Comparison of Endoscopic Discectomy Versus Non-Endoscopic Discectomy for Symptomatic Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Objective:

The authors aimed to systematically compare the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic discectomy (ED) with non-endoscopic discectomy (NED) for treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (LDH).

Methods:

A systematic search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for randomized controlled trial from inception until August 13, 2020. Trials which investigated multiple operative approaches on lumbar disc herniation were identified without language restrictions.

Results:

In total, 25 trials involving 2258 patients with symptomatic LDH were included. Twenty trials performed the comparison between ED and NED. Five trials performed the comparison between percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) and percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID). The operative time of micro-endoscopic discectomy (MED) was longer than open discectomy (OD). The length of hospital stay of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) was shorter than fenestration discectomy (FD). Significant differences in intraoperative blood loss volumes were found between PELD with FD and MED with OD. The complication rate of PELD was lower than FD (PELD: 4.3%; FD: 14.6%) and the complication rate of full-endoscopic discectomy (FE) was lower than microscopic discectomy (MD) (FE: 13.4%; MD: 32.1%).

Conclusions:

PELD and FE have the advantage of limiting intraoperative damages. ED and NED can be both considered sufficient to achieve good clinical outcomes. PETD and PEID are able to achieve similar results but the learning curve of PETD was steeper. More independent high-quality RCTs with sufficiently large sample sizes performing cost-effectiveness analyzes are needed.

Keywords

symptomatic lumbar disc herniation endoscopic discectomy non-endoscopic discectomy meta-analysis systematic review

Introduction

Globally, 20 percent of low back and leg pain are caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH)¹ and LDH is also the most common cause of adults’ sciatica.² Though the low back pain of LDH can be self-limiting, it still can incur significant financial costs and physical disabilities.³ The majority of patients can recover by conservative treatment without the necessity of surgery. But after the conservative treatment has failed, surgery is indicated for symptomatic LDH. The first surgical treatment of symptomatic LDH was described by Mixter and Barr in 1934.⁴ A minimally invasive surgery for treating symptomatic LDH was reported by Caspar and Yasargil with the introduction of the microscope in 1977.^5,6 Micro-endoscopic discectomy (MED) was described by Foley and Smith as a minimally invasive trans-muscular approach using advanced optics.⁷ Uni-portal arthroscopic microdiscectomy was reported by Kambin and bi-portal lumbar nucleotomy was reported by Schreiber and Leu in 1991.^8,9 Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) was introduced by Mayer in 1992.¹⁰ Thomas Hoogland Endoscopic Spine System (TESSYS) was developed by Hoogland in 1994¹¹ and the Yeung Endoscopic Spine System (YESS) was developed by Yeung in 1997.¹² PELD can be classified to percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) or percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) according to the surgical approach. More recently, full-endoscopic discectomy (FE) was introduced by Ruetten as a minimally invasive access to the spinal canal under continuous visualization, either via a transforaminal or interlaminar corridor.¹³

The first meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic discectomy with open discectomy (OD) for symptomatic LDH was performed by us in 2015.¹⁴ Due to the lack of data at that time, we put these kinds of discectomy (MED, PELD and FE) together into 1 group named as endoscopic discectomy and compared them with open discectomy in the meta-analysis of 2015, which was actually not scientific and fastidious enough. Since then, many meta-analyzes similar to our previous study have appeared performing the comparison between endoscopic discectomy (ED) and non-endoscopic discectomy (NED). However, the conclusions remain inconsistent. Now that there is enough data for us to perform a series of brand-new comparisons and subgroup analyzes based on each surgical procedures of MED, PELD and FE for conducting more scientific and comprehensive results. Considering whether any kind of ED is more effective and safer than NED is still unclear, we performed this study to systematically compare the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic discectomy with non-endoscopic discectomy for treatment of symptomatic LDH. The findings of this study could provide surgeons and patients with not only the choice of open discectomy or endoscopic discectomy, but also a more thorough and accurate selection of each surgical procedures on discectomy.

