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Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of bone with high recurrent rate. miR-486 was downregulated and acted as a tumor suppressor in plenty of tumors. The purpose of this study was to explore how miR-486 worked in osteosarcoma on cell invasion and EMT.

RESULTS:

miR-486 was low expressed in osteosarcoma while PIM1 was overexpressed, and it had negative correlation between miR-486 and PIM1. miR-486 upregulation or PIM1 downregulation could inhibit osteosarcoma cell invasion and EMT. Meanwhile, miR-486 mediated PIM1 expression through binding to PIM1 mRNA 3’-UTR. PIM1 could reveal partial function of miR-486 on osteosarcoma invasion. In addition, miR-486 low expression or PIM1 overexpression predicted poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients.

CONCLUSION:

miR-486 regulated osteosarcoma cell invasion and EMT through targeting to PIM1. miR-486 low expression or PIM1 overexpression predicted poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. The newly identified miR-486/PIM1 axis provides novel insight into the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma.

Keywords

miR-486 PIM1 invasion EMT osteosarcoma

1. Introduction

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant tumor of bone, originates in the mesenchymal tissue [1]. Although combination of surgery and chemotherapy could improve the survival, one third of patients with localized osteosarcoma have recurrent or progressive metastases [2, 3]. Due to high malignant degree, metastasis rate and fatality rate, osteosarcoma is regarded as a difficulty in clinical treatment [4]. Thus, it is essential to discover novel pathogenic factors to help early diagnosis and improve prognosis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small no-ncoding RNAs with 22–28 nucleotides, could repress translation or promote target mRNAs degradation through binding to 3’-UTR at post-transcriptional [5, 6]. miRNAs could cause tumor differentiation, metastasis and other functions [7]. miR-486 acted as a tumor suppressor was downregulated in plenty of tumors, including cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma [8, 9, 10, 11]. In esophageal cancer, Lang and Zhao discovered that miR-486 acted as tumor suppressor and cell cycle, invasion and colony formation [9]. What’s more, miR-486 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle and tumor growth in breast cancer [12]. Similar findings were discovered by Ye that miR-486 could repress cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cervical cancer [13]. However, there were little studies explore the function of miR-486 on cell invasion and EMT in osteosarcoma.

Provirus integrating site Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) family were highly conserved serine/threonine kinases, which had three main members: PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3 [14, 15]. PIM1 could was upregulated and play important in tumor progression in many kinds of cancers, including triple negative breast cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and mesothelioma [16, 17, 18, 19]. Braso-Maristany et al. discovered that PIM1 regulated cell death, tumor growth and chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer [20]. Similar findings were expounded by Herzog et al. found that PIM1 was upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme and mediates tumor cell survival [21]. In addition, Pang and Tian, knockdown of PIM1 could inhibit cell growth and migration in lung cancer [22]. However, in osteosarcoma PIM1 was upregulated and reverse partial function of miR-486 [23]. Therefore, to investigate the role of miR-486 and PIM1 in osteosarcoma, we started this study.

2. Material and methods

2.1 Patients and clinical samples

A collection of osteosarcoma patients were obtained from Qingdao West Coast New Area Central Hospital with 51 osteosarcoma tissues and corresponding paracancerous tissues. All the patents had not been treated before surgery, and the fresh tissue samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and saved at $-$ 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C. All the procedures were got the informed consent from patients and approved by the Ethical Committee of the participating Qingdao West Coast New Area Central Hospital.

2.2 Cell lines and culture condition

Two osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63 and SaOS2) and human osteoblastic cell line NHOst were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Both osteosarcoma and osteoblastic cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) added in and incubated in a 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C incubator with 5% CO ${}_{2}$ .

2.3 RNA isolation and qRT-PCR

TRIzol reagent (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) and MIRcute and Separation of miRNAs Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) were applied to extract total RNA or miRNAs from samples and cells. Followed, miRNA cDNA Synthesis kit (Abm Canada Inc., Milton, ON, Canada) and RT Master Mix (Abm Canada) were employed to synthesize cDNA or miRNA. In addition, miR-486 or PIM1, which were normalized by U6 small RNA and $\beta$ -actin, was quantified by SYBR Prime Script miRNA RT-PCR Kit and SYBR Premix Kit (both purchased from Takara, Otsu, Japan). Relative expression of miR-486 and PIM1 were calculated used the 2 ${}^{-\Delta\Delta\text{Ct}}$ method.

