGTAACGATGAA
	R: CTGCTGTGCTGTAGGAAG
GAPDH	F: GTCAACGGATTTGGTCTGTATT
	R: CGCUUCACGAAUUUGCGUGUCAU
U6	F: CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA
	R: AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT

2.5 Western blot

The cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime) and quantified with Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) following the conditions suggested by the manufacturer. Protein (100 $\mu$ g) was electrophoresed in SDS-PAGE followed by electrophoretic transfer onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Non-specific binding was blocked with blocking buffer containing 5% non-fat milk for 1 h. The membranes were then incubated for 24 h at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C with Rabbit monoclonal Anti-GAPDH antibody (ab181603, 1:10000; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or Rabbit polyclonal Anti-VEGFA antibody (ab46154, 1:500; Abcam). Having been washed in TBST, membranes were incubated with Goat polyclonal to Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Pre-Adsorbed (ab7090, Abcam) at a dilution of 1:2000 in TBST for 1 h. The membranes were subsequently washed 3 times with PBST and the protein bands were visualized using the ECL plus system (Life technologies corporation, USA). The density of the immunoblot was analyzed using the Lab Works 4.5 software (Ultra-Violet Products, Cambridge, UK).

2.6 Cell transfection

Circ0001429, sh-circ0001429 and sh-NC were dissolved and ligated to the multi-cloning sites of the pVax1 expression reporter plasmid (GenePharma, Shanghai, China). MiR-205-5p mimics and miR-205-5p inhibitor were produced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). 24 h pre-transfection, 1 $\times$ 10 ${}^{6}$ cells/well of T24 or 5637 cells at logarithmic growth stage were cultured in 6-well plates until reaching 80%–90% confluency. The constructs were transfected into T24 or 5637 cells using Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Life Technologies, USA) based on the manufacturer’s directions. Following 48 h, the cells were harvested for subsequent analysis. Cell lines stably transfected with sh-NC and sh-circ0001429 were selected by using 1 $\mu$ g/ml puromycin (Beyotime, Shanghai, China), and individual colonies appearing after 7 days were isolated and expanded for in vivo experiment. The sequences of shRNA are TTGTCACCAACCTGCAGAAT and chaotic sequences were used as negative control.

2.7 Cell proliferation

Cell proliferation was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) Assay. T24 and 5637 cells (8000) suspended in RPMI1640 medium (100 $\mu$ L) containing 10% fetal bovine serum were seeded in 96-well plates. After cell adherence, the medium of 96-well plates were replaced by RPMI1640 medium (100 $\mu$ L) without fetal bovine serum and then these cells were cultured 24 h before treatment. At different time points (12, 24, 48 and 72 h) post-treatment, CCK-8 solution (10 $\mu$ L) was supplemented into each well and incubated at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 4 h. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode Detection Platform (Molecular Devices, USA). The results were plotted as means $\pm$ SD of three separate experiments having six determinations per experiment for each experimental condition.

2.8 Luciferase reporter assay

To create a luciferase reporter construct, 3’-UTR segments of circ0001429 wildtype (WT), circ0001429 mutant (MT), VEGFA wildtype (WT) and VEGFA mutant (MT) were cloned into the pGL3-control (Promega, Madison, WI) vector. T24 and 5637 cells were co-transfected with luciferase reporter constructs containing the wild-type or mutant 3’-UTR firefly luciferase reporters, pRL-TK, and miR-552 inhibitor (Sangon, Shanghai) or control (Sangon, Shanghai) using Lipofectamine™ 2000. Luciferase activities were detected 48 h after the transfection by the Dual-luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, WI, USA).

2.9 RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)

Magna RIP™ RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation kit (Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used for RIP in accordance with the instructions. Anti-Argonaute-2 antibody (ab186733, Abcam) was applied to RIP assay. Bound RNA was then eluted from the beads by directly adding Trizol (Invitrogen) to the beads, followed by RNA extraction and RT-real time PCR as described previously.

2.10 Apoptosis assay

Cell apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Science, Bedford, MA, USA). Cells after transfected 48 h were resuspended in binding buffer containing annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) according to manufacturer’s directions. Stained cells were measured by FACS Calibur using FACS Diva software (BD, USA). Each sample was run in triplicate.

