Abstract
Patient and caregiver awareness of multidisciplinary rounds (MDR) times, and their subsequent involvement in MDR, aids in decreasing adverse health outcomes, reducing average length of stay, and increasing satisfaction. The objective of this study was to increase patient and caregiver awareness of MDR times using signage interventions and to assess the state of rounding processes with patient and caregiver satisfaction pre- and post-intervention. We administered survey questions to assess MDR interaction and awareness regarding MDR times. Patient and caregiver awareness of rounding times increased significantly by 25.87% (P = .0043) post-intervention. Although patients’ confidence in the physician remained largely unchanged after the intervention due to high initial confidence levels, MDR satisfaction metrics increased slightly post-intervention. Thus, our signage intervention increased rounding time awareness in the MDR process.
Introduction
Patient care, especially in the inpatient setting, involves a multidisciplinary health care team. To avoid errors and to increase efficiency, effective communication is imperative. Bedside daily standardized multidisciplinary rounds (MDR) have been shown to improve efficiency in care delivery, nurse–physician teamwork, and increase patient, physician, and resident satisfaction (1,2). Multidisciplinary rounding has also been shown to decrease daily resident work, patient length of stay, and 30-day readmission rates (3 –9). Likewise, patient and caregiver involvement with standard beside rounding has been shown to increase the quality of care and patient satisfaction (3,7).
Despite noted importance of MDR, awareness about rounding times and round structure is not guaranteed. Our Neuromedicine Patient and Family Advisory Committee (PFAC; an engaged group of current or former neurology or neurosurgery patients and their caregivers), reported not being aware of the best practices of MDR and, importantly, at what time daily MDR were conducted. The PFAC elaborated on several opportunities for improvement related to multidisciplinary communication during their inpatient hospitalization. Foundational to the PFAC’s reported experience was the opportunity related to what MDR was, when MDR occurred, and that their involvement was perceived paramount to reach improved outcomes.
Guided by evidence in the literature (10,11) and clinician feedback from pilot Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, we implemented a signage intervention for the General Neurology patients in the medical–surgical unit in an effort to increase patient and caregiver awareness of rounding—that patients and their families understand what rounding entails—and the awareness of rounding times. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple, evidence-based, PFAC directed, patient-facing signage intervention at increasing patient and caregiver awareness of rounding and specifically, of rounding times.
Methods
Study Design
We implemented a pre/post intervention study design using convenience sampling. Each study participant served as their own control and was asked an identical set of survey items before and after implementation of the intervention. Of a total of 7 PDSA cycles, pilot data from cycles 1 to 2 was used to establish this study design. Data from the remaining cycles 3 to 7 were used in the final analysis.
Participants and Setting
This study took place at a 34-bed Medical—Surgical Unit of a tertiary, level-one trauma and academic medical center located in the Southeastern United States. All English-speaking general neurology inpatients between January 2018 and November 2019 who displayed alert behaviors, and who did not have a sign affixed to their door indicating a need for translator services due to a primary language different from English were included in the study. Only English-speaking patients participated because the intervention questions were in English and we did not have certified medical translators in the quality improvement (QI) data collection team.
Intervention
Multidisciplinary teams in general neurology rounded each day between 9:00
Multidisciplinary rounding initiative: signage intervention.
We implemented and removed the sign in the presence of the patient to increase the saliency of the sign and decrease visual pollution of the room. Data from the PDSA cycles 1 and 2 guided our decision to evaluate the effects of the sign within one business day in lieu of at discharge. The average length of stay in these units was 4 days and patients oftentimes left their rooms to receive additional treatments or conduct examinations (e.g., radiologic imaging studies).
Each patient participated in the study once, and they only had the sign affixed in their room for the duration of the study. We kept a detailed log to keep track of patients who had participated in the study and when they required the post-survey. A small team of QI interns conducted the study, based on the schedule the same intern could have conducted both the preintervention and the post-intervention survey or 2 different interns implemented the pre- and post-intervention survey. All QI interns were rigorously trained and demonstrated competency in the training before implementing the intervention.
Staff Perception
Throughout the PDSA cycles we asked clinicians for weekly feedback about their perception of the intervention.
Data Collection and Data Analysis
The QI interns collected data by asking each patient 8 dichotomous (“Yes” or “No” questions) and 5-item Likert-type scale questions (see Table 1 survey item for questions). Because the patients were neurological patients, some patients exhibited difficulties in differentiating between the Likert-type scale questions and instead they answered the question by saying “Yes” or “No.” So to not add additional burden to the patients, these responses were accepted in lieu of a Likert-type response and we dichotomized all Likert-type scaled responses using the following criteria: “Yes” = “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” and “No” = “Strongly Disagree” or “Disagree.” We omitted “neutral responses” from any calculations. The interns recorded each response using an internet-enabled smart device.
Total Patient Responses Demonstrating “Agreement” With Survey.a,b,c
a Right-sided Fisher exact test; P < .05 denotes statistical significance.
b Survey items have different “n” because only responses demonstrating “agreement” were included. All “neutral” responses removed from the calculations.
c Post-intervention responses only include match cases.
d Statistically significant values.
We calculated the effectiveness of the intervention by comparing the patients pre-post intervention survey response using Student t test and Fisher exact test. We completed all statistical testing using Microsoft Excel and SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc). This QI project was approved under a continuous QI designation (Project # 446).
Results
Patient Inclusion and Attrition
During the study period, we completed a preintervention survey and implemented the intervention with 162 general neurology inpatients and completed a post-intervention survey with 58 patients (n = 116 verified pre- post-encounters) resulting in an 64.20% attrition rate.
