An optimization tool is proposed to determine the optimal operation schedule for distributed combined heat and power plants which participate in electricity spot markets. It was tested and analysed using realistic data for heat and electricity demands and their corresponding prices. The results show substantial cost savings compared with the benchmarked alternatives.
RolfsmanB.Combined heat-and-power plants and district heating in a deregulated electricity market. Appl. Energy200478(1)37–52.
2.
EEX European Energy Exchange. EEX Spot Market Concept2005 (EEX European Energy ExchangeLeipzig).
3.
MadlenerR.KaufmannM.Power exchange auctioning systems: theoretical considerations and empirical evidence2002, available from www.oscogen.ethz.ch/reports.
4.
WuD. W.WangR. Z.Combined cooling, heating and power: A Review. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.200632(5–6)459–495.
5.
OnovwionaH. I.UgursalV. I.Residential cogeneration systems: Review of the current technology. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.200610(5)389–431.
6.
LundH.AndersenA. N.Optimal designs of small CHP plants in a market with fluctuating electricity prices. Energy Convers. Manage.200546(6)893–904.
7.
LazaroE. C.MillanA. R.PeralP. R.Analysis of cogeneration in the present energy framework. Fuel Process. Technol.200687(2)163–168.
PilavachiP. A.Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power. Appl. Thermal Eng.200020(15–16)1421–1429.
10.
PilavachiP. A.Mini and micro gas turbines for combined heat and power. Appl. Therm. Eng.200222(18)2003–2014.
11.
SiddiquiF.GhoshS.EdwardsM.Distributed energy resources with combined heat and power applications. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Environmental Energy Technologies Division2003.
12.
SiddiquiC. M.FirestoneR. M.ZhouN.Distributed generation with heat recovery and storage. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2005.
13.
LundH.Flexible energy systems: Integration of electricity production from CHP and fluctuating renewable energy, available from www.EnergyPlan.eu.
14.
AndersenA. N.LundH.New CHP partnership offering balancing of fluctuating renewable electricity productions. J. Clean. Prod.200715(3)288–293.
15.
NewboroughM.Assessing the benefits of implementing micro-CHP systems in the UK. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part A: J. Power and Energy2004218(4)203–218.
16.
DotzauerE.HolmstroemK.Optimal scheduling of cogeneration plants. In International Symposium on Mathematical Programming, Lausanne1997.
17.
Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market2004, available from http://www.managenergy.net/products/R81.htm.