Abstract
The electronic-based documentation system is considered a major transformation in health care in many hospitals worldwide. Successful implementation of the system makes nurses' jobs easier, saves time, and improves the quality of care that is delivered to patients. However, little is known about the adoption of electronic health information systems in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to understand and evaluate nurses' acceptance and attitudes about implementation of an electronic health information system in Palestinian hospitals. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with 191 nurses in three governmental hospitals in Palestine. A majority of these nurses understood the need for and accepted the computer-based documentation as demonstrated by their scores on the attitude questionnaire. Inclusion of nurses in early phases of planning and implementation is important. Other developing countries can learn from the Palestinian experience with implementation of electronic health records.
Introduction
The traditional paper-based health record is being replaced by an electronic-based documentation system in many hospitals worldwide. It was an expectation that by 2014, all hospitals across the United States would use an electronic medical record (EMR), which also includes electronic nursing documentation (Kelly, Brandon, & Docherty, 2011). An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital record of an individual that can be shared with other health-care settings. When EHR was first introduced in the 1960s, it was primarily used for billing purposes (Consultant, 2013). Nowadays this record includes all the patient's information: demographics, progress notes, medications, vital signs, health problems, past medical history, past surgical history, immunizations, age, weight, billing information, laboratory data, and radiology reports (Menachemi & Collum, 2011).
In September 2012, an EHR application known as AviCenna® Hospital Information Management Platform (AviCenna Health Information System [HIS]) was implemented in the Palestinian Medical Complex hospital. Following its adoption in this hospital, it was implemented in the remaining four connected Palestinian governmental hospitals. The rollout of the system included education for head nurses by the AviCenna HIS engineers. In a train-the-trainer model, the head nurses were then responsible for teaching the nurses on their units how to use the system. However, nursing was not involved in system design or customization.
As a developing country, Palestine shares challenges faced by other developing contries in adopting health informatics (Luna, Almerares, Mayan, Gonzalez Bernaldo de Quiros, & Otero, 2014). Unlike many other developing countires, however, residents of Palestine often have limited access outside of their country to study new technologies. Since documentation plays a major role in delivering health care, and despite the many benefits of EHR implementation, its results will not be effective unless it is associated with acceptance from nurses using the technology. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate nurse's attitudes toward computerized health records.
EHRs are a digital record for an individual in a health-care setting that contains all medical history related to an individual. HIS is the computerized documentation system that is currently being used in the Palestinian hospitals. Nursing documentation is anything written or electronically generated that describes the status of a client or the care or services given to that client (Timby, 2007).
Adoption of this technology, even in developed countries with very sophisticated health-care systems, has been uneven. Laramee, Bosek, Shaner-Mcrae, and Powers-Phaneuf (2012) compared inpatient nurses' attitudes at three different time periods: before EHR implementation, 6 months after implementation, and 18 months after implementation. The authors found that preimplementation attitudes were positive, while at 6 months, the attitudes were less positive but became more positive again by 18 months. Preimplementation, nurses were excited because they had high expectations that the EHR would make their jobs easier and save time. At 6 months, the nurses went through a period of frustration due to the gap between their expectations for the EHR and the reality of the actual experience. By 18 months, the nurses had a longer time to adapt to the EHR and better appreciated its advantages and disadvantages.
Ammenwerth, Mansmann, Iller, and Eichstadter (2003) found similar results after comparing attitudes of nurses before implementation of the EHR, and at 3 and 9 months after implementation. Kritsonis (2004–2005) suggested, according to Lewin's theory, that when nurses had a sufficient amount of time to learn the EHR, they would eventually accept it. This is exactly what happened in both Laramee's and Ammenwerth's studies. In order for EHR usage to be effective, nurses must be aware of all the advantages that come with it to increase their willingness to use it.
Literature Review
Benefits of EHRs
The transformation to EHR is associated with many benefits. To start with, nurses no longer have to struggle trying to interpret an illegible physician's handwriting or colleague's documentation which enhances the quality of nursing documentations (Johnson, Sanchez, & Zheng, 2016). This, in return, may contribute to decreasing medical errors that are a result of misinterpreted orders (Mohammadi, Jafarlalal, Emamzadeh Ghasemi, Bahrani, & Sardashti, 2016). With EHR including all of a patient's important information, nurses have access to everything they may need to provide high-level care.
Also, transferring a medical record from one health setting to another becomes just a click away. Since medical errors can be avoided, this can also contribute to improved patient safety (Coffey et al., 2015; Stokowski, 2013; Yontz, Zinn, & Schumacher, 2015). Patient safety is defined as “avoiding injuries to patients from the care that is intended to help them” (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Financially, EHRs can reduce the cost of performing repeated diagnostic and laboratory tests because all the information can be easily pulled from the patient's record. Also, because paper documents are no longer needed it can reduce the costs that are needed for their storage (Menachemi & Collum, 2011).