Signage Intervention
Table 1 shows the pre-post intervention survey responses and the significance of each question. Our signage intervention significantly increased patient and caregiver awareness that their physician was going to round by 22.40% (P = .0005), and their awareness of the specific rounding time frame by 25.87% (P = .0043). In addition to the improvement of awareness of MDR timing, the quality of MDR remained highly satisfactory among the patients and caregivers with less than 2% difference following the signage intervention.
Clinician Feedback
Staff perception and satisfaction of the MDR initiative was positive and any recommendations for the MDR process were incorporated in subsequent PDSA cycles including adjustments to the signage intervention—from a low contrast, text heavy display to a more streamlined, high contrast display (Figure 1). Of the 23 weekly staff perception surveys completed over 3 PDSA cycles, 91.30% (21) of weekly responses indicated that MDR as a whole was suited to improve patient satisfaction. Likewise, 82.61% (19) of weekly staff responses indicated that the signage intervention was beneficial to patient outcome; 73.91% (17) of weekly responses indicated staff satisfaction with the implementation of the current signage intervention. Although clinician feedback was not a direct metric used to evaluate the effectiveness of the signage intervention, the high proportions of positive feedback demonstrated the perceived benefits of intervention to the patients, caregivers, and MDR rounding team.
Discussion
Our study demonstrated that the use of a simple patient-facing signage material indicating bedside rounding times increased rounding time knowledge and satisfaction. Both patient and caregiver awareness and knowledge of rounding times increased significantly after implementation of our signage intervention. Although we do not have comparative data, the notion of our PFAC—that rounding times, even though implicit for medical teams, were unknown to patients and caregivers—implies that a fact as simple as unawareness of rounding times might preclude health care teams from allowing the well-documented beneficial effects of MDR inclusive of patients and caregivers to unfold. Our findings hence are an important contribution to the field of health care organization. Furthermore, while conducted at a single center, similar implementation of a simple signage intervention is generally feasible and expectedly reproducible. The effect of such engagement may even span further than indication of rounding times. In a systematic review conducted regarding MDR, it was found that when providers used process-oriented tools such as patient lists, the situational awareness, organization, and communication was increased for multidisciplinary care providers (12). Our analysis demonstrated that the addition of a signage intervention with the rounding process only slightly increased the confidence of the patients and caregivers in their providers, which might be rooted in the baseline high confidence rates in their providers even before the introduction of the signage intervention. However, given that we did not measure baseline confidence rates in providers, and no comparative data for the neurology patient population are available, this will be a consideration for future research. Further, the granular quality of communication elements was not assessed in this study.
Strengths
The MDR project was designed to be an integrative element for the general neurology service visiting inpatients from medical-surgery and neurointensive care units. The survey questions used in this project were administered in real time to the inpatients after physicians left the room, and the timeliness of the data recorded was more accurate to the inpatient’s experience of the rounding process, as compared to a retrospective telephonic interview or mailed survey bearing the risk of recall bias. Using a repeated study design, the variability between response groups was kept low while increasing the strength of results despite the high attrition rate of our sample population. Furthermore, our neurology-specific, colorful, and short-lived duration signage emphasized to the patient of the rounding times and helped reinforce the verbal reminder that was given to them by the QI interns. Given these strengths, we were able to demonstrate the effectiveness of signage intervention on increasing patient and caregiver awareness of the rounding times and patient satisfaction with the rounding process. Of note, this intervention is very affordable, making it attractive for various settings and health care systems.
Limitations
There were several limitations for the MDR project. First, there was a significant average attrition rate of 64.20% during this study (above 20%) (11) over each PDSA cycle. One of the main factors that contributed to this high attrition rate was loss to follow-up, where the patient would either be moved to a different unit or discharged without the knowledge of the QI interns. With limited access to patient electronic health records, this presented logistical challenges as QI interns did not have necessary resources to properly track patients for the duration of their stay. In order to account for this, a repeated sample was used, consequently decreasing our sample size for analysis. Secondly, the QI interns who collected the responses could not access patient charts for the purposes to anticipate discharge dates, leading to some loss of follow-up based on their role. Furthermore, the surveys did not undergo internal validity nor accuracy testing before implementation in the new PDSA cycle. The survey items were adjusted based on empirical data and intern feedback from the prior PDSA cycle. Additionally, data on staff perception of the MDR rounds were collected but were not anonymous which may have introduced Hawthorne bias in the results. Although a high proportion of the responses were positive, the multidisciplinary team was asked the staff perception questions as a group and not every participant answered individually. Lastly, we only included English-speaking participants and used a sign written in English. However non-English-speaking patients could benefit from this intervention, especially if they require a caregiver present to assist in translation.
Generalizability
The results of our MDR initiative are a single-center experience. Although implementation of a signage intervention to indicate rounding times is likely reproducible, not all findings can be generalized for other inpatient settings because the survey questions and protocol were developed specifically for neurology patients. The results obtained set a basis for additional PDSA cycles to perfect the MDR initiative and increase the accuracy and precision of the data collected. The MDR initiative served to demonstrate an intervention aimed at increasing patient satisfaction with provider rounding by increasing awareness and knowledge of the provider rounding times.
Conclusions
Our study showed that signage as intervention to announce timing of MDR statistically significantly increased patient’s and caregiver’s knowledge about the daily rounding, and about the specific rounding timing. Future studies should evaluate the signage intervention feasibility and efficacy across patient populations, as well as its impact in patient outcomes.
Footnotes
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Meredith Wicklund for being the clinical champion for the MDR initiative. The authors would also like to acknowledge the graduate and undergraduate interns of NICAP for their assistance in recording and analysis of the data.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
