Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) constitutes an aggressive subset of esophageal cancers that portends a poor prognosis. Management of ESCC has been historically challenging due to the limited effective therapeutic options. Broadening our understanding of the molecular landscape and identifying reliable biomarkers are essential in early detection, monitoring disease response and advancing treatment strategies. Recently, immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have changed the treatment algorithm of ESCC. In this review, we explore the molecular landscape and biomarkers that can aid in the management of ESCC and discuss the role of immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ESCC.
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