2.11 Transwell migration assays

The migration assays were carried out using transwell chamber following the manufacturer’s manual (BD Science). Cells (5 $\times$ 10 ${}^{4}$ cells) suspended in 100 $\mu$ L RPMI1640 medium containing 1% FBS were inoculated to the upper chambers and cultured for 24 h. Conditioned 10% FBS of RPMI1640 medium was inoculated to the bottom wells of the chambers. After 24 h incubation, cells on the upper side of the membrane were then removed, whereas the cells on the underside were fixed and stained with 0.1% crystal violet. Cell numbers were counted in five random fields using light microscopy at 200 $\diamondsuit$ magnification. The data were presented as the mean number of cells in five fields based on three independent experiments.

Figure 1.

The expression and correlation of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA. (A, B) Volcano, heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis of circRNAs which were differentially expressed between bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. Each column represents the expression profile of a tissue sample (four bladder cancer and normal bladder samples, respectively), and each row corresponds to a circRNA (log fold change (FC) $\geqslant$ 2 and $P<$ 0.05). Red color represents up-regulated circRNAs, and green color represents down-regulated circRNAs. (C) The expression of circ0001429 was detected by real-time PCR in 20 pairs of bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. GAPDH was used as internal control. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus normal bladder tissues (Student’s t-test). (D) The correlation among circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA were measured by RT-PCR in 20 samples of bladder cancer tissues. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. (E) Expression of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA mRNA in 3 different bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637, BIU-87) and normal bladder cells (SV-HUC-1) were detected by real-time PCR. The relative levels of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA mRNA were normalized to the value measured in SV-HUC-1cells. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus SV-HUC-1.

2.12 Xenograft experiments

The 12 Balb/c male mice (4–6 weeks old) used for this study was divided equally into 2 groups. All mice were purchased from Shanghai Medical Experimental Animal Care Commission (Shanghai, China). To establish a tumor model, T24 cells stably transfected with sh-NC or sh-circ0001429 were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c mice. Besides, tumors volume and tumor weight were measured in every 3 days. The tumor growth curve was calculated and plotted following the formula ( $V=$ 1/2*length*width2). After 4 weeks, mice were sacrificed and tumor tissues were collected.

2.13 TUNEL staining and histologic examination

Apoptosis via DNA fragmentation was detected by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique with a situ apoptosis detection kit (Neurotacs II, R&D, USA), according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The cells were lightly counterstained using DAPI to enable microscopical counting of TUNEL ${}^{+}$ cells and total nuclei in spheres. Histologic sections were stained with H-E using standard pathologic procedures.

2.14 Statistical analysis

The GraphPad Prism version 6.0 (GraphPad Software Inc.) was used for statistical analysis. The differences between groups were compared by means of unpaired student’s $t$ test, while those among multiple groups were assessed using One-way ANOVA. $P<$ 0.05 was set as criterion of statistical significance. All quantitative values were expressed as the mean $\pm$ standard deviation.

3. Results

3.1 Circ0001429 was overexpressed in bladder cancer

The up-regulated and down-regulated mRNAs were respectively filtered using $P<$ 0.05 with fold change (FC) log ${}_{2}$ (FC) $>$ 1 and log ${}_{2}$ (FC) $<$ $-$ 1 through microarray platform GPL19978 and microarray data GSE92675. The 66 upregulated and 23 downregulated mRNAs in bladder cancer tissues was exhibited by volcano plot (Fig. 1A) and heat map (Fig. 1B), of which circ0001429 was significantly overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues. The level of circ0001429 in twenty pairs of bladder cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal bladder ones measured by qRT-PCR suggested that circ0001429 was highly expressed in bladder cancer tissues ( $P<$ 0.01, Fig. 1C). To explore the relationship among circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA, we assessed the expressions of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA mRNA in bladder cancer tissues. These results showed that VEGFA was positively correlated with circ0001429, and miR-205-5p was negatively correlated with circ0001429 and VEGFA respectively (Fig. 1D). We also found that circ0001429 and VEGFA mRNA were significantly up-regulated in T24, 5637 and BIU-87 bladder cancer cell lines, while miR-205-5p was down-regulated (Fig. 1E).

Figure 2.

circ0001429 affected bladder cancer cells growth. (A) The expression of circ0001429 in T24 and 5637 cells treated with circ0001429 or sh-circ0001429 were detected by real-time PCR. The relative levels of circ0001429 were normalized to the value measured in the mock treatment. Data were expressed with mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus mock. (B) The propagation of T24 and 5637 treated with circ0001429 or sh-circ0001429 were tested by CCK-8 assay. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus mock. (C) Representative photographs of TUNEL staining of T24 and 5637 cells treated with circ0001429 or sh-circ0001429 and TUNEL positive cells were counted in five fields. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01. (D) Transwell assay measured the migration of T24 and 5637 cells transfected circ0001429 or sh-circ0001429 were evaluated by transwell migration assay. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus mock (Student’s t-test). Scale bar, 50 $\mu$ m.

