Depression

Abstract

Depression is a common but serious mental health condition. Occupational health nurses can support employees’ mental health through education, referral, and health promotion programs.

Depression is a common but serious mental health condition that affects an estimated 19 million Americans, regardless of age, race, or gender (Mental Health America [MHA], n.d.-a). “Women are 70% more likely than men to experience depression, and young adults aged 18-25 are 60% more likely to have depression than people aged 50 or older” (National Alliance on Mental Illness [NAMI], 2015, para 3). “More than two million of the 34 million Americans age 65 and older suffer from some form of depression” (MHA, n.d.-b, para 2).

The mental health of workers is of increasing concern to employers as depression is a major cause of disability, absenteeism, presenteeism, and productivity loss among workers. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 2013), “depression is estimated to cause 200 million lost workdays each year at a cost to employers of [US]$17 [billion] to [US]$44 billion” (p. 1). Job stressors such as downsizing, mergers, high job demands, low job control, and lack of social support contribute to depression.

Several forms of depression exist, ranging from major depression and persistent depressive disorder to postpartum depression and seasonal affective disorder. Trauma, loss of loved ones, a difficult relationship, or other stressful situations may trigger depressive episodes (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], n.d.). Individuals experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may also have depression. Other factors contributing to depression include genetics, life circumstances, other health-related conditions, medications, and drug and alcohol use. The frequency, severity, and duration of symptoms vary based on the type of depression. Symptoms include changes in sleep and appetite, lack of concentration, loss of energy, lack of interest, low self-esteem, hopelessness, changes in movement, and physical aches and pains (NAMI, 2015). Symptoms of depression are often overlooked, unrecognized, and may go untreated.

Depression can be treated. Early treatment is more effective and prevents the likelihood of serious recurrences (MHA, n.d.-a). Depression is treated with medications such as antidepressants, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two (CDC, 2013). Employees should be reassured that interactions with occupational health nurses are confidential as they may be concerned about the impact of depression on their jobs. Nurses should monitor employees to see that they are following their treatment regimens or experiencing unusual changes in behavior or worsening of depression.

Occupational health nurses can support employees’ mental health in several ways. Educational sessions for workers can increase their awareness of depression including signs and symptoms. This awareness may create opportunities for conversation with workers about depression and their life situations. Depression recognition screenings can identify the need for referral to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP), an emergency crisis intervention agency, or a counseling center.

Supervisors also need to learn the signs and symptoms of depression. Employees exhibiting these symptoms should be referred to the nurse for assessment and referral. This early identification can assist workers in receiving appropriate care.

Individuals with untreated depression can be at risk for possible suicide. Any concerns about suicide risk should be taken seriously and evaluated by a qualified mental health professional.

Worksite health promotion programs can also reduce feelings of depression, decrease obesity and cardiovascular disease risk and improve stamina and strength (CDC, 2013). Meditation may also promote feelings of calm and well-being.