Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Introduction:

Contemporary estimates of the impact of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on stroke outcomes are important for care planning and resource allocation. This retrospective cohort study compared the incidence of stroke and subsequent clinical and economic outcomes following stroke among people with and without T2D.

Patients and methods:

Data were extracted from a subset of the French Système National des Données de Santé database. Stroke incidence as well as post-stroke clinical outcomes, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), use of stroke preventative treatments, and costs were compared among people with and without T2D.

Results:

The study included 10,906 patients hospitalized for stroke including 2141 (19.6%) people with T2D. Age-standardized stroke incidence rates were 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1; 3.6) per 1000 person-years and 2.2 (2.1; 2.3) in people with and without T2D, respectively. Patients with T2D had significantly higher risk of stroke recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01; 1.30) and mortality (HR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08; 1.25) than patients without T2D. The proportion of patients with T2D treated with statins decreased from 27.3% pre-stroke to 20.6% post-stroke but remained relatively stable among patients without T2D (from 13.4% to 13.1%). The mean healthcare costs in the 12 months following stroke were higher among patients with T2D than those without (€22,635 vs €18,629).

Discussion and Conclusion:

The incidence and clinical and economic burden of stroke is considerably higher among people with T2D. Further efforts are needed to reduce this disparity.

Graphical Abstract

This is a visual representation of the abstract.

Keywords

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease cardiovascular disease cerebrovascular disease real-world study SNDS stroke type 2 diabetes

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an independent risk factor for stroke, with people with T2D having an estimated two-fold increased risk of stroke as compared to the general population.¹ Modifiable risk factors for stroke including obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia are prevalent in people with T2D, thereby increasing stroke risk further in T2D populations. Health outcomes, including mortality, stroke recurrence, and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) events following stroke are also worse among people with T2D.^2,3 Less is known about the impact of T2D on post-stroke healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs.

Clinical guidelines recommend aggressive management of modifiable risk factors through lifestyle modification strategies and prescription of pharmacological interventions, such as statins.^2,3 This has yet to lead to reductions in the prevalence of diabetes in stroke populations.⁴ With the advent of newer glucose-lowering agents such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) with established CVD effects, the disparity in stroke incidence and adverse outcomes in people with and without T2D may be lessened.

Generating contemporary, benchmarking data relating to the impact of T2D on clinical and economic outcomes is important for informing stroke care planning, resource allocation and to address key evidence gaps. Using data from a nationally-representative administrative data source, this study compared the incidence of stroke and the incidence of clinical and economic outcomes following stroke among people with and without T2D.

Patients and methods

In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from a representative sample of the French national health database, the Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS). The SNDS collates health data from reimbursement claims and benefit data and so includes information on outpatient visits, hospitalizations and prescriptions. The representative sample, also known as the Echantillon Général des Bénéficiaires (EGB), includes data for 700,000 people.

The study population included adults (age ⩾ 18 years) who had an incident stroke requiring hospitalization between 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018. Incident stroke events were identified using a previously described algorithm based upon hospitalizations with international classification of disease, version 10 (ICD-10) diagnostic codes for stroke (I60-I64, G45-G46).⁵ Patients with any prior history of stroke were excluded. Index date was date of incident stroke hospitalization. Patients were followed from index date until the earliest of 31 December 2019 or date of death.

Patients were grouped according to T2D status at index date, ascertained using an algorithm which defined T2D people as those people with an ICD-10 diagnosis record of E11 in the long-term disease database or from a hospital discharge diagnosis, or using at least three records for reimbursements of oral antidiabetics or insulin prior to or at incident stroke hospitalization. Patients diagnosed with T2D following stroke were included in the without T2D patient group in the primary analyses. To account for the possibility that some of these patients were undiagnosed T2D patients at date of incident stroke and therefore at greater risk of adverse outcomes, sensitivity analyses were conducted whereby patients diagnosed with T2D in the 30 days following stroke were re-categorized as T2D patients.

Data on patient characteristics including age, sex and clinical characteristics were extracted. Comorbidities including previous history of CVD were assessed in the 24 months prior to index date to avoid misclassification, while use of stroke preventative treatments was assessed in the 12 months prior to index date to reflect treatments at time of incident stroke more accurately.