Figure 3.

Down-regulation of circ0001429 inhibited the growth and metastasis of bladder cancer xenograft. (A, B, C) Hypodermic injection of T24 cells stably transfected with sh-circ0001429 or sh-NC control into BALB/c nude mice established subcutaneous xenograft tumors (2 $\times$ 106 cells per mouse, $n=$ 6 for each group). Compared with sh-NC group, the tumor growth rate and weight significantly decreased in sh-circ0001429-treated nude mice. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01. (D, E) Representative photographs of HE staining of lung sections and the number of metastatic nodules in the lungs counted in five fields. (F) The expression level of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VRGFA in xenograft tumor. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus sh-NC group.

3.2 Circ0001429 enhanced the oncogenicity of bladder cancer and promoted cancer cell growth

To explore the effect of circ0001429 in bladder cancer cells, T24 and 5637 were transfected with circ0001429, circMock, sh-circ0001429 and sh-NC. The change of circ0001429 expression post-transfec-tion was validated using qRT-PCR (Fig. 2A, $P<$ 0.01). CCK-8 was performed to discover the cell viability. According to Fig. 2B, the cell viability of T24 and 5637 transfected with circ0001429 was significantly higher than controls, while that in sh-circ0001429 group was significantly lower compared with controls. TUNEL stains result indicated that circ0001429 significantly reduced cell apoptosis of T24 and 5637 bladder cancer cells, and sh-circ0001429 significantly increased the apoptosis rate of T24 and 5637 bladder cancer cells (Fig. 2C). The migration of T24 and 5637 transfected with circ0001429 was significantly higher than control according to transwell assay (Fig. 2D, $P<$ 0.01), while sh-circ0001429 inhibited the migration ability of bladder cancer cells.

Figure 4.

miR-205-5p bound to circ0001429 and VEGFA. (A) Base pairing complement suggested the putative miR-205-5p binding position at 3’-UTR of circ0001429. (B) Luciferase Report assay of circ0001429 3’-UTR treated with miR-205-5p inhibitor or miR-205-5p NC showed that circ0001429 3’-UTR bind with miR-205-5p. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus other groups. (C) RIP assay of circ0001429 and miR205-5p. (D) Relative expression of miR-205-5p treated with sh-circ0001429 in T24 and 5637 cells. The relative levels of miR-205-5p were normalized to the value measured in the mock treatment. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus mock. (E) Relative expression of circ0001429 in T24 and 5637 cells treated different concentrations of miR-205-5p. (F) Base pairing complement suggested the putative miR-205-5p binding position at 3’-UTR of VEGFA. (G) Luciferase Report assay of VEGFA 3’-UTR treated with miR-205-5p inhibitor or miR-205-5p NC showed that miR-205-5p bind to VEGFA 3’-UTR. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus other groups. (H) Relative expression of VEGFA mRNA treated with miR-205-5p inhibitor or miR-205-5p NC in T24 and 5637 cells. The relative levels of miR-205-5p were normalized to the value measured in the mock treatment. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus mock.

3.3 Circ0001429 prom oted T24 xenograft tumor growth and metastasis

To verify the positive effect of circ0001429, a xenograft mouse model was established. T24 cells stably transfected with si-NC or sh-circ0001429 were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. The tumor sizes (Fig. 3A and B) and tumor weight (Fig. 3C) of sh-circ0001429 group were significantly lower than sh-NC group, indicating that down-regulation of circ000 1429 obviously inhibited xenograft tumor growth. In addition, tumor metastasis were found in the lungs according to the HE staining (Fig. 3D and E), and we found that sh-circ0001429 significantly reduce the number of metastases nodules compared with si-NC group (Fig. 3D and E). The relative expressions of circ0001429, miR-205-5p and VEGFA mRNA in xenograft tumor suggested that circ0001429 and VEGFA were down-regulated, while miR-205-5p was up-regulated (Fig. 3F).