Materials and Methods

Search Methods and Selection Criteria

A systematic search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for randomized controlled trial from inception until August 13, 2020. Randomized controlled trials which investigated multiple operative approaches on lumbar disc herniation were identified without language restrictions. Endoscopic discectomy, percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy, micro-endoscopic discectomy and lumbar disc herniation were used as key words. The review protocols were registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews number, CRD42020209478).

Trials were included according to the following criteria: (1) performed the comparison between ED (PELD or MED or FE) and NED (OD or MD or FD or MD); (2) the interventions of trials were PETD and PEID; (3) participants were adults who suffer lumbar disc herniation and failed with conservative treatment; (4) contained at least 1 outcome of interest. Trials were excluded if: Interventions were different from the previous description; Or original data was lost after confirmation with corresponding author.

Data Extraction and Statistical Analyzes

Two researchers extracted the data independently. Characteristics of trials and outcomes of interest were extracted and checked carefully. The primary outcomes were operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume and complication rate between ED and NED. Secondary outcomes were clinical outcomes evaluated by the Macnab criteria, reoperation rate, recurrence rate, visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopedic Association back pain evaluation questionnaire (JOA) between ED and NED and fluoroscopy times, operative time, postoperative bedrest time, clinical outcomes evaluated by the Macnab criteria, complication rate, recurrence rate, ODI and VAS between PETD and PEID. To compare the effect of multiple surgical techniques more precisely, subgroup analyzes were performed based on the interventions of trials. The continuous outcomes were analyzed using mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were used for dichotomous outcomes. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was used when a continuous outcome is presented with different units. All analyzes were performed by RevMan software (version 5.3). Between study heterogeneity were evaluated using Chi-squared test and I². If the P value was < .05, statistical heterogeneity exists. In this situation, a random-effects model was utilized. P < .05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Assessment of Risk of Bias

The Cochrane Collaboration’s risk-of-bias criteria was used for evaluating the risk of bias in each included trial. The classifications of bias were based on 7 items: random sequence generation (selection bias), allocation concealment (selection bias), blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias), blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), selective reporting (reporting bias) and other bias. Each item was rated as low risk, unclear risk, or high risk.

Results

Study Selection and Characteristics

A total of 2379 studies were identified yielding 1281 studies after removal of duplications. Title and abstract screening excluded 1225 trials. After removing duplications and full-text screening, 31 trials were eliminated. In the end, 25 trials which met the eligibility criteria were included in this study (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The flow-diagram showing the selection process of RCTs for meta-analysis.

Twenty-five trials involving 2,258 patients with symptomatic LDH were included in this study. Twenty trials performed the comparison between ED and NED.^15-34 Five trials performed the comparison between PETD and PEID.^35-39 Among those trials comparing ED with NED, PELD was performed in 10 trials,^{16,20,22-26,31,33,34} FE in 4 trials^21,28-30 and MED in 6 trials.^{15,17-19,27,32} The characteristics of the included trials were shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Included Trials.

