This work presents the technologies more widely used to improve the machinability of metal materials, mainly focusing on the free-machining steels. A wide literature and patent review are included with the purpose of presenting the state of the art on free-machining steels.
BasJ.Aços especiais de usinabilidade melhorada (‘Special steels with improved machinability’, in Portuguese). In Proceedings of Usinagem 2000, Feira e Congresso (Machining 2000, fair and congress), São Paulo, Brazil2000, CD-ROM (Aranda Editora).
2.
MachadoA. R.Da SilvaM. B.Usinagem dos metais (‘Metal cutting’, in Portuguese), 7th edition2000, p. 257 (Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia).
3.
BertrandC.Del SolarM.Can we survive without leaded steels? In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Behaviour of materials in machining: opportunities and prospects for improved operations, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, 12-13 November 1998, pp. 123–132 (IOM Communications Ltd).
WiseM. L. H.MilovicR.Ranges of application of free-cutting steels and recommended tool materials. Mater. Sci. Technol.19884 (October)933–943.
8.
FerrariA. V. F.A evolução dos tornos automáticos: do came ao CNC (‘Evolution of automatic lathe: from cams to CNC’, in Portuguese), Teaching material produced under the sponsorship of Ergomat Ind. e Com. Ltda sponsorship, 24 pp. Available from http://www.ergomat.com.br/maquina_frameset.htm (accessed 28/09/05).
9.
AbornR. H.The role of metallurgy, particularly bismuth, selenium and tellurium in the machinability of steels1968, pp. 1–31 (American Smelting and Refining Company).
10.
AbornR. H.Role of additives in the machinability of steel. In Proceedings of First Conference on the Influence of metallurgy on machinability of steel iron and steel, 26-28 September 1977, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 381–395.
11.
BellotJ.Aciers pour construction mecanique - Problemes de mise em forme par usinage.Centre d'etudes supériures de la sidérurgie française (CESSID), May 1978.
12.
Evangelista LuizN.Comparação entre o ensaio de usinabilidade de curta duração eoensaio de longa duração (Comparison between short and long term machinability tests, in Portuguese). MSc. Thesis Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Engenharia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de MateriaisBrazil2001, p. 104.
13.
BarretosM. S.BasJ.CappucioG. V.EvangelistaN.Aço de corte livre com inclusões metálicas: uma tecnologia CORFAC (‘Free-machining with metallic incluisons: a CORFAC technology’, in Portuguese). In Proceedings of 54th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Metallurgy and Materials (ABM), São Paulo, Brazil, CD-ROMSP, 25-29 July 1999 155–166.
14.
PrayH.PeoplesH.FinkF. W.Addition of bismuth for producing free-machining stainless steel. Proc. ASTM194141646–655, Also US Pat. 2,273,731 (filed 17 Feburary, 1941).
YaguchiH.Effect of soft additives (Bi, Pb) on formation of built-up-edge. Bull. Bismuth Inst.1990591–7.
17.
PalmerF. R. US Pat 1,846,140; 2,009,713; 2,009,714; 2,009,715; and 2,009,716 (filed 1932-1935).
18.
BarretosM.MachadoS.EvangelistaN.BasJ.Influência das inclusões nas propriedades dos aços de construção mecânica de usinabilidade melhorada (‘Influence of inclusions on structural steels with improved machinability’, in Portuguese). In Proceedings of 55th Annual Meeting of The Brazilian Society of Metallurgy and Materials (ABM), São Paulo, Brazil, 2000, CD-ROM, pp. 2133–2143.
19.
SataT.MurataR.AkasawaT.Review of recent research and development on machinability of steel in Japan. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Influence of metallurgy on machinability of steel, Tokyo, Japan, 26-28 September 1977, pp. 357–379.
20.
FernandesM.CheungN.GarciaA.Investigation of nonmetallic inclusions in continuously cast carbon steel by dissolution of the ferritic matrix. Mater. Characterization200248225–261.
21.
SubramanianS. V.GekondeH. O.ZhangX.GaoJ.Design of steels for high speed machining. Iron-making and Steelmaking199926(5)333–338.
22.
HolappaL. E. K.HelleA. S.Inclusion control in high-performance steels. J. Mater. Processing Technol.199553177–186.
23.
MoraisW. A.Apostila do curso Metalurgia Física e Mecânica Aplicada (Physical metallurgy and applied mechanics, in Portuguese), da Associação Brasileira de Metalurgia e Materiais (ABM), versão2006.
24.
OikawaK.AbeT.SumiS.Medium-carbon steel having dispersed fine graphite structure and method for the manufacture thereof. US Pat. 6,174,384 (filed 16 January 2001).
