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Abstract

Drama is a mode of storytelling that has transcended from traditional to online media. This study aimed to determine salient topics and trends in drama research through data mining of peer-reviewed English articles in Web of Science and Scopus. By employing the keywords “television drama,” “online drama,” “drama series,” “web drama,” and “soap opera,” 2,148 articles were identified. Analysis revealed 25 distinct research topics: evolution, issues and analysis, impact, audience, and institutionalization. Prominent topics included “power and politics,” “viewership and engagement,” and “gender and sexuality,” while less-published topics encompassed “elements and structure,” “impact on culture,” and “drama characterization.” Notably, publication rates for all topics exhibited a significant increase since 1970. These findings underscore the need for continuous research updates across various categories to advance understanding of the interplay between society and dramas. The methodology employed can also guide future trend analyses in specific drama research topics.

Plain language summary

This paper maps the terrain of drama research, referring to scholarly work focusing on television and online dramas through a systematic review using data mining techniques. We chose drama as our unit of analysis because we are interested in how this medium pervades and reflects daily life and society. Further, in this golden age of information and globalization, the social impact of media cannot be denied. Moreover, drama cuts across academic disciplines, making it vital in enriching our knowledge of society. Through data mining techniques, we analyzed drama research topics and trends spanning decades. Analysis revealed 25 distinct research topics: evolution, issues and analysis, impact, audience, and institutionalization. Prominent topics included “power and politics,” “viewership and engagement,” and “gender and sexuality,” while less-published topics encompassed “elements and structure,” “impact on culture,” and “drama characterization.” Notably, publication rates for all topics exhibited a significant increase since 1970. Through the techniques we used, we were able to offer baseline information that may be used by other scholars on drama-related areas or topics for further discussion, analysis, and engagement across various disciplines. In addition, our data mining methods may serve as a guide for other research.

Keywords

data mining systematic review television drama online drama topic modeling

Introduction

Dramas are widely known for the entertainment they offer to viewers. The advancement of technology also provided more options, such as on-demand and on-the-go viewing. Dramas are no longer confined to network-based programing because online platforms have become strong contenders, especially in recent years. However, there is more to dramas than just their entertainment aspect. Gerbner (1998) posed the question of where future historians could find information on the sociocultural environments that helped shape people’s lives. The answer is the television, where messages continuously flow, penetrating the masses’ consciousness. Television offers plenty of programs that disseminate a wide array of information. These shows present viewers with ideas that can influence their perspectives, especially after extended and frequent exposure. Mainstream television brought stories and cultures right into the homes of people “in which we all live out our lives” (Gerbner, 1998, p. 177).

Dramas comprise a big part of the stories that viewers encounter on television. Numerous dramas have been produced that seem to have been patterned after the real world. For example, many dramas on tumultuous political figures and situations have emerged, especially in recent years. Skillful manipulation is often depicted to maintain and protect a character’s power (Yang, 2019). Further, the portrayal of nostalgic scenes and situations is another example of where one could see reality in dramas. Tapping on reminiscence motivates viewers to watch because they can reconnect to their past experiences (Jun et al., 2016; Keblinska, 2017). Depiction of reality is not the only aspect that connects drama and society. Viewer engagement in different ways is also part of this close link. Audiences participate in online or offline discussions, boosting television ratings that further strengthen the industry (Hassim et al., 2019; T. Kim et al., 2019). Further, state-level impacts of dramas have risen exponentially, especially in the case of Korea, where Korean dramas gained significant interest among international viewers, resulting in major positive effects. Due to its soft power, the Korean drama industry influenced tourism, export, and even international relations (Parc & Hwy-Chang, 2013).