	Interventions	Sample size	Mean age	Female	Mean duration of symptom	Mean follow-up
Trial	(Exp/ Clt)	(Exp/ Clt)	(Year, Exp/ Clt)	(%, Exp/ Clt)	(months, Exp/ Clt)	(months)
Garg,¹⁵ 2011	MED/ OD	112 (55/ 57)	37.5 (37·0/38·0)	34.5/ 22.8	11.6 ± 9.5/16.7 ± 15.2	12.0
Gibson,¹⁶ 2016	PETD/ MD	140 (70/ 70)	40.5 (42.0/39.0)	57.0/ 43.0	18.0 (4.0-120.0)/ 15.0 (3.0-120.0)	24.0
Hermantin,¹⁷ 1999	VAMD/ OD	60 (30/ 30)	39.5 (39.0/40.0)	26.7/ 43.3	NA	24.0
Huang,²⁹ 2005	MED/ OD	22 (10/ 12)	39.5 (39.2/39.8)	40.0/ 25.0	NA	18.9
Hussein,¹⁸ 2014	MED/ OD	185 (95/ 90)	30.8 (30.2/31.5)	44.2/ 51.1	3.0/ 3.5	102.8
Jin,³⁴ 2017	PETD/ FD	90 (45/ 45)	41.0 (40.1/41.9)	40.0/ 44.4	24.5 ± 13.1/ 25.5 ± 12.8	13.0
Lee,²⁰ 2006	PELD/ MD	60 (30/ 30)	39.5 (39.3/39.6)	26.7/ 26.7	NA	37.5
Liu,³³ 2014	PETD/ FD	80 (40/ 40)	41.1 (39.8/42.4)	40.0/ 47.5	25.4 ± 12.8/ 23.7 ± 12.5	19.0
Mayer,²¹ 1993	PELD/ MD	40 (20/ 20)	41.3 (39.8/42.7)	40.0/ 30.0	6.9/ 7.3	24.0
Pan,²² 2014	PELD/ OD	20 (10/ 10)	NA	NA	NA	0.1
Pan,²³ 2016	PETD/ FD	106 (48/ 58)	41.3 (39.5/42.8)	45.8/ 46.6	15.5 (5.0-72.0)/ 22.3 (0.2-84.0)	17.0
Righesso,²⁴ 2007	MED/ OD	40 (21/ 19)	43.9 (42.0/46.0)	52.4/ 31.6	2.0 (1.0-7.0)/ 2.0 (1.0-6.0)	36.1
Ruetten,²⁵ 2008	FE/ MD	200 (100/ 100)	43.0 (NA)	NA	2.7	24.0
Ruetten,²⁶ 2009	FE/ MD	100 (50/ 50)	39.0 (NA)	NA	2.3	24.0
Komp,¹⁹ 2015	FE/ MD	160 (80/ 80)	62.0 (NA)	NA	17.0	24.0
Tacconi,²⁷ 2020	FE/ MD	50 (25/ 25)	44.0 (43.0/45.0)	48.0/52.0	NA	22.0
Tang,³² 2012	PETD/ FD	80 (40/ 40)	64.7 (NA)	NA	122.4 ± 21.6	24.0
Teli,²⁸ 2010	MED/ OD&MD	212 (70/ 142)	39.3 (39.0/39.5)	35.7/ 33.8	2.8 ± 1.3/ 2.9 ± 1.4	26.0
Wang,³¹ 2015	PETD/ FD	96 (48/ 48)	45.0 (42.8/47.2)	41.7/ 45.8	NA	12.0
Wu,³⁰ 2016	PETD/ FD	50 (25/ 25)	45.2 (46.3/44.1)	48.0/ 40.0	NA	17.3
Chen,³⁵ 2015	PETD/PEID	76 (40/ 36)	48.7 (49.5/47.9)	50/ 41.7	9.0	15.6
Huang,³⁶ 2017	PETD/PEID	82 (41/ 41)	41.3 (41.8/40.8)	26.8/ 36.6	7.12 ± 0.72/ 7.08 ± 0.49	12.0
Mo,³⁹ 2019	PETD/PEID	40 (20/ 20)	42.1 (40.9/43.3)	38.5/ 56.1	NA	16.7
Nie,³⁸ 2016	PETD/PEID	60 (30/ 30)	37.4 (36.6/38.2)	40.0/ 33.3	NA	27.7
Xu,³⁷ 2013	PETD/PEID	68 (31/ 37)	47.3 (46.6/47.9)	45.2/ 29.7	7.0	3.0

Abbreviations: PELD, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy; PETD, percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy; PEID, percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy; MED, micro-endoscopic discectomy; OD, open discectomy; MD, microscopic discectomy; FD, fenestration discectomy; FE, full-endoscopic discectomy; NA, not available; Exp, experimental group; Clt, control group.