25.
YokokawaT.KanazawaS.OtoguroY.Free-cutting graphitic steel. US Pat. 4,061,494 (filed 6 December 1977).
26.
KatayamaS.TodaM.Machinability of medium carbon graphitic steel. J. Mater. Processing Technol.62358–362.
27.
YamaguchiY.ShimohataT.KitaS.Grain refined free-machining steel. US Pat. 4,042,380 (filed 16 August 1977).
28.
KatoT.AbeyamaS.KimuraA.Free cutting steel containing sulfide inclusion particles with controlled aspect, size and distribution. US Pat. 4,279,646 (filed 21 July 1981).
29.
LeskovarP.GrumJ.The metallurgical aspects of machining. CIRP Reports and News, Ann. CIRP198635(2)537–550.
30.
BakerT. J.CharlesJ. A.Morphology of manganese sulphide in steel. J. Iron Steel Inst.1972, September702–706.
31.
AppleC. A.The relationship between inclusions and the machinability of steel. In Proceedings of the 31st Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference, Iron and Steel Society, USA1989, pp. 415–429.
32.
PieletH. M.FrankL. A.EdgarW.AlavanjaM.Controlling dissolved oxygen content in molten steel. US Pat. 4,746,361 (filed 24 May 1988).
33.
PieletH. M.FrankL. A.EdgarW.AlavanjaM.Steel product with globular manganese sulfide inclusions. US Pat. 4,881,990 (filed 21 November 1989).
34.
RoperJr.StrattanJ. K.Process for making resulfurized machinable steel. US Pat. 4,373,967 (filed 15 February 1983).
35.
ThivellierD.SeraphinL.TricotR.Free machining steel. US Pat. 4,004,922 (filed 25 January).
36.
RehB.VoigtW.FingerU.SchultzW.Entwicklung eines Mikrolegierten Automatenstahl. Neue Hütte Heft197912451–454.
37.
RehB.VoigtW.FingerU.SchultzW.Neuere Erkentnisse bei der Entwicklung von Hochlestungsauto-matenstahls. Neue Hütte Heft19824121–124.
38.
KlujszoL. A. C.SoaresR. B.Novos desenvolvimentos de aços de usinabilidade melhorada (‘New developments of steels with improved machinability’, in Portuguese). In Proceedings of USINAGEM 2004, Fair and Congress, São Paulo, Brazil, 27-29 October 2004, CD-ROM (Aranda Editora).
39.
KlujszoL. A. C.SoaresR. B.Elementos que melhoram a usinabilidade dos aços (‘Elements that improve machinability of steels’, in Portuguese). Revista Máquinas e Metais2005XLI (471)76–99.
40.
HolowatyM. O.Low-sulfur lead-free alloy. US Pats. 4,786,466 and 4,865,805 (filed 12 September 1989).
41.
AUTM Licensing Survey ASurvey Summary of Technology Licensing (and Related) Performance for U.S. and Canadian Academic and Non-profit Institutions, and Patent Management Firms, AUTM Licensing Survey, FY1999. Available from http://www.autm.net/events/File/Surveys/99AUTMLicSurveyPublic.pdf, accessed 23 September 2005.
42.
DeArdoA. J.GarciaC. I.Tin-bearing free-machining steel. US Pat. 5,961,747 (filed 5 October 1999).
43.
DeArdoA. J.GarciaC. I.Free-machining steels containing tin, antimony and/or arsenic. US Pat. 6,200,395 (filed 13 March 2001).
44.
DeArdoA. J.Lecture V: New machinability-enhanced bar and rod steels. University of Pittsburgh2002, (unpublished).
45.
HayaishiM.KurebayashiY.Free-cutting steel. US Pat. 6,649,125 (filed 18 November 2003).
46.
YaguchiH.Free machining steel for use in machine structure of excellent mechanical characteristics. US Patent 6,579,385 (filed 17 June 2003).
47.
FukuzumiT.WatanabeM.YoshimuraT.Sulfur-containing free-cutting steel. US Pat. 6,737,019 (filed 18 May 2004).
48.
HiroshiY.KoichiS.TomokoS.GoroA.KatsuhikoO.Low carbon composite free-cutting steel product excellent in roughness of finished surface and method for production thereof. Euro. Pat. 1690956 (filed 2005).
49.
MatsuiN.Low-carbon free cutting steel. Euro. Pat. Applic. EP 1.507.016.A12005.
50.
HayaishiM.Steel for machining structural use excellent in friability of chips. European Patent 1553201A1 (filed 2005).
51.
FukuzumiT.Sulfur-containing free-cutting steel for machine structural use. US Pat. 7,014,812 (filed 2006).