3.4 Circ0001429 sponged miR-205-5p, which targeted to VEGFA

Studies have shown that the main function of circRNA is to act as a miRNA ‘sponge’ and depress the functional miRNA [25]. Therefore, the miRNA ‘sponge’ function of circ0001429 and its role in downstream regulation was verified. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the potential target was miR-205-5p, which shared complementary binding sites with circ0001429. MiR-205-5p contains six paired nucleotides with circ0001429 (Fig. 4A). Besides, VEGFA was predicted as a candidate target of miR-205-5p (Fig. 4F). Luciferase reporter assay (Fig. 4B) and RIP (Fig. 4C) results confirmed that circ0001429 sponged miR-205-5p expression. In addition, miR-205-5p in T24 and 5637 cells transfected with si-circ0001429 were significantly up-regulated compared to si-NC treated group (Fig. 4D, $P<$ 0.01), while up-expression of miR-205-3p made no difference on the level of circ0001429 (Fig. 4E). Ectopically expressed miR-129-5p inhibitor could benefit the normalized luciferase activity with the wild-type 3’UTR of VEGFA, while not with the mutant-type (Fig. 4F and G), demonstrating that miR-205-5p could directly target to VEGFA. Then, qRT-PCR results suggested miR-205-5p inhibitor observably increased VEGFA expression in T24 and 5637 cells (Fig. 4H), confirming that miR-205-5p can inhibit the expression of VEGFA. Thus, we hypothesized that miR-205-5p, which inhibited VEGFA, played a role in the circ0001429 regulated tumorigenesis.

3.5 miR-205-5p inhibited bladder cancer progression

In T24 and 5637 cells, ectopically expressed miR-205-5p mimics significantly reduced the protein level of VEGFA and overexpression of VEGFA rescued this change (Fig. 5A). The propagation (Fig. 5B) and migration (Fig. 5C) rate of T24 and 5637 cells transfected miR-205-5p mimics were significantly down-regulated, and were rescued by overexpression of VEGFA. Apoptosis assay suggested that miR-205-5p mimics promoted the apoptosis of T24 and 5637 cells (Fig. 5D). Taken together, miR-205-5p inhibited propagation and migration of bladder cancer cells and promoted cell apoptosis, which was rescued by overexpression of VEGFA.

Figure 5.

miR-205-5p inhibited bladder cancer progression. (A) Western Blot of VEGFA protein in T24 and 5637 cells with miR-205-5p mimics, NC, miR-205-5p mimics $+$ pVax1, miR-205-5p mimics $+$ pVax1-VEGFA. (B) The propagation of T24 and 5637 cells were monitored by CCK-8 assays with different transfection conditions. (C) Transwell assay was used to measure migration of bladder cancer cells. (D) Apoptosis of T24 and 5637 were measured with different transfection occasions. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01.

3.6 Circ0001429 regulated the expression of VEGFA though miR-205-5p

As shown in Fig. 6A, ectopically expressed circ000 1429 improved the luciferase activity with the wild-type 3’UTR of VEGFA, while the expression of miR-205-5p attenuated this positive effects. These results showed that circ0001429 could promote the expression of VEGFA, which could be relieved by miR-205-5p. Western Blot assay further proved this conclusion (Fig. 6B). The miR-205-5p reduced the propagation of T24 cells, while circ0001429 rescued this effect (Fig. 6C). Similarly, circ0001429 rescued the apoptosis of T24 cells co-transfected miR-205-5p mimics (Fig. 6D).

Figure 6.

Overexpression of circ0001429 promoted VEGFA expression through targeting miR-205-5p. (A) Luciferase Report assay of VEGFA 3’-UTR treated with miR-205-5p mimics, miR-205-5p-NC or circ0001429. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 versus control. (B) The expressions of VEGFA were determined using western blot. Proteins were isolated from cells transfected as indicated. (C) Cellular propagation abilities were determined by CCK8 assay. (D) Apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. T24 cells were transfected with miR-205-5p inhibitors alone or co-transfected with the indicated vectors. Data are mean $\pm$ S.D., $n=$ 3. ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01.

4. Discussion

Here, we first identified that circ0001429 was up-regulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells and it promoted the propagation and metastasis of bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Then we found that circ0001429 could efficiently sponge miR-205-5p, which was also verified by dual luciferase reporter assay and RIP. Finally, we proved that circ0001429 down-regulated VEGFA protein level through sponging miR-205-5p to promote bladder cancer cells growth and metastasis.

In the early 1990’s, endogenous circRNAs was first hinted from research of the DCC transcript in human cells [9]. Latterly, with the development of next-generation sequencing, mounting circRNAs were identified from various animal genomes, and many of these are abundant and stable [1]. CircRNAs which may have certain potential functions in regulation of gene expression, was dysregulated in laryngeal cancer [13], colorectal cancer [1], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [5], hepacellular carcinoma [17] and bladder cancer [34]. CircRNAs arise from diverse genomic locations, and most of them are formed by circularization of exons [20]. In current research, we gained a circular RNA, termed circ0001429 which was dramatically up-regulated in bladder cancer. The role of circ0001429 in bladder cancer is not yet studied.

