Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Aim and objectives:

To compare the effectiveness of the stain removing property of the whitening toothpastes (silica [Colgate Visible White], silica, papain and bromelain [Whitospark], and silica and calcium carbonate [Snowdent] containing toothpastes) on extrinsic dental stains and to assess the lasting of tooth whitening effect produced by the whitening toothpastes.

Materials and methods:

It is a randomized, concurrent parallel arm, non-invasive, controlled trial designed to compare the effectiveness of the whitening toothpastes on reducing extrinsic dental stains. Parametric t-test was used.

Results:

A statistically significant difference can be seen between Groups A and B, Groups B and C, and Groups B and D. Maximum mean and percentage reduction was found in Group B at the end of the second month in stain extent and intensity. A statistically significant difference was seen between subgroups B1 and B2. Maximum mean and percentage reduction was found in subgroup B1 at the end of the fourth month in stain extent and intensity.

Conclusion:

Silica, papain, and bromelain containing toothpastes (Whitospark) show effectiveness on reducing extrinsic dental stains.

Keywords

Extrinsic stains papain and bromelain whitening toothpastes

Introduction

A smile has a great impact in the beauty-conscious society, and when it is diminished by any dental disease, it often results in loss of self-esteem and damage to physical and mental health.^1,2 Tooth discoloration produces profound embarrassment and more psychological distress than which can only be imagined. This can affect the general health and ability of an individual to participate fully in society, fulfilling roles as family members, friends, co-workers, and other roles requiring interaction with others.^3,4 Tooth color is determined by intrinsic and extrinsic coloration.^5,6 Intrinsic tooth color is related to the light scattering and adsorption properties of the enamel and dentin. Extrinsic stains are caused by the adsorption of materials contained in cigarettes and dietary intake of tannin-rich foods (e.g., tea, coffee, soft drinks, etc.).^7-9

Use of toothpastes are recommended due to their positive chemical effects and delivery of several therapeutic agents. The cleansing effect of toothpastes depends mainly on their abrasive agents.¹⁰ Abrasivity, fluoride release rate, compatibility of the released fluoride with other ingredients of toothpastes, and cleaning ability are among the most important criteria for toothpastes, and the presence of an optimal concentration of each ingredient in toothpastes makes it ideal.^11,12 Recent studies have introduced many natural enzymes such as papain and bromelain as an alternative component for conventional abrasive agents. These¹ proteolytic enzymes are used in the whitening toothpastes which are available in the market nowadays.⁶ These proteolytic enzymes disrupt or remove the protein portion of the pellicle/plaque layer that forms on the surface of the teeth overtime, thus removing the stains that are bound to these proteins.^7,13

Studies related to the commercially available whitening toothpastes are less, and as a clinician, we may confront a piquant situation when the patient asks about the performance of these whitening toothpastes. Hence, the research has been planned and conducted to find out the effect of the stain removing property of the whitening toothpastes (silica [Colgate Visible White], silica, papain and bromelain [Whitospark], and silica and calcium carbonate [Snowdent] containing toothpastes) on extrinsic dental stains and to assess the lasting of tooth whitening effect produced by the whitening toothpastes.

Materials and Methods

The present study is a randomized, concurrent parallel arm, controlled trial designed to compare the effect of the whitening toothpastes on extrinsic dental stains. The ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board, Best Dental Science College, Madurai (Ref:UT:BDSC: IRB-EC 2016). Informed consent was obtained from all the study subjects. The study population included 18–55 years age of rural population of Madurai district during the months of July 2016–November 2016.

Subjects with good general health, dentate,^8,14,15 and/or at least 20–24 teeth suffer from visible extrinsic stain on the labial surfaces of U/L anteriors (incisors) with Lobene^1,16,17 stain index > 1⁶. Subjects with generalized malocclusion who underwent professional tooth whitening within last six months, smoking, intrinsic stains, using iron tonics, and antibiotic therapy for atleast 3 months prior were excluded.¹⁸ Intra examiner calibration was done prior to the study. Sample size of 144 was calculated with confidence interval of 95%, power of 95%, and considering 10% attrition using the formula n = 2 x{z (1 – α/2) + z(1 – β)}^2/Δ².