2.4 Protein extraction and Western blotting

RIPA Lysis Buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) supplemented with phenlymethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was utilized to assess the protein level of tissues and cells. After quantified the concentration by BCA Reagent Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), the proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE through electrophoresis and then transferred onto 0.45 $\mu$ m PVDF membranes (Bod-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). After being blocked in 5% nonfat dried milk for 1 h, incubated the membranes with specific antibodies: mouse monoclonal PIM1 antibody (1:1000), rabbit monoclonal antibody against E-Cadherin (1:1000) and rabbit polyclonal antibody against N-Cadherin (1:1000) and $\beta$ -actin (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C overnight respectively. The membranes was then incubated with rabbit (1:5000) or mouse (1:4000) secondary antibodies which attached with HRP-conjugated. Visualized the protein bands in enhanced chemiluminescence system (Pierce Biotech, IL, USA).

Figure 1.

The correlation of miR-486 and PIM1 in osteosarcoma tissues. (A) and (B) miR-486 was low expressed while PIM1 was over expressed in osteosarcoma tissues versus corresponding paracancerous tissues. (C) miR-486 had negative connection with PIM1. (D) miR-486 was low expressed in osteosarcoma cells MG63 and SaOS2 versus osteoblastic cell NHOst.

2.5 Transwell assay

The invasive ability of osteosarcoma cells was evaluated by transwell assay. The transwell were put into 24-well plate, which appeared upper and lower chambers and the upper chamber covered with Matrigel (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA). Suspense the cells with medium without FBS and added 200 $\mu$ l cell suspension into the upper chamber, while 500 $\mu$ l medium containing 15% FBS were added into the lower chamber. After culture for 48 h, the cells still on the upper surface were wiped out with cotton swab. For the invasive cells, fix and followed stained by methanol and crystal violet respectively.

2.6 Transfection

For miRNA analysis, miR-486 mimic and inhibitor (GenePharma, Shanghai, China) were employed to overexpression or knockdown miR-486 in MG63 Cells. For PIM analysis, siRNA-PIM and pcDNA3.1-PIM as well as their negative control were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China) to knockdown or re-express PIM. MG63 cells were seeded into 6-well plate and cultured for overnight at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C. Before transfection, we replaced the medium of the destined cells. Followed, mixed 10 $\mu$ L specific vectors and 8 $\mu$ L Lipofectamin 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and added into each well of the 6-well plate. For the cell transfected with miR-486 mimic, inhibitor or siRNA-PIM, harvest the cells after trnsfected 48 h for other study. However, for the cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-PIM, we plant to construct a cell, which stably expressed PIM protein. Thus, after transfected for 24 h, screened the cells stably expressing PIM with medium containing Geneticin (G418, Solarbio, Beijing, China).

Figure 2.

miR-486 suppressed cell invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells. (A) We employed miR-486 mimic and inhibitor to over or knockdown miR-486. (B) The invasive ability was reduced after transfected with miR-486 mimic, while promoted when knockdown miR-486. (C) miR-486 overexpression inhibited osteosarcoma cell EMT, while knockdown promoted. (D) It shows the morphologic changes of MG63 cells after transfected with NC/miR-486 mimic/miR-486 inhibitor.

2.7 Plasmid construction and Luciferase reporter assay

TargetScan predicted that PIM1 was a target gene of miR-486 and the binding sequences were 5’-UCUGAG UGAAAUACUGUACAGGG-3’ on 3’-UTR. We mutated the binding sequences from GUACAGG to CAUGUCC and inserted the nucleotide fragments contain wide type and the mutant sequences into pmirGlo luciferase vector, which named pmirGlo-PIM1-WT (WT) and pmirGlo-PIM1-MUT (MUT) respectively. Whereafter, we co-transfected WT or MUT and miR-486 mimic into MG63 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The luciferase ability of firefly and Renilla were assayed used dual luciferase reporter assay system (Promega, Shanghai, China) after transfected 48 h, in which Renilla luciferase was the normalization for the firefly luciferase activity.