Table 2.

Outcomes of the Included Trials.

Trial	Outcomes
Garg,¹⁵ 2011	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, complication, reoperation, recurrence
Gibson,¹⁶ 2016	Operative time, complication, reoperation
Hermantin,¹⁷ 1999	Complication, reoperation, satisfaction
Huang,²⁹ 2005	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, Macnab criteria
Hussein,¹⁸ 2014	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, Macnab criteria, complication, reoperation, recurrence
Jin,³⁴ 2017	Operative time, length of hospital stay, Macnab criteria, complication, VAS, ODI
Lee,²⁰ 2006	Macnab criteria
Liu,³³ 2014	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, Macnab criteria, VAS, ODI, JOA
Mayer,²¹ 1993	Operative time
Pan,²² 2014	Macnab criteria
Pan,²³ 2016	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, Macnab criteria, complication, ODI, JOA
Righesso,²⁴ 2007	Operative time, complication, reoperation, recurrence
Ruetten,²⁵ 2008	Complication, reoperation, recurrence, satisfaction
Ruetten,²⁶ 2009	Complication, reoperation, recurrence, satisfaction
Komp,¹⁹ 2015	Complication, reoperation
Tacconi,²⁷ 2020	Complication, reoperation
Tang,³² 2012	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, VAS, ODI
Teli,²⁸ 2010	Operative time, length of hospital stay, complication, reoperation, recurrence
Wang,³¹ 2015	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, VAS, ODI, JOA
Wu,³⁰ 2016	Operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, VAS, ODI, JOA
Chen,³⁵ 2015	Operative time, Macnab criteria, VAS
Huang,³⁶ 2017	Fluoroscopy times, recurrent disc herniation, operative time, VAS, ODI
Mo,³⁹ 2019	Fluoroscopy times, operative time, postoperative bed time, Macnab criteria, complication, VAS, ODI
Nie,³⁸ 2016	Fluoroscopy times, operative time, postoperative bed time, Macnab criteria, complication, recurrent disc herniation
Xu,³⁷ 2013	Fluoroscopy times, operative time, Macnab criteria, VAS

Abbreviations: VAS, visual analog scale; ODI, Oswestry disability index; JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association back pain evaluation questionnaire.

ED VS NED

The operative time of MED was longer than OD (open discectomy) (MD: 18.79; 95% CI: [7.82, 29.76], P < .001, I²=88%). No significant differences were found in operative time between PELD with MD (microscopic discectomy) (MD: −10.91; 95% CI: [−24.13, 2.32], P = .11, I²=78%) and PELD with FD (fenestration discectomy) (MD: 5.63; 95% CI: [−11.94, 23.20], P = .53, I²=98%). The length of hospital stay of PELD was shorter than FD (SMD: −2.41; 95% CI: [−3.48, −1.33], P < .001, I²=96%). And there was no significant difference between MED with OD in the length of hospital stay (SMD: −2.55; 95% CI: [−5.67, 0.56], P = .11, I²=99%). Significant differences were found in intraoperative blood loss volume between PELD with FD (MD: −53.42; 95% CI: [−67.75, −39.09], P < .001, I²=98%) and MED with OD (MD: −151.01; 95% CI: [−288.22, −13.80], P = .03, I²=98%) (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Pooling results of the ED group and the NED group. The results were shown as follows: Operative Time, Hospital Stay and Intraoperative Blood Loss.

