Abstract
In this review, various methods of preparation of activated carbon from agricultural and commercial waste material are reviewed. In addition, we also discuss various activation treatments using a comparative approach. The data are organised in tabulated form for ease of comparative study. A review of numerous characterisation techniques is also provided. The effect of time and temperature, activation conditions, carbonisation conditions and impregnation ratios are explained and several physical and chemical activation treatments of raw materials and their impact on the micro- and mesoporous volumes and surface area are discussed. Lastly, a review of adsorption mechanisms of activated carbon (AC) is also provided.
Keywords
References
1.
Shannon M.A.
,
Bohn P.W.
,
Elimelech M.
, 2008 ) Nature , 452 , 301 –310 .
2.
Hesas R.H.
,
Daud W.M.A.W.
,
Sahu J.
and
Arami-Niya A.
(2013 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 100 , 1 –11 .
3.
Hejazifar M.
,
Azizian S.
,
Sarikhani H.
, 2011 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 92 , 258 –266 .
4.
Selchau T.
(1995 ) Activated carbon treatment of drinking water . In: Groundwater pollution , 7–8 March, Vingsted , Denmark .
5.
Li W.
,
Peng J.
,
Zhang L.
, 2009 ) Waste Manage. , 29 , 756 –760 .
6.
Çeçen F.
(2011 ) Integration of activated carbon adsorption and biological processes in wastewater treatment . In:
Çeçen F.
and
Aktaş Ö.
(eds), Activated carbon for water and wastewater treatment: Integration of adsorption and biological treatment , pp 43 –93 . John Wiley & Sons , Weinheim, Germany .
7.
Schultz J.R.
and
Keinath T.M.
(1984 ) J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 143 –151 .
8.
Lee T.
,
Zubir Z.A.
,
Jamil F.M.
, 2014 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 110 , 408 –418 .
9.
Tan I.
,
Ahmad A.
and
Hameed B.
(2008 ) Colloids Surf. A , 318 , 88 –96 .
10.
Adinata D.
,
Daud W.M.A.W.
and
Aroua M.K.
(2007 ) Bioresour. Technol. , 98 , 145 –149 .
11.
Chandra T.C.
,
Mirna M.
,
Sudaryanto Y.
and
Ismadji S.
(2007 ) Chem. Eng. J. , 127 , 121 –129 .
12.
Moreno-Piraján J.
and
Giraldo L.
(2010 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 87 , 188 –193 .
13.
Chen Y.
,
Zhu Y.
,
Wang Z.
, 2011 ) Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. , 163 , 39 –52 .
14.
Chang K.-L.
,
Chen C.-C.
,
Lin J.-H.
, 2014 ) New Carbon Mater. , 29 , 47 –54 .
15.
Kalyani P.
,
Anitha A.
and
Darchen A.
(2013 ) Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 38 , 10364 –10372 .
16.
Tsyntsarski B.
,
Stoycheva I.
,
Tsoncheva T.
, 2015 ) Fuel Process. Technol. , 137 , 139 –147 .
17.
Nethaji S.
,
Sivasamy A.
,
Thennarasu G.
and
Saravanan S.
(2010 ) J. Hazard. Mater. , 181 , 271 –280 .
18.
Gerçel Ö.
,
Özcan A.
,
Özcan A.S.
and
Gercel H.F.
(2007 ) Applied Surf. Sci. , 253 , 4843 –4852 .
19.
Yadav A.K.
,
Abbassi R.
,
Gupta A.
and
Dadashzadeh M.
(2013 ) Ecol. Eng. , 52 , 211 –218 .
20.
Njoku V.
and
Hameed B.
(2011 ) Chem. Eng. J. , 173 , 391 –399 .
21.
Pereira R.G.
,
Veloso C.M.
,
da Silva N.M.
, 2014 ) Fuel Process. Technol. , 126 , 476 –486 .
22.
Lee Y.-W.
,
Park J.-W.
,
Choung J.-H.
and
Choi D.-K.
(2002 ) Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 , 1086 –1092 .
23.
Tan I.
,
Ahmad A.
and
Hameed B.
(2008 ) Chem. Eng. J. , 137 , 462 –470 .
24.
Anirudhan T.
and
Sreekumari S.
(2011 ) J. Environ. Sci. , 23 , 1989 –1998 .
25.
Prahas D.
,
Kartika Y.
,
Indraswati N.
and
Ismadji S.
(2008 ) Chem. Eng. J. , 140 , 32 –42 .
26.
Mui E.L.
,
Cheung W.
,
Valix M.
and
McKay G.
(2010 ) Sep. Purif. Technol. , 74 , 213 –218 .
27.
Moreno-Piraján J.
and
Giraldo L.A.
(2012 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 90 , 42 –47 .
28.
Kante K.
,
Nieto-Delgado C.
,
Rangel-Mendez J.R.
and
Bandosz T.J.
(2012 ) J. Hazard. Mater. , 201 , 141 –147 .