Four villages were selected randomly in Madurai district. Based on the eligibility criteria, 36 participants were selected randomly from each village. The baseline data were collected in each village on the basis of visual assessment of the Lobene stain index.^16,17 Each village was considered as a block. Randomly, one toothpaste group was allocated to a village by a person who was not involved in the study. The toothpastes used were—Group A: silica containing toothpastes [Colgate Visible White], Group B: silica, papain, and bromelain containing toothpastes [Whitospark], Group C: silica and calcium carbonate containing toothpastes [Snowdent], and Group D: conventional toothpastes [Colgate]). All the participants were to use toothpastes. At the end of the first and second months’ data of Groups A, B, C, and D was collected by using the Lobene stain index. Group D participants were excluded from the study at the end of the second month. Groups A, B, and C (n = 36 in each group) were divided into subgroups A1, B1, and C1 (n = 18) and A2, B2, and C2 (n = 18). Subgroups A1, B1, and C1 participants were asked to continue interventional toothpastes and subgroups A2, B2, and C2 participants were asked to quit the interventional toothpastes and were provided with the conventional toothpastes; this was done to check the stain retention. At the end of the third and fourth months, the Lobene stain index was again recorded.

Data analysis was done using the SPSS version 22 software. The measure of central tendency, dispersion, t-test, chi-square test, and p values were calculated. p value less than 0.05 denotes significant reduction.

Results

Tables 1a and 1b show that there is a maximum mean and percentage reduction of stain intensity and stain extent in Group B from the baseline at the end of the first and second months, respectively. Tables 1b and 2b show that there is a statistical difference seen in the stain intensity and extent between Groups A and B, Groups B and C, and Groups B and D. Tables 3 and 4 show that there is a maximum mean and percentage reduction of stain intensity and extent in the study subgroup B1 and control subgroup B2. There is a statistical difference seen between subgroups B1 and B2 at the end of third and fourth months.

Table 1a.

Changes in Stain Intensity in the First Two Months

Groups	Stain Index Values
	Baseline	1st Month	2nd Month	% of Change
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Group A	10.6 ± 5.2	9.1 ± 3.7	7.6 ± 4.0	27.7 ± 19.4
Group B	7.4 ± 4.3	4.9 ± 3.1	2.6 ± 1.9	63.9 ± 14.6
Group C	8.9 ± 5.3	8.0 ± 4.8	7.1 ± 4.8	21.6 ± 17.2
Group D	8.1 ± 3.7	8.1 ± 3.6	7.9 ± 3.5	2.1 ± 11.7

Table 1b.

Comparison of Stain Intensity Between First and Second Months

Groups	p Value
All the four groups	0.028	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups A and B	0.006	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups A and C	0.18	0.288	0.649	0.164
Groups A and D	0.022	0.25	0.73	< 0.001*
Groups B and C	0.182	0.002	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups B and D	0.446	< 0.001	0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups C and D	0.452	0.934	0.433	< 0.001*

Note: *p > 0.05.

Discussion

The abrasive component of toothpastes contributes to the physical removal of stains, plaque, and food debris.¹⁹ In order to optimize the removal and control of extrinsic stain, special abrasives can be added to toothpastes. These improved stain removal/prevention products are termed as the whitening toothpastes.²⁰ Higher abrasive level of whitening toothpastes leads to their whitening effect. However, the abrasivity of toothpastes has to be moderated to prevent removal of the underlying hard dental tissue.^21-23

Tables 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b show changes in stain intensity and extent in the first two months. When comparing between the groups—(Group A [Colgate Visible White] and Group B [Whitospark]), (Group B [Whitospark] and Group C [Snowdent]), and (Group B [Whitospark] and Group D [conventional toothpaste])—there was a statistically significant difference. There is a maximum stain intensity and extent mean reduction seen in Group B Whitospark (silica, papain, and bromelain containing toothpastes) at the end of the second month. The reason may be due to the presence of proteolytic enzymes (papain and bromelain) which disrupt or the removal of protein portion of the pellicle/plaque layer that forms on the surface of teeth overtime, thus removing the stains that are bound to these proteins. The present study results are in line with the study conducted by Chakravarthy and Acharya¹³ who concluded that Glodent (papain and bromelain containing toothpaste) is effective in removing dental stains.

Table 2a.

Changes in Stain Extent in the First Two Months

Groups	Stain Extent Values
	Baseline	1st Month	2nd Month	% of Change
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Group A	11.0 ± 5.6	9.3 ± 5.0	7.8 ± 5.2	30.8 ± 18.7
Group B	7.7 ± 4.8	4.8 ± 3.3	2.9 ± 2.6	65.2 ± 13.9
Group C	8.4 ± 3.4	7.5 ± 3.4	6.9 ± 3.6	20.2 ± 16.9
Group D	7.5 ± 2.6	7.3 ± 2.3	7.1 ± 2.3	4.1 ± 17.5

Table 2b.