2.8 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16.0 software. The comparisons between two or multiple groups were analyzed by Student’s $t$ -test or one-way ANOVA. The correlation between miR-486 and PIM1 was analyzed utilized by spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier method were performed to analyze the connection between miR-486 and clinicopathological features and the survival respectively. $P<$ 0.05 was considered to be statistical significance.

3. Results

3.1 The correlation of miR-486 and PIM1 in osteosarcoma tissues

To analyze the relationship of miR-486 and PIM1 in osteosarcoma, we calculated the miR-486 and PIM1 level by qRT-PCR. As expected, miR-486 was low expressed ( $P<$ 0.0001) while PIM1 was over expressed ( $P<$ 0.0001) in osteosarcoma tissues versus corresponding paracancerous tissues (Fig. 1A and B). Therefore, the paired correlation of miR-486 and PIM1 levels were evaluated either, and we discovered that miR-486 had negative connection with PIM1 ( $P<$ 0.0001, $r=$ $-$ 0.5445) (Fig. 1C). On the other hand, the expression of miR-486 was explored in osteosarcoma and normal osteoblastic cells. Similar to the results in the tissues, miR-486 was low expressed in osteosarcoma cells MG63 ( $P=$ 0.0004) and SaOS2 ( $P=$ 0.0041) versus osteoblastic cell NHOst (Fig. 1D).

Figure 3.

PIM1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma cells and knockdown PIM1 inhibited cell invasion and EMT. (A) PIM1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma cells MG63 and SaOS2 versus osteoblastic cell NHOst. (B) siRNA-PIM1 was transfected into MG63 cells to knockdown PIM1. (C) The invasive ability was reduced after transfected siRNA-PIM1. (D) Knockdown PIM1 could inhibit osteosarcoma cell EMT.

3.2 miR-486 suppressed cell invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells

Transwell assay and western blot were performed to evaluate the migration, invasion and EMT abilities in osteosarcoma. We employed miR-486 mimic and inhibitor to over ( $P=$ 0.0003) or knockdown ( $P=$ 0.0044) miR-486, and the effect of transfection was shown in Fig. 2A. The invasive ability were reduced ( $P=$ 0.0010) after transfected with miR-486 mimic, while promoted ( $P=$ 0.0047) when knockdown miR-486 by miR-486 inhibitor (Fig. 2B). Meanwhile, western blot showed the epithelial marker E-cadherin was increased while mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was reduced when overexpressed miR-486, and opposite results were appeared when transfected with miR-486 inhibitor, which suggesting miR-486 could inhibit EMT of osteosarcoma cell (Fig. 2C). We checked morphologic changes with a microscope every other day, and we observed a gradual change from an epithelial to a mesenchymal morphology as shown in Fig. 2D. We observed the typical morphologic changes of EMT in MG63 cells.

3.3 PIM1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma cells and knockdown PIM1 inhibited cell invasion and EMT

The expression of PIM1 was also evaluated to be upregulated in osteosarcoma cells MG63 ( $P=$ 0.0003) and SaOS2 ( $P=$ 0.0014) versus osteoblastic cell NHOst (Fig. 3A). Thus, we utilized siRNA-PIM1 transfected into MG63 cells to knockdown PIM1, the knockout efficiency ( $P=$ 0.0044) was shown in Fig. 3B. Followed, invasive ability ( $P=$ 0.0077) was reduced after transfected siRNA-PIM1, revealed by transwell assays (Fig. 3C). On the other hand, epithelial marker E-cadherin was increased while mesenchymal markers N-cadherin decreased demonstrated by western blot (Fig. 3D). In short, our findings illuminated that knockdown PIM1 could inhibit osteosarcoma cell invasion and EMT.