The clinical outcomes assessed during follow-up included stroke recurrence, hospitalizations for CVD, and all-cause mortality. Due to difficulties in distinguishing unique stroke events occurring in short time-frames, stroke recurrence was assessed from 21-days post stroke hospitalization discharge date until date of stroke recurrence, death, or end of follow-up. CVD hospitalizations from index date were defined as a hospitalization with an ICD-10 diagnosis code for coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, cerebrovascular disease (including stroke), peripheral arterial disease, heart failure or aortic disease, or thromboembolic disease. Treatment with stroke preventative treatments, defined as at least 1 reimbursement for a medication of interest in the 3- and 12 months following stroke was described among patients who were discharged alive from the index stroke hospitalization. The following HCRU was described: index stroke hospitalization length of stay, subsequent hospitalizations (day and overnight stay cases/overnight stays only/intensive care unit stays), outpatient physician visits according to specialty, physical rehabilitation therapy visits. Total annual healthcare costs were estimated for the 12 months post-stroke and full follow-up periods, including index date. Total annual healthcare costs included hospitalization, treatments, external consultations, and outpatient costs per patient and were estimated in Euros.

Crude incidence of stroke per 1000 person-years with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) was estimated among people with and without T2D. Directly age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using the French population as the reference population.

Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the impact of T2D on risk of clinical outcomes. To account for differences in the underlying CVD risk profiles of patients with and without T2DM, the Cox proportional Hazards models were adjusted for age, sex, baseline comorbidities (including previous CVD), and baseline CVD preventative treatments (e.g. statins). Death was treated as a competing risk for all non-mortality outcomes. In sensitivity analyses, patients diagnosed with T2D during follow-up were censored.

Results

The study cohort comprised of 10,906 patients hospitalized for incident stroke, including 2141 patients with T2D. Compared to stroke patients without T2D, patients with T2D were older (75.0 vs 71.5 years, p-value < 0.0001) and were more likely to be male (54.5% vs 47.4%, p-value < 0.0001; Table 1). There were statistically significant differences in history of cardiovascular disease and vascular risk factors in patients with T2D compared with patients without T2D. Specifically, patients with T2D were more likely to have a history of coronary artery disease (15.6% vs 7.1%, p-value < 0.0001), cardiac arrhythmia (20.0% vs 15.0, <0.0001), chronic heart failure (6.1% vs 12.2%, p-value < 0.0001), chronic kidney disease (3.7% vs 10.3%, p-value < 0.0001), hypertension (56.7% vs 82.9%, <0.0001) and dyslipidemia (32.1% vs 63.1%, p-value < 0.0001).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics among stroke patients in France according to T2D status.