Drawbacks of EHRs
Despite the fact that an EHR can be financially beneficial, implementation costs, constant maintenance, and updating software costs can be a burden on the hospital or health setting. Another drawback includes privacy and security concerns related to electronic transference of health information from one health setting to another. In some hospitals, staff members that inappropriately access files are terminated. In addition, when patient care is completely based on an EHR system, it may sometimes lead to nurses becoming fully dependent on it. Nurses should be able to deliver patient care even in the absence of technology (Menachemi & Collum, 2011). In an ethnographic study of EHR implementation and usage, physicians and nurses echoed that concern with some worrying about providing “cookbook care” (Ventrez et al., 2006).
EHR Acceptance
Nurses' acceptance of EHR is very important and should not be underestimated. It can be the reason for success or failure of EHR implementation (Yontz et al., 2015). If nurses accept the technology, they will continue to use it and over time will learn about all of its strengths and maximize its use. However if they do not accept it, they will either not use it or incorrectly use it which will in return decrease the quality of their work rather than improve it. Also based on their acceptance of the technology, they might be more likely to either encourage others to use it or influence others not to use it.
A study by Lorenzi (2004) found that 50% of EHR implementations fail because nurses do not accept it and are not willing to use it. Another study compared two nursing homes in Australia (Yu, Hailey, & Li, 2008). The first home implemented EHR while the other remained paper based. Due to effective training, the nurses quickly adapted to EHR. Nurses in both homes supported and were satisfied with the documentation system that they used. However the level of satisfaction with EHR was higher than with paper-based records. Both groups were asked about their attitudes toward EHR, and both were positive about it. The group that remained paper based commented that if they had to switch to EHR, they would support it. These results support the assertion that with proper training and positive attitudes, nurses can adapt to the use of EHR (Yu et al., 2008).
In a study of intensive care unit nurses' acceptance of EHR, Carayon et al. (2011) found that acceptance of EHR was influenced by the EHR's usability and usefulness. Usability means that the nurses believe that the EHR will be easy to use (Nielsen, 1993). Usefulness means that the nurses believe that the EHR will be beneficial to their work and possibly make it easier (Anke & Anneke, 2010). Before EHR implementation, the nurses received 10 hours of training. These authors found that EHR acceptance was positive at 3 months and was significantly higher at 12 months. The longer the nurses used the EHR, the more familiar they become with its technology and therefore it became easier to use (Carayon et al., 2001). They also reiterated the importance of planning and training in ensuring successful implementation.
Barriers to Implementing EHRs
Despite the many benefits associated with the use of EHR, many hospitals still have not transformed from the use of paper records to computerized records. This is attributed to many reasons. To start with, it is a very expensive transformation. Several studies estimate that the cost of implementing an EHR systems ranges somewhere between $15,000 and $70,000 (Fleming, Culler, McCorkle, Becker, & Ballard, 2011). This includes the costs of buying computers, printers, and other needed hardware, as well as the costs of maintenance, training, and technical support. The EHR systems are not standardized which means they need frequent updates. At first they are more difficult than using paper-based records but with continued use it becomes easier (Ajami & Bagheri-Tadi, 2013). Sometimes the main reason why an EHR has not been implemented yet is because nurses simply refuse to use it. They feel like this change has been forced on them without being consulted about it. Before implementing an EHR, hospital and system administrators should ensure that nurses are at the table from the beginning when nursing-related technology is discussed (Lavin, Harper, & Barr, 2015). This should not be a mere consultation with nurses. Instead, nurses need to be key decision-makers, as they make up the majority of end users. Full inclusion in the process from the beginning can increase the chance of full and timely adoption of the technology.
In summary, we found that most nurses are accepting of, and positive about usage of EHRs. In addition, proper training and support increased level of acceptance (Abell, Bragg-Underwood, Alexander, Abell, & Burd, 2015). However, these studies were largely undertaken in developed, Western countries. This study contributes to the literature by looking at issues of EHR implementation and acceptance by nurses in a smaller area where EHR is still a very new technology.
Methods
Aim
The purpose of this study was to understand and evaluate nurses' acceptance and attitudes toward the EHR implemented in Palestinian hospitals.
Design
The study design was quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive. Data were collected by questionnaire.
Sample and Setting
This study was conducted in three public hospitals in Northern, Southern, and Central Palestine. Three hospitals were chosen to better represent the disparate geographic areas of Palestine. Differences might occur because of physical obstacles, including checkpoints and roadblocks, that make it extremely difficult to travel from one area of the country to another. All nurses with a minimum of 2 years of experience were eligible to participate in the study. A total of 200 nurses were willing to participate and completed the full questionnaire.
Ethical Considerations
Human subjects clearance for the study was received from the Faculty of Nursing and the institutional review board—Helsinki Committee in Palestine, from the hospitals where data were collected, and from the Palestinian Ministry of Health.
Data Collection
Instruments
For the purpose of this study, the nurses' attitudes toward computerization questionnaire was used with permission from the original author (Stronge & Brodt, 1985). This questionnaire consists of 20 items with a 5-point Likert-type scale. The nurse can choose to respond with
Procedures
Data were collected over a 1-month period during nursing Shifts A and B. Questionnaires were distributed to all nurses in all wards, consent was received, and a total of 200 questionnaires were gathered. After data cleaning and review, only 191 participants were included in the study, due to missing or incomplete data from nine participants.