Figure 4.

miR-486 binding to PIM1 and mediated its expression. (A) TargetScan predicted the binding sequences of miR-386 and PIM1, and mutant sequences of PIM1 3’-UTR. (B) The luciferase activity was reduced in cells with PIM1 3’-UTR wide type, while not in mutant cells. (C) PIM1 mRNA levels were evaluated in MG63 cells, after transfected with miR-486 mimic or miR-486 inhibitor.

Figure 5.

PIM1 could reverse partial roles of miR-486 on cell invasion. (A) PIM1 could re-expressed through overexpressed PIM1, which were inhibited by miR-486 mimic, both in mRNA and protein level. (B) The invasive ability, which suppressed by miR-486 was rescued by re-expressed PIM1 in MG63 cells.

Figure 6.

Identification of miR-486 and PIM1 associated with poor survival in osteosarcoma. (A) The OS in miR-486( $-$ ) group was lower than that in miR-486( $+$ ) group. (B) The OS was higher in PIM1 low expression group than in PIM1 over-expression group.

3.4 miR-486 binding to PIM1 and mediated its expression

TargetScan was utilized to predict the binding sequences between miR-486 and PIM1, and we discovered that miR-486 binding to PIM1 at 1264-1270 on 3’-UTR of mRNA, which were shown in Fig. 4A. Followed, binding sequences were mutated from GUAC AGG to CAUGUCC to certify miR-486 direct binding to PIM1 (Fig. 4A). Therewith, the wide type (WT) or mutant (MUT) sequences of PIM1 3’-UTR were both inserted into pmirGlo luciferase vector and then calculated the luciferase activity. As expected, the luciferase activity was reduced ( $P=$ 0.0027) in cells with PIM1 3’-UTR wide type, while not ( $P=$ 0.7465) in mutant cells (Fig. 4B). What’s more, PIM1 mRNA levels were evaluated in MG63 cells, after transfected with miR-486 mimic or miR-486 inhibitor. PIM1 mRNA level was decreased ( $P=$ 0.0025) when transfected with miR-486 mimic, while inhibition of miR-486 increased ( $P=$ 0.0016) the expression of PIM1 (Fig. 4C).

Table 1
miR-486 expression and clinicopathological features in 51 osteosarcoma

Clinicopathological	Cases	miR-486 expression		$P$ -value ${}^{*}$
features	( $n=$ 51)	High (%)	Low (%)
Gender
Male	25	13 (52.0)	12 (48.0)	0.331
Female	26	10 (38.5)	16 (61.5)
Age (years)
$\leqslant$ 18	21	12 (57.1)	8 (42.9)	0.086
$>$ 18	30	11 (36.7)	20 (63.3)
Tumor size (mm)
$\leqslant$ 5.0	23	14 (60.9)	9 (39.1)	0.040 ${}^{*}$
$>$ 5.0	28	9 (32.1)	19 (67.9)
TNM stage
I–II	22	14 (63.6)	8 (36.4)	0.020 ${}^{*}$
III–IV	29	9 (31.0)	20 (69.0)
Lymph-node metastasis
0–2	27	16 (59.3)	11 (40.7)	0.031 ${}^{*}$
$>$ 2	24	7 (29.2)	17 (70.8)
Metastasis
Absent	24	15 (62.5)	9 (37.5)	0.019 ${}^{*}$
Present	27	8 (29.6)	19 (70.4)
PIM1
Negative	22	14 (63.6)	8 (36.4)	0.020 ${}^{*}$
Positive	29	9 (31.0)	20 (69.0)

${}^{*}P$ values are calculated with Chi-square test.

3.5 PIM1 could reverse partial roles of miR-486 on cell invasion

We have evaluated PIM1 was downregulated by miR-486 before, and we next evaluated the roles of PIM1 in miR-486-mediated MG63 cells. Followed, we discovered that PIM1 could re-expressed ( $P=$ 0.0142) through overexpressed PIM1 both in mRNA and protein level (Fig. 5A). The invasive ability, which suppressed by miR-486 was rescued ( $P=$ 0.0011) by re-expressed PIM1 in MG63 cells (Fig. 5B), which demonstrated that PIM1 could reverse partial role of miR-486 on cell invasion.