No statistical significance was found in clinical outcomes evaluated by the Macnab criteria between MED with OD (OR: 4.44; 95% CI: [0.33, 59.38], P = .26, I²=65%) and PELD with FD (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: [0.58, 3.74], P = .42, I²=0%) and PELD with OD (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: [0.23, 10.04], P = .66, I²=0%). The complication rate of PELD was lower than FD (PELD: 4.3%; FD: 14.6%; OR: 0.27; 95% CI: [0.09, 0.85], P = .03, I²=0%) and the complication rate of FE was lower than MD (FE: 13.4%; MD: 32.1%; OR: 0.32; 95% CI: [0.20, 0.52], P < .001, I²=0%). The complication rate of MED was slightly higher than OD however this was not statistically significant (MED: 19.5%; OD: 16.6%; OR: 1.27; 95% CI: [0.60, 2.68], P = .53, I²=49%). There was no significant difference in the rate of reoperation between MED with OD (MED: 6.3%; OD: 6.0%; OR: 1.03; 95% CI: [0.51, 2.06], P = .93, I²=14%) and FE with MD (FE: 6.1%; MD: 7.0%; OR: 0.86; 95% CI: [0.42, 1.76], P = .69, I²=0%). And no significance in the rate of recurrence was found between MED with OD (MED: 5.0%; OD: 2.5%; OR: 1.93; 95% CI: [0.74, 5.04], P = .18, I²=0%) and FE with MD (FE: 6.6%; MD: 5.4%; OR: 1.24; 95% CI: [0.45, 3.42], P = .68, I²=0%). (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Pooling results of the ED group and the NED group. The results were shown as follows: Clinical Outcomes Evaluated by the Macnab Criteria, Complication Rate, Reoperation Rate and Recurrence Rate.

Significant difference was found between PETD with FD in VAS at 1 day after operation (MD: −1.27; 95% CI: [−2.47, −0.07], P = .04, I²=96%). And there was no significant difference between PETD with FD in VAS at 3 days (MD: −1.56; 95% CI: [−4.29, 1.18], P = .26, I²=99%), 3 months (MD: −0.10; 95% CI: [−0.29, 0.09], P = .31, I²=0%) and 1 year (MD: −0.14; 95% CI: [−0.34, 0.06], P = .17, I²=33%) after operation. No significant difference was found between PETD with FD in ODI at 1 month (MD: −0.74; 95% CI: [−1.59, 0.11], P = .09, I²=91%), 3 months (MD: 0.03; 95% CI: [−0.22, 0.28], P = .81, I²=2%), 6 months (MD: −1.01; 95% CI: [−2.66, 0.63], P = .23, I²=97%) and 1 year (MD: −0.42; 95% CI: [−0.98, 0.13], P = .13, I²=87%) after operation. No significant difference was found between PETD with FD in JOA (MD: 0.11; 95% CI: [−0.38, 0.60], P = .65, I²=36%) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Pooling Results of the ED Group and the NED Group. The Results Were Shown as Follows: VAS Between PETD and FD, VAS Between PELD and FD and JOA Between PELD and FD.

Outcomes	Trials	Participants	Mean difference (95%CI)	P value^a
PETD VS FD
VAS after 1 day	3	250	−1.27 [−2.47 to −0.07]	.04
VAS after 3 day	2	160	−1.56 [−4.29 to 1.18]	.26
VAS after 3 month	2	140	−0.10 [−0.29 to 0.09]	.31
VAS after 1 year	3	226	−0.14 [−0.34 to 0.06]	.17
ODI after 1 month	3	266	−0.74 [−1.59 to 0.11]	.09
ODI after 3 month	3	246	0.03 [−0.22 to 0.28]	.81
ODI after 6 month	3	276	−1.01 [−2.66 to 0.63]	.23
ODI after 1 year	5	412	−0.42 [−0.98 to 0.13]	.13
JOA	4	332	0.11 [−0.38 to 0.60]	.65

Abbreviations: PETD, percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy; FD, fenestration discectomy; VAS, visual analog scale; ODI, Oswestry disability index; JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association back pain evaluation questionnaire.

^a P value for heterogeneity between interventions calculated by using mixed-effects models.