CircRNAs, containing certain miRNA response elements (MREs) is an efficient miRNA sponges [11]. For instance, CDR1as contains over 70 binding sites of miR-7 and significantly suppresses the activity of miR-7 [20]. It was reported that circRNA-MYLK could promote cell propagation and invasion in bladder cancer [33]. Down-regulated circPTK2 expression could markedly inhibited cell migration and propagation [32]. However, circRNAs can also inhibited migration and propagation of cancers. According to Li et al., circHIPK3 inhibited migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of human invasive bladder cancer T24T and UMUC3 cells by targeting miR558, which was contrast to our result [30]. Our research indicated that circ0001429 promoted growth and migration of T24 and 5637 cells by sponging miR-205-5p, which was not reported by previous studies. These findings suggested that circ0001429 was involved in complex regulatory networks in bladder cancer.

MiRNAs could either retard translation or induce degradation of the target mRNA by incomplete or complete base pairing to 3’UTR of mRNA [8]. However, mounting evidences indicated that miRNAs can also promote the transcription of mRNA via binding to the promoter region of target genes [23]. Nunez Lopez et al. illustrated that miR-205-5p was upregulated in a broad range of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma subtypes [31]. Switlik et al. reported that miR-205-5p was upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, which was counter to our research [28]. Decreased expression of miR-205-5p was observed in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells including HCCLM3, MHCC97-H, MHCC97-L, Huh-7, Bel-7402 and SMMC-7721 cells compared with the normal liver cell line, LO2 [16]. Downregulation of miR-205-5p was significantly linked to progression in non-muscle invasive bladder tumors [19]. However, Thorsten reported that there was no difference of the miR-205-5p expression between nonmalignant and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples [26]. Interestingly, our results suggested miR-205-5p was markedly down-regulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells. Then, over-expression of miR-205-5p significantly inhibited bladder cancer cell growth and mobility in vitro.

VEGF regulated tumor invasion and metastasis th- rough multiple signaling cascades, including ERK1/2, PI3K-Akt/PKB pathway, and phospholipase C- $\gamma$ [6]. It was reported that miR-205-5p targeted 3’-UTR of VEGF mRNA to inhibit its translation in Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [14]. Upregulation of miR-205-5p suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor expression-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling transduction in human keloid fibroblasts [6]. MiR-205-5p was also reported to slow the growth of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo via down-regulating the protein level of VEGFA [21]. Similarly, our results showed that over-expression of miR-205-5p obviously down-regulated VEGFA protein level. Up-regulated expression of VEGFA attenuated the negative effect of miR-205-5p on bladder cancer cell growth and migration.

Nonetheless, some limitations also existed in this report which is worth mentioning. For instance, we identified circ0001429 as “microRNA sponges” which down-regulated VEGFA expression via miR-205-5p, but downstream pathway of VEGFA was not explored. Moreover, although we found that circ0001429 and miR-205-5p regulated protein level of VEGFA, the protein degradation should be considered.

In conclusion, we showed that circ0001429 was up-regulated in human bladder cancer, and it could efficiently sponge miR-205-5p to inhibit VEGFA expression. We also demonstrated that down-regulation of circ0001429 expression obviously inhibited growth and metastasis of bladder cancer cells via miR-205-5p/VEGFA axis. Our findings provided novel evidences that circRNAs acted as “microRNA sponges” and also provided a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer therapy.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article.

References

Bachmayr-Heyda

et al., Correlation of circular rna abundance with proliferation–exemplified with colorectal and ovarian cancer, idiopathic lung fibrosis, and normal human tissues, Sci Rep 5 (2015), 8057.

Kamat

A.M.

et al., Bladder cancer, Lancet 388 (2016), 2796–2810.

et al., Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor gene-gene and gene-smoking interaction and haplotype combination on bladder cancer risk in chinese population, Oncotarget 8 (2017), 22927–22935.

Tsikrika

F.D.

et al., Mir-221/222 cluster expression improves clinical stratification of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (tat1) patients’ risk for short-term relapse and progression, Genes Chromosomes Cancer 57 (2018), 150–161.

et al., Circular rna itch has inhibitory effect on escc by suppressing the wnt/beta-catenin pathway, Oncotarget 6 (2015), 6001–6013.

et al., Upregulation of microrna-205 suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor expression-mediated pi3k/akt signaling transduction in human keloid fibroblasts, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 242 (2017), 275–285.