However, there are also notions of the negative aspects of dramas. Viewers are bombarded with continuously proliferating shows, but their messages tend to concentrate, putting viewers in a vacuum where certain ideas, good or bad, are reinforced, influencing other aspects of their lives. There tend to be dominant and recurring patterns of images that eventually take root in people, as television is a “centralized system of story-telling” (Gerbner, 1998, p. 177). For example, common images of stereotyped and sexualized women characters could be found in multiple dramas, reinforcing gender norms (Bell & Sinclair, 2016; Pafford & Matusitz, 2017; Winarnita, 2011). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 1994) held a roundtable discussion on the importance of addressing issues on the depiction of violence and the need for disseminating acceptance/tolerance through television. This forum highlighted the need to give attention to the types of stories and portrayals presented in various shows, pointing to the vital role of researchers in discussing and investigating various media, such as dramas. In 2009, UNESCO published a guide entitled “Getting the Story and Telling it Right,” which hoped to address issues portraying HIV/AIDS on television. Focusing too much on the entertainment aspect of television shows tends to neglect the detrimental images and messages portrayed that may affect society, especially the marginalized segments. Critical thinking, therefore, is imperative when looking at dramas that generalize and reinforce norms (Madhu et al., 2009). Certain dramas or genres, such as US soap operas, may decline in prominence, but their influences remain, especially in sociocultural aspects (Harrington, 2016).

Dramas have been analyzed using lenses connected to different fields, such as mass communication, information technology, and film and drama studies. There are multiple elements from which dramas may be dissected, including characterization, narrative, form and style, discourse, visual impact, sound mixing, and much more. Therefore, it is interesting to see how scholarly work on dramas has evolved and expanded. There are several systematic review studies related to dramas. However, these are mostly on one genre (often medical) or on a specific topic (often health-related), such as the work of Kato et al. (2017) on the depiction of medical situations in dramas from 1986 to 2014, where 59 studies were included; understanding the psychology behind binge-watching phenomenon from 2013 to 2020, where 29 articles were included (Starosta & Izydorczyk, 2020); and assessing the impact of exposure to medical dramas on health outcomes, where 19 studies published before 2015 were included (Hoffman et al., 2017). Segado-Boj et al. (2021) conducted a more comprehensive systematic review, implementing a bibliometric analysis of television show-related research across genres and topics. However, their timeframe was only from 2010 to 2019. These previously conducted systematic reviews provide a limited view of the evolution of drama-related research. Therefore, this systematic literature review hopes to bring a more comprehensive view of drama-related research’s current landscape, particularly on the patterns and trends, by expanding the scope and timeframe compared with previous studies through a systematic data mining review.

Methodology

Design

This is a systematic literature review that combines data mining (Karami et al., 2020) and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) strategies (Ristoski & Paulheim, 2016). Data mining involves integrating multiple techniques to systematically analyze and comprehend significant patterns and their associations within a structured dataset. In contrast, Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) refers to exploring innovative, valuable, and interpretable patterns from data. As KDD and data mining share the common objective of identifying patterns in data, combining their processes can yield advantages in determining and understanding diverse scientific topics (Escuadra et al., 2023). Previous studies have extensively employed both approaches to identify patterns and extract valuable information from research publications spanning various domains, including technology, education, and medicine (Holzinger et al., 2014; Ko & Osei-Bryson, 2006; Romero & Ventura, 2013). Abstracts were used for analysis as it provides a concise summary, usually 250 to 500 words of each article (Karami et al., 2020). In addition, the use of abstracts for topic modeling was found to have no significant difference with full-text analysis in terms of identification of topic distribution and coherence noise terms (Syed & Spruit, 2017).

Data Collection and Pre-processing

Data for the study was obtained from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. These databases were selected because they provide extensive interdisciplinary coverage for various publications relevant to the study (Mongeon & Paul-Hus, 2016). Both allow publication information and abstracts to be extracted and analyzed using R software. To obtain relevant studies, the search keywords “television drama” OR “online drama” OR “drama series” OR “web drama” OR “soap opera” were used. These keywords were based on previous related reviews of Kato et al. (2017) and Segado-Boj et al. (2021). Search results were limited to peer-reviewed primary articles and review articles published in English. Publication information and abstracts were then extracted from both databases through manual download and Application Programing Interface. The combined search resulted in 2,811 publications. Of these, 663 articles were found to be duplicates and were removed. The abstracts of the remaining 2,148 articles underwent pre-processing using R studio, which included tokenization or segmentation of all the words in the abstract (Ahmed & Khan, 2023; Amrit et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2022), part-of-speech (e.g., noun, verb, adverb) tagging of each word (Ponweiser, 2012), filtering of stop words or unnecessary or trivial words (Dadgar et al., 2016), improvement of spelling mistakes (Kirilenko et al., 2018), conversion of words to lowercase (Kirilenko et al., 2018), stemming, and lemmatization or transforming words to their basic form (stem word; Ahmed & Khan, 2023; Khan et al., 2022; Ponweiser, 2012).