PETD VS PEID

No significant difference was found between PETD with PEID in VAS-back (MD: −0.39; 95% CI: [−1.08, 0.30], P = .27, I²=88%), VAS-leg (MD: −0.08; 95% CI: [−0.45, 0.29], P = .68, I²=49%), ODI (MD: 0.05; 95% CI: [−1.86, 1.96], P = .96, I²=0%) and postoperative bedrest time (MD: −0.95; 95% CI: [−2.01, 0.11], P = .08, I²=88%). The fluoroscopy time of PETD was more than PEID (MD: 13.36; 95% CI: [6.57, 20.14], P < .001, I²=99%). And the operative time of PETD was longer than PEID (MD: 14.63; 95% CI: [5.80, 23.45], P = .001, I²=92%). No statistical significance was found between PETD with PEID in clinical outcomes evaluated by the Macnab criteria (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: [0.46, 2.24], P = .96, I²=0%), complication rates (PETD: 8.7%; PEID: 7.0%; OR: 1.09; 95% CI: [0.13, 9.49], P = .94, I²=56%) and recurrence rates (PETD: 11.6%; PEID: 14.3%; OR: 0.79; 95% CI: [0.29, 2.17], P = .65, I²=0%) (Figure 4).

Figure. 4.

Pooling results of the PETD group and the PEID group. The results were shown as follows: VAS, ODI, Fluoroscopy Times, Operative Time, Postoperative Bedrest Time, Clinical Outcomes Evaluated by the Macnab Criteria, Complication Rate and Recurrence Rate.

Risk of Bias

All trials described the appropriate random sequence generation and 5 trials reported the allocation concealment.^{16,19,21,24,30} One trial was a double-blind randomized controlled trial among participants.³⁰ Trial of Teli³² et al failed to report some of the original data. We tried to contact the corresponding author but was unsuccessful. Dural leaks occurred in earlier patients in Grag et al¹⁵ and physicians were able to override decision for type of surgery in the trial of Hermantin et al,¹⁷ which are the reasons why the other bias of these trials were high risk (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Risk of bias summary.

Discussion

In this study, we included 20 RCTs that performed the comparison between ED and NED. In MED, air is the medium. A small incision is performed and a tubular retractor (16- or 18-mm in diameter) is used to approach the herniated disc posteriorly using an endoscope.²⁷ PELD is a minimally invasive discectomy with water as medium. With patients under local anesthesia in PETD or general anesthesia in PEID a needle is used to locate the herniated disc under fluoroscopic imaging. An endoscope is then introduced along the needle to perform decompression under direct visualization.^22,25 FE evolved from PELD but access the herniated disc posterolaterally.²⁸ Significant differences were found between PELD with FD and MED with OD in intraoperative blood loss volume. Nakagawa et al concluded that MED was superior to OD in the control of intraoperative injury.⁴⁰ However, most of included studies (5/6) were non-randomized controlled trials in the study of Nakagawa et al,⁴⁰ which could lead to biases of results and weakened the reliability of that conclusion. And we believed that intraoperative injury should be a composite result of multiple factors and should be reflected not only in terms of intraoperative bleeding, but also in other aspects such as operative time and hospital stay. The results of our study suggest that MED is superior to OD in controlling the amount of intraoperative blood loss. As for PELD and FE, drainage systems were not placed intraoperatively. Water pressure can promote hemostasis, and the surgeon does not need to spend more time and energy on hemostasis during operation. For operative time, no significant differences were found between PELD with MD and PELD with FD. And the operative time of MED was longer than OD. The operation time is related to the age and physical condition of the patient, the surgeon’s proficiency with the procedure and the cooperation of the surgical team, so it is difficult to compare the operative time as a separate variable. Ruan et al suggested that the operative time of PELD was shorter than that of OD.⁴¹ In their study, 5 of the 6 trials included in the comparison of operative time were non-randomized controlled trials and only 1 was randomized controlled trial, which increased the risk of bias. Greater operative time will correspondingly increase the risk of intraoperative damage. Ondeck et al suggested that longer operative time was associated with higher risk of overall postoperative adverse events and multiple individual adverse outcomes.⁴² Therefore, we believe that MED may be able to achieve better control of intraoperative hemorrhage rather than intraoperative damage.