Characteristics	Without T2D	With T2D	p-Values
N (%)	8765 (80.4%)	2141 (19.6%)
Stroke type, N (%)			0.001
Ischemic	6208 (70.8)	1556 (72.7)
Hemorrhagic	1656 (18.9)	333 (15.6)
Both ischemic/hemorrhagic	209 (2.4)	65 (3.0)
Unspecified	692 (7.9)	187 (8.7)
Mean (SD) age at stroke, years	71.51 (16.73)	75.0 (11.81)	<0.0001
Sex, N (%)
Male	4150 (47.4)	1166 (54.5)	<0.0001
Female	4615 (52.7)	975 (45.5)
Comorbidities, N (%)
Coronary artery disease	622 (7.1)	333 (15.6)	<0.0001
Carotid artery disease	69 (0.8)	48 (2.2)	<0.0001
Cerebrovascular disease^a	857 (9.8)	219 (10.2)	0.53
Cardiac arrhythmia	1316 (15.0)	428 (20.0)	<0.0001
Peripheral arterial disease	231 (2.6)	204 (9.5)	<0.0001
Heart failure	528 (6.0)	260 (12.1)	<0.0001
Myocardial infarction	119 (1.36)	54 (2.5)	<0.0001
Aortic disease	134 (1.5)	38 (1.8)	0.41
Chronic heart failure	532 (6.1)	262 (12.2)	<0.0001
Chronic kidney disease	321 (3.7)	221 (10.3)	<0.0001
Dementia	522 (6.0)	137 (6.4)	0.44
Dyslipidemia	2810 (32.1)	1351 (63.1)	<0.0001
Hypertension	4966 (56.7)	1774 (82.9)	<0.0001
Moderate or severe liver disease	140 (1.6)	71 (3.3)	<0.0001
Obesity	260 (3.0)	253 (11.8)	<0.0001
Stroke preventative treatments, N (%)
Antiplatelets	2244 (25.6)	997 (46.6)	<0.0001
Anticoagulants	1259 (14.4)	437 (20.4)	<0.0001
Statins	1158 (13.2)	582 (27.2)	<0.0001
Antihypertensives	4268 (48.7)	1596 (74.5)	<0.0001
Diabetes treatments, N (%)
Biguanides (metformin)	-	1873 (87.5)	N/A
Sulfonylureas	-	1135 (53.0)
Thiazolidinediones	-	733 (34.2)
DPP-4 inhibitors	-	15 (0.7)
SGLT2 inhibitors	-	97 (4.5)
GLP-1 RAs	-	283 (13.2)
Insulin	-	362 (16.9)

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1 Ras: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SD: standard deviation; SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; T2D: type 2 diabetes.

Excludes stroke.

More patients with T2D received antiplatelets (46.6% vs 25.6%, p-value < 0.0001), statins (27.2% vs 13.2%, p-value < 0.0001) and anti-hypertensives (74.5% vs 48.7%, p-value < 0.0001) pre-stroke than patients without T2D. Use of stroke preventative treatments was highest among patients with previous CVD in both patients with and without T2D compared with patients with no previous CVD (Supplemental Table S1).

The overall crude stroke incidence rate (95% CI) was 2.5 (2.4; 2.5) per 1000 person-years, while the age-standardized incidence rates were 3.3 (3.1; 3.6) and 2.2 (2.1; 2.3) per 1000 person-years in people with and without T2D, respectively.

During a median (interquartile range, IQR) follow-up of 2.7 (1.0; 4.8) years, 14.2% of patients had a stroke recurrence and the risk of recurrence was significantly higher among T2D patients compared to those without T2D (adjusted HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01; 1.30; Supplemental Table S2, Figure 1). The risk of any CVD outcome was significantly higher among patients with T2D than patients without T2D (adjusted HR: 1.19 [1.11; 1.28]). Patients with T2D had a significantly increased risk of all individual CVD outcomes, excluding aortic disease and cardiac arrhythmia disease compared with patients without T2D (Figure 1). Mortality risk was markedly higher among patients with T2D compared to patients without (adjusted HR: 1.16, 1.08; 1.25; Figure 1). Findings were similar after including patients diagnosed with T2D in the 30 days following stroke in the T2D group (n = 29) and on censoring at T2D diagnosis post-stroke (Supplemental Table S3).

Figure 1.

Adjusted hazard ratios for clinical outcomes in patients with T2D compared to patients without T2D.

A greater proportion of patients who were discharged alive from incident stroke hospitalization (N = 9471, including 1800 T2D) were prescribed stroke preventative treatments in the 12 months following stroke than in the 12 months pre-stroke (Figure 2). However, the use of statins and antihypertensives declined in patients with T2D (statins: 27.3% to 20.6%, anti-hypertensives 74.8% vs 67.5%) but not among patients without T2D. Similar patterns were observed when the use of stroke preventative treatments in the 12 months pre-stroke was compared to their use 3-months post-stroke (Supplemental Figure S1).

Figure 2.

Stroke preventative treatments pre and 12 months post stroke according to T2D status.

Incidence rates of subsequent hospitalizations were almost two-times higher among patients with T2D than patients without T2D (2.51 vs 1.32 per person-year; Table 2).

Table 2.