Data Analysis

Following the methodologies of Karami et al. (2020), Pramanik and Jana (2023), and Escuadra et al. (2023), the data were analyzed by utilizing word frequency and co-occurrence analysis, conducting topic modeling, and performing trend analysis. Word frequency and co-occurrence analysis involved counting all pre-processed words in the abstract and illustrating their number of occurrences and co-occurrences using a bar graph, word cloud, and network map.

Frequency and co-occurrence analyses were followed by topic modeling using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to group the articles by topic based on the commonly occurring words from their abstract. LDA, a probabilistic model, uses word clusters to uncover concealed topics in documents by assigning probabilities to each topic and word cluster (Ahmed & Khan, 2023; Karami et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2022). Through the analysis of extensive collections of texts, LDA aids researchers in identifying underlying structures in diverse areas of the social sciences. Furthermore, by assuming an interaction between words and documents, LDA identifies semantically related words that co-occur across multiple texts, forming significant themes or topics. The log-likelihood and perplexity, shown in Figure 1, are the two statistical indices (Kirilenko et al., 2018; H. Park et al., 2019), along with the elbow method or the identification of significant inflection points in the graph (Kirilenko et al., 2018), were the basis for choosing 25 as the optimal number of topics in the study. To enhance the validity of the selected number of topics, the researchers assessed the comprehensibility of each topic in every model by employing a word matrix. In addition, for easy understanding and reporting, the authors grouped the topics into categories. The process followed some of the steps of thematic analysis of qualitative research, which involved the reading of topics and each of their word matrix, classifying, comparing, labeling, and organization (Vaismoradi et al., 2013, 2016). To ensure rigor, the categorization process was initially conducted and documented separately by the authors. After which, the authors compared their outputs and discussed the final categorization of the topics.

Figure 1.

Log-likelihood and perplexity estimates for optimal number of topics.

After determining the topic assignment for each publication, trend analysis was conducted by determining the frequency of topic publication and the trend of a topic over time using graphs and linear regression models. The year and number of publications from each year served as the independent and dependent variables in the regression analysis.

Results

Figure 2 showcases a word cloud visualizing the most frequent 100 words extracted from the abstracts. The words “drama,” “television,” “soap opera,” “media,” and “series” were the top five most occurring words. Additionally, the list revealed the presence of four distinct word categories. The first category was related to media which included words like “television,” “film,” and “video.” The next category was words related to culture, which include words such as “Korea,” “America,” and “China.” While the third category of words was related to elements of drama, such as “character,” “relationship,” and “representation.” The last category was associated with the different themes found in drama, like “historical,” “health,” and “political.”

Figure 2.

Word cloud of 100 most occurring words in television and online drama research.

Table 1 and Figure 3 present the identified word matrix for the 25 topics and their corresponding publication frequencies. The publications were categorized into five distinct groups that encompassed various aspects of drama: the evolution of drama (n = 339), analysis and issues in drama (n = 573), the impact of drama (n = 437), the audience of drama (n = 289), and the institutionalization of drama (n = 510).

Table 1.

Categories and Topics Identified in Television and Online Drama Research.