Comparison of Stain Extent between First and Second Months

Groups	p Value
All the four groups	0.002	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups A and B	0.01	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups A and C	0.02	0.081	0.387	0.014
Groups A and D	0.001	0.033	0.449	< 0.001*
Groups B and C	0.496	0.001	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Groups B and D	0.783	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
Group C and Group D	0.202	0.777	0.784	< 0.001*

Note: *p > 0.05.

Tables 3 and 4 show changes in the Lobene stain index in the subgroups (A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, and C2) at the end of the third and fourth months. At the end of the fourth month, there is no statistically significant difference seen between (A1 [Colgate Visible White] and A2 [conventional toothpaste]) and (C1 [Snowdent] and C2 [conventional toothpaste]), which means that the whitening effect is the same in (A1 [Colgate Visible White] and A2 [conventional toothpaste]) as in (C1 [Snowdent] and C2 [conventional toothpaste]). This indicates that the whitening effect is retained in A2 and C2 (conventional toothpaste) even after the subjects are switched over to the conventional toothpastes. When B1 and B2 are compared, there is a statistically significant difference; it means that the whitening effect is more with B1 (Whitospark) than B2 (conventional toothpaste), which indicates that even though there is retention in B2 (conventional toothpaste), the effect of B1 (Whitospark) exceeded as it is used for longer duration. Only non-smoker participants were included in this study.

Table 3.

Comparison of Stain Intensity between Study Subgroups and Control Subgroups in the Third and Fourth Months

Subgroups	Stain Intensity Values
	Baseline	3rd Month	4th Month	% of Change
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
A1	10.9 ± 5.4	8.3 ± 4.9	7.3 ± 3.9	28.9 ± 33.9
B1	8.9 ± 5.6	2.2 ± 2.0	1.6 ± 1.1	78.2 ± 15.7
C1	9.1 ± 4.0	6.4 ± 2.5	5.0 ± 2.8	44.5 ± 17.3
A2	10.3 ± 5.1	8.6 ± 4.9	9.0 ± 4.8	10.6 ± 25.9
B2	5.8 ± 1.6	2.0 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 1.4	42.4 ± 28.3
C2	8.7 ± 6.4	5.8 ± 2.2	6.1 ± 2.5	22.2 ± 28.1
Groups			p Value
Study and Control
(A1 + B1 + C1 and
A2 + B2 + C2)	0.168	0.835	0.049*	0.001*
A1 and A2	0.753	0.865	0.248	0.115
B1 and B2	0.029*	0.669	0.001*	0.001*
C1 and C2	0.829	0.489	0.214	0.31

Note: *p > 0.05.

Table 4.

Comparison of Stain Extent between Study Subgroups and Control Subgroups in the Third and Fourth Months

Subgroups	Stain Extent Values
	Baseline	3rd Month	4th Month	% of Change
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
A1	11.2 ± 4.9	9.0 ± 4.4	6.7 ± 3.5	38.7 ± 25.9
B1	9.4 ± 6.2	1.8 ± 1.8	1.2 ± 1.0	84.6 ± 13.0
C1	8.6 ± 3.1	5.8 ± 2.4	4.7 ± 2.8	46.7 ± 19.6
A2	10.7 ± 6.3	8.3 ± 5.4	10.2 ± 6.5	4.7 ± 63.3
B2	6.0 ± 1.5	2.5 ± 1.0	3.4 ± 1.7	44.7 ± 23.5
C2	8.1 ± 3.6	5.6 ± 2.2	6.1 ± 2.1	21.6 ± 24.2
Groups			p Value
Study and Control
(A1 + B1 + C1 and
A2 + B2 + C2)	0.12	0.89	0.004	< 0.001
A1 and A2	0.815	0.663	0.049	0.011
B1 and B2	0.031	0.175	< 0.001*	< 0.001*
C1 and C2	0.657	0.717	0.102	0.002

Note: *p > 0.05.

Conclusion

Whitospark (silica, papain, and bromelain containing whitening toothpastes) shows effect in removal of extrinsic dental stains. Long term use of this whitening toothpaste shows the stain removing property.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The author (Dr Shobana G.) would like to thank her research guide Dr R. Muthu Karuppaiah, MDS, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Best Dental Science College and Hospital, Madurai, for their constant support in conducting this research.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

Çakmakçioglu

, Yilmaz

, Topba

. Clinical evaluation of whitening effect of whitening toothpastes: a pilot study. Oral Health Dent Manage Black Sea Countr. 2009 Dec;8(4):6–13.

Mungara

. Comparision of the whitening properties of commercially available whitening toothpaste using shade vision system: an in vitro Study. Int J Oral Health Med Res. 2016;3(4):22–26.

