Accumulative evidence suggests that resident γδ T cells in epithelia are biologically distinct from systemic γδ T cells in the circulation. Murine resident γδ T cells have innate immune characteristics and play an important role in tissue homeostasis after damages. In contrast, a unique subset of circulating γδ T cells in primates, like αβ T cells, can mount adaptive immune responses in infections. This article compares biological features between resident and circulating γδ T cells.
References
1.
BrennerM.B. (1986) Identification of a putative second T-cell receptor. Nature, 322(6075), 145–149.
2.
CardingS.R., & EganP.J. (2002) γδ T cells: functional plasticity and heterogeneity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2(5), 336–345.
3.
KoningF. (1987) Identification of a T3-associated γδ T cell receptor on Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal Cell lines. Science, 236(4803), 834–837.
4.
KuzielW.A. (1987) Regulation of T-cell receptor gamma-chain RNA expression in murine Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells. Nature, 328(6127), 263–266.
GoodmanT., & LefrancoisL. (1988) Expression of the gammadelta T-cell receptor on intestinal CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nature, 333(6176), 855–858.
7.
BonnevilleM. (1988) Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes are a distinct set of γδ T cells. Nature, 336(6198), 479–481.
8.
ItoharaS. (1990) Homing of a gamma delta thymocyte subset with homogeneous T-cell receptors to mucosal epithelia. Nature, 343(6260), 754–757.
9.
HavranW.L., & AllisonJ.P. (1990) Origin of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells of adult mice from fetal thymic precursors. Nature, 344(6261), 68–70.
10.
JamesonJ. (2002) A role for skin gammadelta T cells in wound repair. Science, 296(5568), 747–749.
11.
RochaB. (1994) Thymic and extrathymic origins of gut intraepithelial lymphocyte populations in mice. J. Exp. Med., 180(2), 681–686.
12.
MayrhoferG. (1980) Thymus-dependent and thymus-independent subpopulations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: a granular subpopulation of probable bone marrow origin and relationship to mucosal mast cells. Blood, 55(3), 532–535.
13.
PoussierP. (1992) Thymus-independent development and negative selection of T cells expressing T cell receptor alpha/beta in the intestinal epithelium: evidence for distinct circulation patterns of gut- and thymus-derived T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 176(1), 187–199.
14.
LefrancoisL, & OlsonS. (1997) Reconstitution of the extrathymic intestinal T cell compartment in the absence of irradiation. J. Immunol., 159(2), 538–541.
15.
GougeonM.L. (2000) Human gamma delta T lymphocytes in HIV disease: effector functions and control by natural killer cell receptors. Springer Semin Immunopathol22(3), 251–263.
16.
SpencerJ. (1989) Heterogeneity in intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations in fetal and postnatal human small intestine. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 9(2), 173–177.
17.
UllrichR. (1990) gamma delta T cells in the human intestine express surface markers of activation and are preferentially located in the epithelium. Cell Immunol., 128(2), 619–627.
18.
HalstensenT.S. (1989) Intraepithelial T cells of the TcR γ/δ+ CD8- and Vδ1/Jδ1+ phenotypes are increased in coeliac disease. Scand. J. Immunol., 30(6), 665–672.
19.
DeuschK. (1991) A major fraction of human intraepithelial lymphocytes simultaneously expresses the γ/δ T cell receptor, the CD8 accessory molecule and preferentially uses the Vδ1 gene segment. Eur. J. Immunol., 21(4), 1053–1059.
20.
De RosaS.C. (2001) Vδ1 and Vδ2 gammadelta T cells express distinct surface markers and might be developmentally distinct lineages. J. Leukoc. Biol., 70(4), 518–526.
21.
MoritaC.T. (2000) Antigen recognition by human γδ T cells: pattern recognition by the adaptive immune system. Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 22(3), 191–217.
22.
SpadaF.M. (2000) Self-recognition of CD1 by γ/δ T cells: implications for innate immunity. J. Exp. Med., 191(6), 937–948.
23.
PorcelliS.A. (1998) The CD1 family of lipid antigen-presenting molecules. Immunol. Today, 19(8), 362–368.
24.
GrohV. (1998) Recognition of stress-induced MHC molecules by intestinal epithelial gammadelta T cells. Science, 279(5357), 1737–1740.
25.
SpiesT. (2002) Induction of T cell alertness by bacterial colonization of intestinal epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99(5), 2584–2586.
26.
CrowleyM.P. (2000) A population of murine γδ T cells that recognize an inducible MHC class Ib molecule. Science, 287(5451), 314–316.
27.
TriebelF., & HercendT. (1989) Subpopulations of human peripheral T γδ lymphocytes. Immunol. Today, 10(6), 186–188.
28.
HaydayA. (2001) Intraepithelial lymphocytes: exploring the Third Way in immunology. Nat. Immunol., 2(11), 997–1003.