Category	Topic	Keywords from abstracts
Drama evolution	History and background	Film, television, adaptation, century, industry, films, format, history, context, fiction, cinema, feature, role, source, documentary
	Drama diversification	Series, drama, crime, television, fiction, history, season, episodes, episode, genre, police, story, decade, investigation, feature
	Soap opera	Soap, opera, genre, telenovela, viewer, day, daytime, perception, legitimacy, acceptance, soaps, relation, attention, degree, profile
	Medical and health	Television, alcohol, portrayal, time, patient, rate, program, behavior, episodes, hour, scene, increase, impact, period, program
Drama issues and analysis	Power and politics	Discourse, television, representation, politics, class culture, serial, discussion, context, issue, role, debate, narrative, process, relation,
	Gender and sexuality	Woman, gender, role, identity, representation, male, masculinity, female, sexuality, stereotype, feminist, discourse, queer, norm, character
	Crime, violence, abuse	Violence, experience, memory, narrative, representation, media, form, event, war, movement, drug, attention, framework, relation, agency
	Family and relationship	Family, child, relationship, love, life, marriage, girl, mother, sex, age, conflict, issue, society, ideal, birth
	Narrative themes	Drama, people, reality, life, fantasy, society, power, aspect, process, history, generation, desire, time, issue, space
	Drama characterization	Character, story, narrative, viewer, structure, plot, time, characteristic, characters, setting, element, version, theme, action, death
Impact of drama	Impact on business and economy	Market, production, country, tourism, policy, company, tourist, industry, audience, business, development, series, location, destination, strategy
	Impact on education and learning	Language, student, education, school, model, class, teacher, teaching, activity, code, material, literacy, field, learner, adolescent
	Impact on health practice and education	Health, intervention, risk, video, knowledge, evaluation, change, aids, sex, education, community, message, control, woman, behavior
	Impact on society and community	Program, radio, media, entertainment, communication, message, news, education, planning, family, impact, country, population, issue
	Impact of and on culture (globalization)	Culture, movie, music, country, popularity, wave, pop, characteristic, theory, Success, modernity, phenomenon, song, contents, history
Drama audience	Audience community formation	Audience, media, fan, television, consumption, practice, interview, engagement, community, experience, reception, context, identity, fandom, view
	Viewership and engagement	Viewer, relationship, attitude, viewing, factor, influence, television, behavior, exposure, interaction, media, experience, involvement, response, motivation
	Trend and popularity	Drama, television, dramas, genre, characteristic, viewer, romance, change, addition, quality, difference, comedy, possibility, time, trend
Drama institutionalization	Form and style	Style, art, form, author, element, genre, translation, development, space, artist, tradition, figure, perspective, reader, concept
	Marketing and advertising	Image, product, consumer, brand, attitude, celebrity, food, advertising, type, influence, people, actor, relationship, intention, advertisement
	Drama techniques	Television, drama, play, image, program, screen, period, technique, attention, medium, space, esthetic, stage, shot, Theater
	Production and development	Production, producer, drama, process, industry, actor, performance, star, writer, power, development, model, interview, context, rating
	Language and communication	Expression, meaning, discourse, function, difference, word, level, conversation, language, context, form, shift, dialog, pattern, construction
	Element and structure	Time, drama, emotion, subject, condition, structure, type, melodrama, law, sense, narration, reason, view, human, robot
	Media Platforms	Media, content, form, channel, video, change, platform, strategy, internet, user, environment, time, type, rating, genre

Figure 3.

Frequency of topics in television and online drama research.

The trend analysis outcomes for the publication frequency per topic from 1970 to 2022 are presented in Figure 4 and Table 2. The coefficients for the linear trend of all topics exhibited positive values, suggesting a consistent rise in drama-related publications over the years. Remarkably, the publication rate for all topics displayed statistically significant positive trends (p < .001).

Figure 4.

Evolution of topics in television and online drama research.

Table 2.

Regression Analysis of Topics in Television and Online Drama Research.

Topic	Coefficient
History and background	.12*
Drama diversification	.10*
Soap opera	.27*
Medical and health	.10*
Power and politics	.28*
Gender and sexuality	.20*
Crime, violence, abuse	.12*
Family and relationship	.16*
Narrative themes	.11*
Drama characterization	.10*
Impact on business and economy	.15*
Impact on education and learning	.10*
Impact on health practice and education	.17*
Impact on society and community	.20*
Impact of and on culture	.08*
Audience community formation	.14*
Viewership and engagement	.21*
Trend and popularity	.20*
Form and style	.13*
Marketing and advertising	.13*
Drama techniques	.13*
Production and development	.20*
Language and communication	.10*
Element and structure	.10*
Media platforms	.23*

p < .001.

Discussion

This research employed data mining techniques to comprehensively review the entire corpus of published articles on drama from 1970 to 2022, providing valuable insights into the broad and interdisciplinary nature of the research landscape in this domain. The following sections further examined the trends and common discussions identified per category, including interdisciplinary topics and areas of inquiry that may be the center of future debates and engagements to enrich understanding of how societies are idealized, represented, or contradicted through dramas.