Shorter hospital stay means that patients could recover more quickly after surgery and return to normal work and life earlier, which can indirectly reflect less surgical damage from the surgery. Zhang et al reported that transforaminal endoscopic discectomy was superior to open microdiscectomy in the length of hospital stay.⁴³ In this study, the length of hospital stay of PELD was shorter than FD. And there was no significant difference between MED and OD in the length of hospital stay. In several countries, however, the length of hospital stay is also associated with reimbursement issues.¹⁴ Thus, shorter hospital stay is supposed to reduce the cost of treatment. Due to lack of enough RCTs comparing the cost-effectiveness between different surgical techniques, further research is needed to determine which surgical technique is more cost-effective. Phana et al reported that the length of hospital stay of MED was shorter than OD.⁴⁴ We believe that this difference in results may be due to the conversion of units used for comparison. We compared the data according to the standardized mean difference instead of converting the data into uniform units and the original format of the data was preserved, which would increase the statistical reliability.

The complication rate of PELD was lower than FD (PELD: 4.3%; FD: 14.6%) and the complication rate of FE was lower than MD (FE: 13.4%; MD: 32.1%), both with statistical significance. And the complication rate of MED was higher than OD without statistical significance (MED: 19.5%; OD: 16.6%) in this study. To a certain extent, postoperative complications could reflect the intraoperative damage. Phana et al suggested that no statistical significance was found in complication rate between FE with OD and MED with OD.⁴⁴ We believe that this difference in results is mainly due to the different types of trials selected, and our studies are all based on pure randomized controlled trials for the comparison between MED and OD. Moreover, we included more high-quality RCTs comparing the complications of FE and OD. These findings on operative time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay and complication rate in our study suggested that PELD and FE are more advantageous in controlling intraoperative damage

In this study, we performed the comparison of VAS and ODI between PETD and FD at various time points during the follow-up period, as well as JOA and clinical outcomes evaluated by the Macnab criteria between PELD and FD, PELD and OD, lastly, MED and OD. Visual analog scale (VAS) is widely used to measure pain relief in spinal surgery. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Japanese Orthopedic Association back pain evaluation questionnaire (JOA) are questionnaires evaluating dysfunction. And the Macnab criteria is mainly used to evaluate postoperative working and living conditions. The only statistically significant outcome in these comparisons was the VAS at 1 day after operation between PETD with FD. We believed that the reason for this result may be that PELD is more advantageous in controlling intraoperative damage and less intraoperative damage allows patients to recover more quickly, leading pain relief to come sooner. At present, none of these surgical techniques has been abandoned for symptomatic LDH. Many studies suggested that open surgery, minimally invasive surgery and spinal endoscopic surgery are considered as sufficient and safe techniques with good clinical outcomes.^14,41,44-46 Open discectomy is still considered as the gold standard treatment for symptomatic LDH.^47,48 The findings of this study suggested that there was no difference in achieving pain relief, functional recovery, and quality of life improvement among these surgical techniques. All of these surgical techniques can be considered sufficient to achieve good clinical outcomes.

Some studies suggested that the reoperation rate of ED was higher than that of NED due to the steep learning curve and the limited operative field of ED.^12,49-51 The study of Qin et al⁵² and Ruan et al⁴¹ reported that there was no statistical significance between PELD and OD in the rate of reoperation. But it is worth mentioning that misclassifications of trials appeared in this comparison in both studies. The trial of Ruetten et al published in 2008²⁸ included in the study of Qin et al⁵² and the trial of Ruetten et al published in 2009⁵³ included in the study of Ruan et al⁴¹ were misclassified. The interventions of these 2 trials were full-endoscopic discectomy rather than percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. After accurate classification in this study, there was no significant difference in the rate of reoperation between MED and OD (MED: 6.3%; OD: 6.0%) or FE and MD (FE: 6.1%; MD: 7.0%) and no significant significance in the rate of recurrence was found between MED and OD (MED: 5.0%; OD: 2.5%) or FE and MD (FE: 6.6%; MD: 5.4%). The findings of this study suggested that ED (FE and MED) and NED could achieve similar results in the rate of reoperation and recurrence. Due to lack of high-quality RCTs, comparison of the rate of reoperation and recurrence between PELD and OD needs further research.