Ghassemi

, Hooper

, Vorwerk

, Domke

, DeSciscio

, Nathoo

. Effectiveness of a new dentifrice with baking soda and peroxide in removing extrinsic stain and whitening teeth. J Clin Dent. 2012;23(3):86.

Manuel

, Abhishek

, Kundabala

. Etiology of tooth discoloration-a review. Etiology of tooth discoloration: a review. Niger Dent J. 2010;18(2):56–63.

Watts

, Addy

. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. British Dent J. 2001, 24 Mar;190(6): 309–316.

Lima

, Aguiar

, Liporoni

, Munin

, Ambrosano

, Lovadino

. In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of whitening dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stains. Braz Oral Res. 2008 Jun;22(2):106–111.

Kalyana

, Shashidhar

, Meghashyam

, SreeVidya

, Sweta

. Stain removal efficacy of a novel dentifrice containing papain and bromelain extracts: an in vitro study. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011, 1 Aug;9(3):229–233.

Collins

, Naeeni

, Schäfer

, Brignoli

, Schiavi

, Roberts

, Colgan

. The effect of a calcium carbonate/ perlite toothpaste on the removal of extrinsic tooth stain in two weeks. Int Dent J. 2005, 1 Jun;55(S3):179–182.

Patil

, Ankola

, Hebbal

, Patil

. Comparison of effectiveness of abrasive and enzymatic action of whitening toothpastes in removal of extrinsic stains–a clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg. 2015, 1 Feb;13(1):25–29.

10.

Costa

. Role and influence of the toothpaste components in the oral biochemistry [thesis]. Portugal: Porto University; 2011.

11.

Johannsen

, Tellefsen

, Johannsen

, Liljeborg

. The importance of measuring toothpaste abrasivity in both a quantitative and qualitative way. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013, 1 Jan;71(3-4):508-517.

12.

Yaghini

, Mogharehabed

, Kaveh

, MosaZadeh

, Madani

. A comparative study of the abrasive effects of different toothpastes on enamel. J Dent Sch. 2012; 29(4):274–282.

13.

Chakravarthy

, Acharya

. Efficacy of extrinsic stain removal by novel dentifrice containing papain and bromelain extracts. J Young Pharm. 2012, 1 Oct;4(4):245–249.

14.

Horn

, Bittencourt

, Gomes

, Farhat

. Clinical evaluation of the whitening effect of over-the-counter dentifrices on vital teeth. Braz Dent J. 2014;25(3):203–206.

15.

Motta

, Bussadori

, Campanelli

, Silva

, Alfaya

, Godoy

, Navarro

. Randomized controlled clinical trial of long-term chemo-mechanical caries removal using PapacarieTM gel. J Appl Oral Sci. 2014 Aug;22(4): 307-313.

16.

Lobene

. Effect of dentifrices on tooth stains with controlled brushing. J Am Dent Assoc. 1968, 1 Oct;77(4): 849-855.

17.

Dawson

, Walsh

, Morrison

. Dental stain prevention by abrasive toothpastes: a new in vitro test and its correlation with clinical observations. J Cosmet Sci. 1998 Jul;49: 275-283.

18.

Silva Rovai

, de Mello Tera

, De Marco

, Jardini

, SantaMaria

, Kerbauy

. Evaluation of dental staining using a dentifrice containing chlorhexidine and zinc acetate. A double blind randomized clinical trial. Braz Dent Sci. 2013, 24 Jun;16(2):51–58.

19.

Khamverdi

, Kasraie

, Rezaei-Soufi

, Jebeli

. Comparison of the effects of two whitening toothpastes on microhardness of the enamel and a microhybride composite resin: an in vitro study. J Dent (Tehran). 2010;7(3):139–145.

20.

Soares

, do Amaral

, Mesquita

, Franca

, Basting

, Turssi

. Toothpastes containing abrasive and chemical whitening agents: efficacy in reducing extrinsic dental staining. Gen Dent. 2015;63(6):e24-e28.

21.

Aškinytė

. The effectiveness of whitening toothpastes in reducing extrinsic dental stain. Sveikatos mokslai/Health Sci. 2011, 6 Jun;21(2(74)):57-60.

22.

Pickles

, Joiner

, Weader

, Cooper

, Cox

. Abrasion of human enamel and dentine caused by toothpastes of differing abrasivity determined using an in situ wear model. Int Dent J. 2005, 1 Jun;55(S3):188-193.

23.

Schemehorn

, Moore

, Putt

. Abrasion, polishing, and stain removal characteristics of various commercial dentifrices in vitro. J Clin Dent. 2011;22(1):11.

Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Extrinsic Dental Stains

Abstract

Aim and objectives:

Materials and methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References