HCRU and costs among stroke patients according to T2D status.

n (%) unless specified	Without T2D	T2D	p-Values
Hospitalizations
Subsequent overall hospitalizations (day and overnight stays)	5796 (66.1%)	1456 (68.0%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	1.32 (1.31; 1.33)	2.25 (2.21; 2.30)	<0.0001
Subsequent overnight hospitalization	4990 (56.9%)	1350 (63.1%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	0.63 (0.62; 0.64)	1.02 (1.02; 1.02)	<0.0001
Subsequent stay in ICU	937 (10.7%)	268 (12.2%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	0.05 (0.05; 0.05)	0.07 (0.07; 0.08)	<0.0001
Outpatient visits
Any	7328 (83.6%)	1736 (81.1%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	7.63 (7.55; 7.72)	9.31 (9.08; 9.53)	<0.0001
General practitioner visits	6127 (69.9%)	1462 (68.29%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	4.2 (4.1; 4.2)	5.1 (5.0; 5.2)	<0.0001
Neurologist visits	2520 (29.0%)	513 (24.0%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	0.23 (0.22; 0.23)	0.19 (0.18; 0.20)	<0.0001
Rehabilitation	4327 (49.4%)	1154 (53.9%)
Rate per 1,000py (95% CI)	9.79 (9.68; 9.90)	12.45 (12.14; 12.76)	<0.0001
Healthcare costs, euros
Total costs (12 months post-stroke)
Mean (SD)	18,629 (24,180)	22,635 (25,154)	<0.0001
Median (IQR)	10,980 (5760; 21,775)	14,672 (8189; 26,932)
Total annual costs
Mean (SD)	14,265 (19,583)	18,660 (21,115)	<0.0001
Median (IQR)	8208 (3995; 16,659)	12,279 (6819; 22,303)
Annual hospital admission costs^a
Mean (SD)	7833 (13,247)	9731 (13,038)	<0.0001
Median (IQR)	3887 (1505; 8719)	5701 (2662; 11,360)
Yearly cost of external consultation
Mean (SD)	401 (753)	433 (722)	p < 0.0655
Median (IQR)	149 (0; 473)	179 (0; 541)
Yearly cost of outpatient consumption
Mean (SD)	6031 (9954)	8496 (11,713)	<0.0001
Median (IQR)	2629 (830; 6786)	4811 (1510; 11,272)

CI: confidence interval; HCRU: healthcare resource utilization; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; T2D: type 2 diabetes.

Includes index admission.

The mean length of stay of subsequent hospitalizations was longer in patients with T2D than in patients without T2D (4.94 (6.64) vs 4.19 (7.2) days, p-value < 0.0001). The rate of neurologist visits following stroke was higher among patients without T2D than patients with T2D (0.22 vs 0.19 per person year, p-value < 0.0001). The mean (SD) total healthcare costs in the 12 months following stroke were €22,635 (25,154) in patients with T2D and €18,629 (24,180) in patients without T2D (p-value < 0.0001). The mean total yearly healthcare costs were €18,660 (21,115) in patients with T2D and €14,265 (19,583) in patients without T2D (p-value < 0.0001).

Discussion

Key findings

In this large cohort study, people with T2D had elevated prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and history of CVD in patients with T2D compared to patients without T2D. Even after adjusting for these differences, patients with T2D had higher risk of stroke and adverse stroke outcomes compared to people without T2D. As a result, the HCRU and economic implications of T2D following stroke are substantial, with hospitalizations, outpatient visits and total yearly costs higher among T2D patients than patients without T2D.

Despite the excess risk of stroke in the T2D population, the use of stroke preventative therapies, such as statins, was low pre and post-stroke highlighting the need to reinforce preventative strategies in this population.