Calinand

G.A.

and Croce

C.M.

, Microrna signatures in human cancers, Nat Rev Cancer 6 (2006), 857–866.

Yoshino

et al,, Aberrant expression of micrornas in bladder cancer, Nat Rev Urol 10 (2013), 396–404.

Nigro

J.M.

et al., Scrambled exons, Cell 64 (1991), 607–613.

10.

Crew

J.P.

et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor is a predictor of relapse and stage progression in superficial bladder cancer, Cancer Res 57 (1997), 5281–5285.

11.

Thomasand

L.F.

and Saetrom

, Circular rnas are depleted of polymorphisms at microrna binding sites, Bioinformatics 30 (2014), 2243–2246.

12.

Xie

et al., Circular rnas: A novel player in development and disease of the central nervous system, Front Cell Neurosci 11 (2017), 354.

13.

Xuan

et al., Circular rna: A novel biomarker for progressive laryngeal cancer, Am J Transl Res 8 (2016), 932–939.

14.

Zhu

et al., Suppression of microrna-205-5p in human mesenchymal stem cells improves their therapeutic potential in treating diabetic foot disease, Oncotarget 8 (2017), 52294–52303.

15.

Iorioand

M.V.

and Croce

C.M.

, Microrna dysregulation in cancer: Diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. A comprehensive review, EMBO Mol Med 4 (2012), 143–159.

16.

Shao

et al., Microrna-205-5p regulates the chemotherapeutic resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting pten/jnk/anxa3 pathway, Am J Transl Res 9 (2017), 4300–4307.

17.

Zheng

et al., Circular rna profiling reveals an abundant circhipk3 that regulates cell growth by sponging multiple mirnas, Nat Commun 7 (2016), 11215.

18.

Haqueand

and Harries

L.W.

, Circular rnas (circrnas) in health and disease, Genes (Basel) 8 (2017).

19.

Lenherr

S.M.

et al., Microrna expression profile identifies high grade, non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors at elevated risk to progress to an invasive phenotype, Genes (Basel) 8 (2017).

20.

Memczak

et al., Circular rnas are a large class of animal rnas with regulatory potency, Nature 495 (2013), 333–338.

21.

Noguchi

et al., Chemically modified synthetic microrna-205 inhibits the growth of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo , Mol Ther 21 (2013), 1204–1211.

22.

et al., The emerging functions and roles of circular rnas in cancer, Cancer Lett 414 (2018), 301–309.

23.

Youngerand

S.T.

and Corey

D.R.

, Transcriptional gene silencing in mammalian cells by mirna mimics that target gene promoters, Nucleic Acids Res 39 (2011), 5682–5691.

24.

Ping

S.Y.

Shenand

K.H.

and Yu

D.S.

, Epigenetic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor a dynamic expression in transitional cell carcinoma, Mol Carcinog 52 (2013), 568–579.

25.

Hansen

T.B.

et al., Natural rna circles function as efficient microrna sponges, Nature 495 (2013), 384–388.

26.

Ecke

T.H.

et al., Mir-199a-3p and mir-214-3p improve the overall survival prediction of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy, Cancer Med 6 (2017), 2252–2262.

27.

Pei

et al., Circular rna profiles in mouse lung tissue induced by radon, Environ Health Prev Med 22 (2017), 36.

28.

Switlik

et al., Mir-30a-5p together with mir-210-3p as a promising biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer: A preliminary study, Cancer Biomark 21 (2018), 479–488.

29.

Yue

et al., Microrna-205 functions as a tumor suppressor in human glioblastoma cells by targeting vegf-a, Oncol Rep 27 (2012), 1200–1206.

30.

et al., Circhipk3 sponges mir-558 to suppress heparanase expression in bladder cancer cells, EMBO Rep 18 (2017), 1646–1659.

31.

Nunez Lopez

Y.O.

et al., Characteristic mirna expression signature and random forest survival analysis identify potential cancer-driving mirnas in a broad range of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma subtypes, Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 23 (2018), 6–20.

32.

Z.Q.

et al., Circular rna hsa_circ_0003221 (circptk2) promotes the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells, J Cell Biochem 119 (2018), 3317–3325.

33.

Zhong

et al., Circular rna mylk as a competing endogenous rna promotes bladder cancer progression through modulating vegfa/vegfr2 signaling pathway, Cancer Lett 403 (2017), 305–317.

34.