29.
Oliveira L.C.
,
Pereira E.
,
Guimaraes I.R.
, 2009 ) J. Hazard. Mater. , 165 , 87 –94 .
30.
Mahapatra K.
,
Ramteke D.
and
Paliwal L.
(2012 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 95 , 79 –86 .
31.
Chiang H.-L.
,
Huang C.
and
Chiang P.
(2002 ) Chemosphere , 47 , 257 –265 .
32.
Puziy A.
,
Poddubnaya O.
,
Socha R.
, 2008 ) Carbon , 46 , 2113 –2123 .
33.
Li L.
,
Quinlivan P.A.
and
Knappe D.R.
(2002 ) Carbon , 40 , 2085 –2100 .
34.
Oh W.
and
Lim C.
(2006 ) J. Ceram. Process. Res. , 7 , 95 .
35.
Dias J.M.
,
Alvim-Ferraz M.C.
,
Almeida M.F.
, 2007 ) J. Environ. Manage. , 85 , 833 –846 .
36.
Gonzalez-Serrano E.
,
Cordero T.
,
Rodriguez-Mirasol J.
, 2004 ) Water Res. , 38 , 3043 –3050 .
37.
Wan Nik W.
,
Rahman M.
,
Yusof A.
, 2006 ) Production of activated carbon from palm oil shell waste and its adsorption characteristics . In: 1st International Conference on Natural Resources Engineering and Technology , 24–25 July, Putrajaya , Malaysia .
38.
Gañán J.
,
Turegano J.
,
Calama G.
, 2006 ) Fuel Process. Technol. , 87 , 117 –122 .
39.
Ammendola P.
,
Raganati F.
and
Chirone R.
(2015 ) Fuel Process. Technol. , 134 , 494 –501 .
40.
Shafeeyan M.S.
,
Daud W.M.A.W.
,
Houshmand A.
and
Shamiri A.
(2010 ) J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. , 89 , 143 –151 .
41.
Martinez M.
,
Moiraghi L.
,
Agnese M.
and
Guzman C.
(2003 ) J. Argent. Chem. Soc. , 91 , 103 –108 .
42.
Baseri J.R.
,
Palanisamy P.
and
Sivakumar P.
(2012 ) Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. , 3 , 377 –383 .
43.
Yahya M.A.
,
Al-Qodah Z.
and
Ngah C.Z.
(2015 ) Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. , 46 , 218 –235 .
44.
Köseoğlu E.
and
Akmil-Başar C.
(2015 ) Adv. Powder Technol. , 26 , 811 –818 .
45.
Gautam R.K.
,
Gautam P.K.
,
Banerjee S.
, 2015 ) J. Environ. Chem. Eng. , 3 , 79 –88 .
46.
Franz M.
,
Arafat H.A.
and
Pinto N.G.
(2000 ) Carbon , 38 , 1807 –1819 .
47.
Mattson J.A.
,
Mark H.B.
,
Malbin M.D.
, 1969 ) J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 31 , 116 –130 .
48.
Heibati B.
,
Rodriguez-Couto S.
,
Amrane A.
, 2014 ) J. Ind. Eng. Chem. , 20 , 2939 –2947 .
49.
Liu Q.-S.
,
Zheng T.
,
Wang P.
, 2010 ) Chem. Eng. J. , 157 , 348 –356 .
50.
Karagöz S.
,
Tay T.
,
Ucar S.
and
Erdem M.
(2008 ) Bioresource Technol. , 99 , 6214 –6222 .
51.
Basta A.
,
Fierro V.
,
Saied H.
and
Celzard A.
(2011 ) Biomass Bioenerg. , 35 , 1954 –1959 .
52.
Shim J.-W.
,
Park S.-J.
and
Ryu S.-K.
(2001 ) Carbon , 39 , 1635 –1642 .
53.
Vinke P.
,
Van der Eijk M.
,
Verbree M.
, 1994 ) Carbon , 32 , 675 –686 .
54.
Lozano-Castello D.
,
Lillo-Rodenas M.
,
Cazorla-Amoros D.
and
Linares-Solano A.
(2001 ) Carbon , 39 , 741 –749 .
55.
Cardoso B.
,
Mestre A.S.
,
Carvalho A.P.
and
Pires J.
(2008 ) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 47 , 5841 –5846 .
56.
Qian Q.
,
Machida M.
and
Tatsumoto H.
(2007 ) Bioresource Technol. , 98 , 353 –360 .
57.
Wang T.
,
Tan S.
and
Liang C.
(2009 ) Carbon , 47 , 1880 –1883 .
58.
Ganan-Gomez J.
,
Macias-Garcia A.
,
Diaz-Diez M.
, 2006 ) Appl. Surf. Sci. , 252 , 5976 –5979 .
59.
Deng H.
,
Li G.
,
Yang H.
, 2010 ) Chem. Eng. J. , 163 , 373 –381 .