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software. To assist with data analysis and interpretation, responses to each statement were collapsed into three groups; those that strongly agreed and agreed (agree) those that were uncertain (uncertain), and those that disagreed and strongly disagreed (disagree). Spearman's rank two-tailed correlation,
Results
Study Demographics.
LPN = licensed practical nurses.
Questionnaire Attitudinal Items.
There was a significant correlation (
There was a significant correlation (
Demographic Versus Attitude.
Discussion
In general, people have a hard time adjusting to change especially when it involves technology. Even though we are living in a world that is basically operated by computers and advanced technology, many people still do not know how to use a computer. In order for this transformation to be effective, a nurse must be willing to use a computer and feel comfortable using EHRs. In this case, the transformation from paper records to electronic records can improve patient care as well as nurses' job satisfaction.
The aim of this study was to evaluate nurses' attitudes toward the EMR in a developing country in which EHRs are an emerging technology, and where nursing input is often not sought. Similar to findings from previous studies (Kaya, 2011; Yontz et al., 2015), results from this study showed that nurses generally have a positive attitude toward computerization. For example, 66.0% of our participants disagreed with the statement “If I had my way, nurses would never have to use computers.” In addition, the mean score for the 20 question instrument was 59.7, again indicating that relatively positive attitude. This positive attitudinal finding mirrored that of nurses in another developing country, Kuwait (Alquraini, Alhasem, Shah, & Chowdhury, 2007). This mean score, however, was lower than the mean of 73.53 in a similar study by Mathew, Lucy, Ann, and Margaret in 2014.
This study was carried out in a developing country, so it will be interesting to see if attitudes improve even more as Palestinian nurses have more experience with this new technology. Differently than the Mathew et al. (2014) and Yontz et al. (2015) studies, which found no significant relationship between work experience and attitudes toward computers, we found that nurses with more experience were more positive about the electronic health information system. It makes sense that nurses with more working years had experienced many difficulties associated with a paper-based documentation system, which may have encouraged them to use a computerized system. It would be interesting to explore whether young developing countries such as Palestine, where professional nursing is emerging differ in this regard from even other developing countries where nurses are older and traditional health care more established.
Similar to results from the Yontz et al.'s (2015) study, the present study found no correlation between age and acceptance of computerization. In fact, the older age-group accepted the computer usage at least as well as the younger age-group. These results contrast with the results of a previous study (Laramee et al., 2012) where younger nurses were more accepting of EHR than older nurses, possibly due to their familiarity with technology and computers. As said by an 18-month respondent in the Laramee et al. study, “As a person who is not computer savvy, I'm 53 years old, it has been a challenge for me. My younger counterparts skate circles around me in this area, and at times, that is frustrating.” Other studies also found that younger nurses had more positive attitudes toward computerization (Abell et al., 2015; Mathew et al., 2014). One possible explanation for our differing results is that 81% of the participants in our Palestinian sample were younger than 36 years. This is consistent with the overall age of Palestinian residents in this young country. We postulate that young, developing countries such as Palestine may actually have an easier time with this type of technology-oriented change than more developed countries with an older demographic.
As in the Mathew et al.'s (2014) study, our study found that nurses with higher degrees had more positive attitudes toward EHRs. This is understandable, as bachelors programs in universities may be more likely to include more computer-based learning modalities than certificate and vocational programs. However, this finding contradicts that of the Yontz et al.'s (2015) study which showed no significant relationship between degrees level and attitudes toward EMR implementation.
In our study, unlike others (e.g., Mathew et al., 2014; Stokowski, 2013), gender did not influence attitude toward EHR acceptance. These other studies found that female nurses held more positive attitudes toward the EMR than did males. The participants in our study affirmed several positive phrased related to EMR use, such as “the EMR improves patient care,” and “the EMR is more efficient in providing care for the patient,” and disagreed with the statement “If I had my way, nurses would never have to use computers.” This confirms that nurses in this study had a positive attitude toward EMR system implementation. In part, this positive attitude may result from difficulties associated with a paper-based documentation system, which has been a factor in successful adoption of EMRs in other studies (De Veer & Francke, 2010; Mathew et al., 2014).
Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to examine Palestinian nurses' attitudes toward computerized documentation. Nurses were generally accepting of computer-based documentation regardless of gender, highest nursing degree, years of nursing experience, or age. It would be interesting to directly compare attitudes between nurses in developing countries, who are just on the forefront of implementing EHRs and who may not always seek nursing input, with attitudes of their counterparts in more developed countries. In addition, it would be important to explore other factors that influence attitudes toward integration of EHRs, such as work classification. This work involved nurses only. It would be important to identify other health-care groups that might have similar or different levels of acceptance. The next steps in assuring successful integration of EHRs into developing countries might include increased levels of staff orientation and assuring that nurses, as well as other health-care providers, are at the table from planning to final rollout.
Footnotes
Authorship Statement
All authors listed meet the authorship criteria, and all authors are in agreement with the content of the manuscript.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.