Relation to other studies

That T2D confers an excess risk of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke, has been well established in population-based studies.⁶ There are fewer data relating to the impact of T2D on stroke outcomes. Most previous studies have documented an excess risk of adverse outcomes, including stroke recurrence, long-term mortality, and CVD outcomes in patients with T2D following stroke.^7–12

Our findings align closely with those from the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke, a US-based study which used a registry of over 1 million stroke patients from 2003 to 2011.⁸ In that study, T2D conferred a 24% excess risk of mortality, as compared to 16% in the present study. Similarly, patients with T2D had a 17% excess risk of stroke readmission compared to patients without T2D, while the excess risk was 14% in the present study. In an Australia-based study of 27,802 unique ischemic stroke events, patients with diabetes had an excess risk of CVD (aHR: 1.14 [1.07; 1.21]) and stroke readmissions (aHR: 1.17 [1.06; 1.29]) compared to patients without diabetes.¹² In a meta-analysis including 27 studies, diabetes increased the risk of ischemic stroke recurrence by 50%.⁷

Given the excess risk of stroke among people with T2D, American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend aggressive cardiovascular risk-reducing strategies in patients with T2D to prevent CVD events.^3,13,14 ADA/EASD guidelines recommend that moderate-intensity statin therapy is initiated in all people with diabetes aged 40–75 years without previous CVD.¹⁴ For people with diabetes and previous CVD, guidelines recommend high-intensity statin therapy for secondary prevention. Despite these recommendations, only 27.3% of patients with T2D and only 28.1% of patients with T2D and history of CVD had been prescribed statins in the 12 months prior to stroke. Only 20.6% of people with T2D were prescribed statins in the 3 months following stroke. The under-use of statin therapy in patients with and without T2D has been previously documented in France and elsewhere.^15,16 There are several potential explanations for this observed finding. First, this observation may reflect significant clinical inertia in managing individuals with and without T2D, highlighting missed opportunities for stroke and other CVD secondary prevention. Second, given that 40.4% of patients were aged 80 years or older, clinicians may have opted against initiating statin therapy in these patients due to concerns regarding net benefits of statin treatment.^17,18 Third, drugs prescribed in institutions such as hospices and rehabilitation centers may not be captured in the EGB resulting in an underestimation of treatment use, a problem likely exacerbated by the high proportion of elderly patients in the study population. Finally, misleading claims surrounding the safety of statins as well as concerns regarding the potential for statins to increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and accelerate diabetes progression may have contributed to the under-use of these agents.^19,20

Stroke is associated with substantial HCRU and costs, particularly in the 12 months post-stroke. Estimates derived from the present study align closely with those of previous studies in which the mean total healthcare costs in the 12 months following stroke was €16,686 in 2007 in France as compared to €19,416 estimated in the current study.²¹ However, the full economic impact of stroke is likely considerably greater once costs associated with nursing care, private healthcare and productivity losses are taken into account. Our finding that T2D is associated with elevated HCRU and costs following stroke corroborates with findings from previous studies conducted in the US.^22,23

Clinical guidelines also recommend the use of glucose-lowering therapies with established CVD benefits, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 RAs in patients with established CVD or at high risk of CVD, regardless of glycemic control .^13,24 Evidence from a meta-analysis of clinical trials indicate that SGLT-2 inhibitors are associated with a reduced risk of major adverse CV events (HR: 0.90 [0.85; 0.95]) but are not associated with reduced risk of first stroke (HR: 0.96 [0.87; 01.07]).²⁵ A meta-analysis of GLP-1 RA clinical trials demonstrated that GLP-1 RAs can reduce the risk of all CVD outcomes in patients with T2D with the greatest impact on fatal and non-fatal stroke (HR: 0.83 [0.76–0.92]).²⁶ In addition, there was no evidence to indicate the effect of GLP-1 RAs on CVD risk varied among T2D patients with and without established CVD at baseline. GLP-1 RAs therefore offer the potential to reduce the excess risk of stroke in T2D and therefore reduce the considerable clinical and economic burden of stroke overall. Further studies are required to assess the extent to which the more widespread use of such therapies have modified the real-world excess risk of stroke among people with T2D.

Strengths and limitations

A key strength of this study is the use of a relatively large representative sample which enabled the comprehensive description of the disparities in outcomes following stroke according to T2D.