29.
KunzmannV. (1999) γ/δ T-cell stimulation by pamidronate. N. Engl. J. Med., 340(9), 737–738.
30.
BukowskiJ.F. (1999) Human γδ T cells recognize alkylamines derived from microbes, edible plants, and tea: implications for innate immunity. Immunity, 11(1), 57–65.
31.
BukowskiJ.F. (1995) Vγ2 δ2 TCR-dependent recognition of non-peptide antigens and Daudi cells analyzed by TCR gene transfer. J. Immunol., 154(3), 998–1006.
32.
RakaszE. (2000) γδ T cell receptor repertoire in blood and colonic mucosa of rhesus macaques. J. Med. Primatol., 29(6), 387–396.
33.
MacDougallA. (2001) Vγ2 TCR repertoire overlap in different anatomical compartments of healthy, unrelated rhesus macaques. J. Immunol., 166(4), 2296–2302.
34.
ShenY. (2002) Adaptive immune response of Vδ2Vδ2+ T cells during mycobacterial infections. Science, 295(5563), 2255–2258.
35.
LepageA.C. (1998) Gut-derived intraepithelial lymphocytes induce long term immunity against Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol., 161(9), 4902–4908.
36.
HavranW.L. (1991) Recognition of self antigens by skin-derived T cells with invariant γδ antigen receptors. Science, 252(5011), 1430–1432.
37.
BoismenuR., & HavranW.L. (1994) Modulation of epithelial cell growth by intraepithelial γδ T cells. Science, 266(5188), 1253–1255.
38.
SmithA.L., & HaydayA.C. (2000) An αβ T-cell-independent immunoprotective response towards gut coccidia is supported by gammadelta cells. Immunology, 101(3), 325–332.
39.
ShiresJ. (2001) Biological insights into TCRγδ+ and TCRαβ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes provided by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Immunity, 15(3), 419–434.
40.
FahrerA.M. (2001) Attributes of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes as suggested by their transcriptional profile. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98(18), 10261–10266.
41.
WangL. (2001) Antibacterial effect of human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in vivo. J. Clin. Invest., 108(9), 1349–1357.
42.
GlatzelA. (2002) Patterns of chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood γδ T lymphocytes: strong expression of CCR5 is a selective feature of Vδ2/Vγ9 γδ T cells. J. Immunol., 168(10), 4920–4929.
43.
CiprianiB. (2000) Activation of C-C β-chemokines in human peripheral blood γδ T cells by isopentenyl pyrophosphate and regulation by cytokines. Blood, 95(1), 39–47.
44.
RothS.J. (1998) Transendothelial chemotaxis of human α/β and γ/δ T lymphocytes to chemokines. Eur. J. Immunol., 28(1), 104–113.
45.
PoggiA. (1999) IL-12-mediated NKRP1A up-regulation and consequent enhancement of endothelial transmigration of Vδ2+ TCR γδ+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors and multiple sclerosis patients. J. Immunol., 162(7), 4349–4354.
46.
PoggiA. (2002) Transendothelial migratory pathways of Vδ1+TCR γδ+and Vδ2+TCR γδ+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors and multiple sclerosis patients: involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase II. J. Immunol., 168(12), 6071–6077.
47.
HayesS.M., & LoveP.E. (2002) Distinct structure and signaling potential of the γδ TCR complex. Immunity, 16(6), 827–838.
48.
FerrickD.A. (2000) Intraepithelial γδ T lymphocytes: sentinel cells at mucosal barriers. Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 22(3), 283–296.
49.
De LiberoG. (2000) Tissue distribution, antigen specificity and effector functions of gamma δ T cells in human diseases. Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 22(3), 219–238.
50.
GrohV. (1999) Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived γδ T cells of MICA and MICB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96(12), 6879–6884.
51.
FerreroE. (1998) Tumor-driven matrix invasion by infiltrating lymphocytes: involvement of the α1 integrin I-domain. Eur. J. Immunol., 28(8), 2530–2536.
52.
FerrariniM. (2002) Human γδ T cells: a nonredundant system in the immune-surveillance against cancer. Trends Immunol., 23(1), 14–18.
53.
PenningerJ.M. (1995) Spontaneous resistance to acute T-cell leukaemias in TCRVγ1.1Jγ4Cγ4 transgenic mice. Nature, 375(6528), 241–244.
54.
RamanathanS. (2002) Evidence for the extrathymic origin of intestinal TCRγδ(+) T cells in normal rats and for an impairment of this differentiation pathway in BB rats. J. Immunol., 168(5), 2182–2187.
55.
DasH., GrohC., KuijlC., SugitaM., MoritaC.T., SpiesT., and BukowskiJ.F. (2001) MICA engagement by human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells enhances their antigen-dependent effector function. Immunity, 15, 83.