3.6 Identification of miR-486 and PIM1 associated with poor survival in osteosarcoma

To identify the connection between miR-486 and the clinicopathological features in osteosarcoma, 51 patients were separated into high and low two groups based on miR-486 expression, gender, age, tumor size, TNM stage, lymph-node metastasis, metastasis and PIM1 respectively. Chi-square test demonstrated that low level of miR-486 had collection with tumor size ( $P=$ 0.040), TNM stage ( $P=$ 0.020), lymph-node metastasis ( $P=$ 0.031), metastasis ( $P=$ 0.019) and PIM1 ( $P=$ 0.020) (Table 1).

Kaplan-Meier analysis was applied to evaluate the 5-year overall survival (OS) depend on miR-486 and PIM1 expression. The OS in miR-486( $-$ ) group was lower (Log-rank $P=$ 0.0163) than that in miR-486( $+$ ) group (Fig. 6A). On contaray, the OS ( $P=$ 0.0095) was higher in PIM1 low expression group than in PIM1 over-expression group (Fig. 6B).

4. Discussion

Osteosarcoma was the most common primary malignant tumor of bone, which had recurrent or progressive metastases [1, 2, 3]. Thus, it is essential to discover novel pathogenic factors to help early diagnosis and improve prognosis. miRNAs could repress translation or promote target mRNAs degradation through binding to 3’-UTR at post-transcriptional [5, 6]. In esophageal cancer, Lang and Zhao discovered that miR-486 acted as tumor suppressor and cell cycle, invasion and colony formation [9]. Similar findings were discovered by Ye et al. that miR-486 could repress cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cervical cancer [13]. Consistent with all the findings, we discovered that miR-486 was downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. What’s more, miR-486 low expression could inhibit cell invasion and EMT in osteosarcoma, which consistent with the results of Zhang et al. [24]. Consistent with Zhang et al. that PIM1 was upregulated and was a target of miR-486 in breast cancer [12], we illuminated that miR-486 inhibited cell invasion and EMT through PIM1. In addition, we first proposed that miR-486 downregulation predicted poor prognosis.

PIM1 was a member of PIM family was highly conserved serine/threonine kinases [14, 15]. PIM1 regulated cell death, tumor growth and chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer [20]. Similar findings were expounded by Pang et al. knockdown of PIM1 could inhibit cell growth and migration in lung cancer [22]. Consistent with these findings, we explored that PIM1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma and had negative connection with miR-486. Knockdown PIM1 could suppress cell invasion an EMT in osteosarcoma. In addition, we also discovered that PIM1 overexpression predicted poor prognosis, which consistent with the findings of Herzog et al. that PIM1 was upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme and mediates tumor cell survival [21].

In conclusion, miR-486 was low expressed in osteosarcoma while PIM1 was overexpressed, and it had negative correlation between miR-486 and PIM1. miR-486 upregulation or PIM1 downregulation could inhibit osteosarcoma cell invasion and EMT. Meanwhile, miR-486 mediated the expression of PIM1 through binding to PIM1 mRNA 3’-UTR. PIM1 could reveal partial function of miR-486 on osteosarcoma invasion. In addition, miR-486 low expression or PIM1 overexpression predicted poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients.

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miR-486 inhibited osteosarcoma cells invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting PIM1

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

2.1 Patients and clinical samples

2.2 Cell lines and culture condition

2.3 RNA isolation and qRT-PCR

2.4 Protein extraction and Western blotting

2.6 Transfection

2.8 Statistical analysis

3. Results

3.1 The correlation of miR-486 and PIM1 in osteosarcoma tissues

3.3 PIM1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma cells and knockdown PIM1 inhibited cell invasion and EMT

Table 1 miR-486 expression and clinicopathological features in 51 osteosarcoma

3.6 Identification of miR-486 and PIM1 associated with poor survival in osteosarcoma

4. Discussion

References

Table 1
miR-486 expression and clinicopathological features in 51 osteosarcoma