There are several important limitations of this study. First, data were unavailable for key confounders such as body mass index, blood pressure and lipid profiles and so differences in these characteristics according to T2D status could not be accounted for in multivariate analyses. Adjusted HRs may therefore be affected by residual confounding. Another key limitation of this study was the need to assign an arbitrary time frame of 21 days after index hospitalization discharge from which to identify recurrent stroke events. In addition, cases of some clinical outcomes may have been underestimated due to their identification using diagnostic codes alone. Lastly, this study focused on CVD outcomes and mortality and so did not capture differences in other post-stroke outcomes such as cognitive decline and patient quality of life according to T2D.

Conclusions

People with T2D are at increased risk of stroke and worse outcomes following stroke and subsequently higher HCRU and costs. Despite this, people with T2D do not appear to be receiving guideline-recommended treatments for optimal secondary prevention of stroke outcomes. Given the growing prevalence of T2D due to aging populations and increasing survival, efforts are required to reduce stroke incidence among people with T2D and reduce the number of patients experiencing adverse clinical outcomes.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-eso-10.1177_23969873251319172 – Supplemental material for Type 2 diabetes in stroke patients: Impact on outcomes, recurrence, resource use, and costs in France

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-eso-10.1177_23969873251319172 for Type 2 diabetes in stroke patients: Impact on outcomes, recurrence, resource use, and costs in France by Igor Sibon, Kamel Mohammedi, Nadia Quignot, Stephanie Read, Raissa Kapnang, Artak Khachatryan, Kazue Kikuchi, Hongye Ren, Christine Massien, Lucile Vigié, Sara Larsen and Laurent Fauchier in European Stroke Journal

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Data were provided by the French Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie (CNAM) and its staff involved in the project, in particular the DEMEX team. Support during the data application process was provided by the Health Data Hub.

Declaration of conflicting interest

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: IS reports consultant activities for Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Bioprojet, Astra-Zeneca, Alexion, and speaker activities for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk. KM reports consulting fees from Novo Nordisk; honoraria for lectures, presentations, or speaker bure aus from Novo Nordisk, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Lifescan, Abbott, and Bayer; and participation to Advisory Board from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Amarin. NQ, SR, RK, AK, and KK are full-time employees at Certara, which received consulting fees to independently conduct this study. HR, CM, LV, and SL are all full-time employees of Novo Nordisk. LF reports consultant activities for Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and XO, and speaker activities for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Zoll.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was funded by Novo Nordisk.

Ethical considerations

In accordance with the simplified procedure approved by the French data protection authority (Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés, CNIL; deliberation 2020–072 of July 16, 2020), this study was endorsed by an independent scientific committee and approved by the Health Data Hub on April 19, 2022 (EGB-007).

Consent to participate

This study is a non-interventional study not involving the human being, leveraging only anonymized structured data, which according to applicable legal requirements do not contain data subject to privacy laws. Hence, obtaining informed consent from patients was not required.

Consent for publication

As this study involved anonymized structured data, which according to applicable legal requirements do not contain data subject to privacy laws, obtaining consent to publish from patients was not required.

Guarantor

Professor Igor Sibon (IS).

Contributorship

Protocol development: IS, KM, NQ, AK, KK, HR, CM, LV, SL, LF.

Study design and implementation: NQ, KK, HR, SL.

Data management/analysis: RK.

Results interpretation: IS, NQ, SR, HR, CM, LV, SL, LF.

Manuscript writing and/or editing: IS, KM, NQ, SR, AK, KK, HR, CM, LV, SL, LF.

ORCID iDs

Nadia Quignot

Kazue Kikuchi

Data availability

Data were shared by the French national health insurance: “Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie” (CNAM). Data are available from The French National Healthcare Data System. Requests for data access should be made to the Health Data Hub: Contact | Health Data Hub; Plateforme de données de santé - Health Data Hub, 9 rue Georges Pitard, 75015 Paris’.

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Sarwar

Gao

Seshasai

, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375: 2215–2222.

Davies

Aroda

Collins

, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2022; 45: 2753–2786.

Marx

Federici

Schütt

, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J 2023; 44: 4043–4140.

Tabbalat

Dargham

Al Suwaidi

, et al. Mortality and socio-economic outcomes among patients hospitalized for stroke and diabetes in the US: a recent analysis from the national inpatient sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 8204.