PELD can be classified as percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) or percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) according to the surgical approach. Some studies suggested that the indications for these 2 approaches were different. Since PEID is not affected by the height of the iliac crest, patients with high iliac crest are suitable for the interlaminar approach but the nerve roots are more easily stimulated during surgery, resulting in poor intraoperative tolerance.^35,36 PETD is suitable for patients with interlaminar stenosis or tension phenotype.³⁹ In this study with 5 RCTs introduced, we performed the comparisons of VAS, ODI, postoperative bed time, fluoroscopy times, operative time, clinical outcomes evaluated by the Macnab criteria, complication rate and recurrence rate between PETD with PEID. The fluoroscopy time of PEID was less than PETD and the operative time of PEID was statistically shorter than PETD with statistical significance but no significance was found in the remaining comparisons. The reasons for these results may be that the anatomical structure and technique during PEID are very similar to traditional open discectomy, which let the surgeons adapt to this approach very quickly and make the introduction of endoscope relatively simple. Based on these findings, we believe that both PETD and PEID are able to achieve similar results but the learning curve of PETD was steeper.

The objective of this study was to systematically compare the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic discectomy with non-endoscopic discectomy for the treatment of symptomatic LDH. Many published studies have performed the comparison of the same topic without pure RCTs included.^41,43-46 The advantage of this study is greater number of high-quality RCTs are available that compared ED and NED allowing more accurate classification of interventions. And we performed a series of comparisons and subgroup analyzes based on each surgical procedures of MED, PELD (PETD and PEID) and FE for conducting more scientific and comprehensive results. We believed that these findings of this study could provide surgeons and patients with not only the choice of open discectomy or endoscopic discectomy, but also a more thorough and accurate selection of each surgical procedures on discectomy. By considering all included trials without language restrictions, this study could avoid outcomes distorted by language bias. But there were still several limitations in this study. First, the number of trials involved in some comparisons are relatively small. The cost-effectiveness of discectomy for symptomatic LDH has rarely been reported in studies, despite its need.⁵⁴ Only 1 trial included in this study reported that MED was more expensive than OD with statistical significance.³² And due to the lack of high-quality RCTs, comparisons could not be performed for all surgical approaches for some outcomes. Second, differences existed in the inclusion criteria and patient characteristics between some trials and the follow-up period in the trial of Hussein et al¹⁹ significantly longer than other trials, resulting in statistically significant heterogeneity in some results. Third, clear allocation concealment and complete outcome data were not presented in some trials. And some trials failed to fully describe the baseline characteristics of patients.

Conclusion

PELD and FE are more advantageous in controlling intraoperative damage. Both ED and NED can be considered sufficient to achieve good clinical outcomes. In subgroup analyzes, ED (FE and MED) could achieve similar results in the rate of reoperation and recurrence compared with NED. Both PETD and PEID are able to achieve similar results but the learning curve of PETD was steeper. More independent high-quality RCTs using sufficiently large sample sizes and performing cost-effectiveness analyzes are needed.

Footnotes

Abbreviations

Authors’ Note

Contributors WSL did study concept and design, data acquisition and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript; QY did data acquisition, data interpretation and language editing; LC did study concept and design, study supervision, and critical review of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the study findings and read and approved the final version before submission.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO: 81871803). The funder had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

ORCID iD

Lin Cong, PhD

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