Mohammedi

Fauchier

Quignot

, et al. Incidence of stroke, subsequent clinical outcomes and health care resource utilization in people with type 2 diabetes: a real-world database study in France: “INSIST” study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23: 183.

Kvitkina

Narres

Claessen

, et al. Incidence of stroke in people with diabetes compared to those without diabetes: a systematic review. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131: 476–490.

Zhang

Wolfe

CDA

, et al. Diabetes as an independent risk factor for stroke recurrence in ischemic stroke patients: an updated meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology 2021; 55: 427–435.

Echouffo-Tcheugui

Matsouaka

, et al. Diabetes and long-term outcomes of ischaemic stroke: findings from Get With The Guidelines-Stroke. Eur Heart J 2018; 39: 2376–2386.

Eriksson

Carlberg

Eliasson

The disparity in long-term survival after a first stroke in patients with and without diabetes persists: the Northern Sweden MONICA study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 34: 153–160.

10.

Icks

Claessen

Morbach

, et al. Time-dependent impact of diabetes on mortality in patients with stroke: survival up to 5 years in a health insurance population cohort in Germany. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1868–1875.

11.

Liao

Shih

Yeh

, et al. Impact of diabetes on stroke risk and outcomes: two nationwide retrospective cohort studies. Medicine 2015; 94: e2282.

12.

Morton

Ilomäki

Wood

, et al. One-year readmission and mortality following ischaemic stroke by diabetes status, sex, and socioeconomic disadvantage: an analysis of 27,802 strokes from 2012 to 2017. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434: 120149.

13.

Cosentino

Grant

Aboyans

, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 255–323.

14.

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 2023; 47: S179–218.

15.

Onaisi

Dumont

Hasselgard-Rowe

, et al. Multimorbidity and statin prescription for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a cross-sectional study in general practice in France. Front Med 2022; 9: 1089050.

16.

Yang

Edwards

Massou

, et al. Al. Statin use and high-dose statin use after ischemic stroke in the UK: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Epidemiol 2019; 11: 495–508.

17.

Leya

Stone

NJ.

Statin prescribing in the elderly: special considerations. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19: 47.

18.

Mortensen

Falk

Primary prevention with statins in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71: 85–94.

19.

Reith

Preiss

Blackwell

, et al. Effects of statin therapy on diagnoses of new-onset diabetes and worsening glycaemia in large-scale randomised blinded statin trials: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12: 306–319.

20.

Endres

Nolte

Scheitz

JF.

Statin treatment in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2018; 49: 240–246.

21.

Chevreul

Durand-Zaleski

Gouépo

, et al. Cost of stroke in France. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20: 1094–1100.

22.

Mehta

Ghosh

Sander

, et al. Differences in all-cause health care utilization and costs in a type 2 diabetes mellitus population with and without a history of cardiovascular disease. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2018; 24: 280–290.

23.

King

Rajpura

Liang

, et al. Impact of cardiovascular disease on health care economic burden and resource utilization: a retrospective cohort study in adults in the United States with type 2 diabetes with or without stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral arterial disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38: 1831–1840.

24.

Sacco

Foschi

Ornello

, et al. Prevention and treatment of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in people with diabetes mellitus: a focus on glucose control and comorbidities. Diabetologia 2024; 67: 1192–1205.

25.

McGuire

Shih

Cosentino

, et al. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6: 148–158.

26.

Sattar

Lee

MMY

Kristensen

, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9: 653–662.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.04 MB

Type 2 diabetes in stroke patients: Impact on outcomes,recurrence,resource use,and costs in France

Abstract

Introduction:

Patients and methods:

Results:

Discussion and Conclusion:

Keywords

Introduction

Patients and methods

Results

Discussion

Key findings

Relation to other studies

Strengths and limitations

Conclusions

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-eso-10.1177_23969873251319172 – Supplemental material for Type 2 diabetes in stroke patients: Impact on outcomes, recurrence, resource use, and costs in France

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

Ethical considerations

Consent to participate

Consent for publication

Guarantor

Contributorship

ORCID iDs

Data availability

Supplemental material

References

Supplementary Material