Drama Evolution

Studies under the drama evolution category highlighted the expansion of dramas in terms of narrative, genre, and platform. One commonly discussed aspect is the historical and cultural change of dramas as evidenced by several studies that looked into cultural diversity and ideology shifts, revealing that these changes reflected the awareness of drama productions on certain portrayal issues (e.g., representation of black experiences) that may have been a result of increasing social consciousness, especially those on accurate representation of historical events, cultures, and people (Jung, 2009; Shaw, 2017). Further, the prominence of soap operas received much attention in scholarly works where its narratives and characters were studied in several contexts, along with its evolution and growing influence as a distinct type that holds universality, making it replicable in other countries, such as the US, the UK, Australia, and India (Bielby & Harrington, 2005; Dunleavy, 2005; Harrington, 2016). Soap opera outside of South America takes on a different yet similar format and appeal, both locally and internationally, partly due to its dramatic and comical depiction of familial ties, romantic relationships, and general life challenges. As such, despite the evolution of the entertainment industry, soap opera remains relevant as it brings a familiarity of life through entertainment.

Similarly, the fantasy genre, particularly in Korean dramas, gained popularity and relevance because it attempts to depict the real world with humor (K. Baek, 2018; J. A. Park & Won, 2019). Two articles have examined the formation and characteristics of the fantasy genre in Korean TV dramas. The first article, a study by K. Baek (2018), investigated the sudden popularity and shift of Korean TV drama trends to fantasy narratives after 2010 when the fantasy drama Secret Garden was broadcasted. The author examined the types and aspects of fantasy in Korean dramas shown in the 2010s. It was found that one of the reasons why Korean fantasy dramas are popular is that their narratives are portrayed in a “light and comic way” (K. Baek, 2018). The formation of the fantasy genre in Korean TV drama was explored in a study by J. A. Park and Won (2019). The authors discussed the history of KBS fantasy dramas and analyzed 163 of their fantasy dramas broadcast between 1961 and 2018. They have identified three core types or “fantasemes”—time, space, and humans. Most Korean fantasy TV dramas have a human fantaseme, and they depict the fantasy world as close to reality as possible (J. A. Park & Won, 2019).

Medical dramas were also widely explored, highlighting the genre’s evolution from a tool for entertainment to an avenue for health education. Several studies talked about the following areas: prevention of AIDS and other STDs through dramas (Bessinger et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2003), television dramas as sources of information on medical practices (Cruz-Oliver et al., 2017; Lim & Seet, 2008), and the impact of the creation of educational television dramas on changing health attitudes and behaviors (S. Kim & Hmielowski, 2017; Li et al., 2019).

These notable features of drama evolution were supported by the increasing accessibility of dramas worldwide through online streaming platforms (Y. Kim, 2020; Song, 2017). Television in the post-broadcast era has given rise to new ways of telling stories, such as through “collaboractive” narratives, meaning placing esthetic inventions on narratives of social awareness and cultural identities (Rincón, 2011). Overall, publications under this category highlighted how the drama landscape changed along with changing times, where dramas are not merely tools for entertainment but also social products continuously shaped and reshaped, making them avenues for social discourses. Looking closely into the evolution of dramas alongside the forces exerted by society adds to understanding the relationship between dramas and societies.

Drama Issues and Analysis

Most drama research was grouped under the issues and analysis category, where the studies delved into depicting identities, life aspects, and social issues. Representations of certain groups were studied, such as those of adolescents (Guarinos-Galán, 2009), older adults (Jeon, 2011; N. H. Park, 2017), workers (Chu et al., 2021; Macedo, 2016), professionals (Crome, 2020; Stephenson, 2022), and various races (Castañeda López, 2020; Gad, 2017; Lambert, 2017).

Some articles discussed the representations of a family (S. Baek, 2019; C. Lee, 2019; K. W. Lee & Hahm, 2013) and marriage (Jo, 2013; Ojrzynska, 2020). These studies explored family structures, relationships, and problems, especially communication and marital issues. Among studies of East Asian dramas, Confucianism’s impact on a family was the center of analysis, elucidating how strong culture and tradition influence family dynamics and role expectations commonly portrayed in dramas (Eng, 2020; Yun, 2019).

Further, topics concerning power and politics, gender and sexuality, and crime and violence were some of the other common areas of investigation in analyzing issues, where scholars dissected and interpreted dramas to reveal how they connect with reality and what lessons may be gleaned from them through dramas. Quite a number of articles studied the narratives of leadership and authority in dramas (J. Kim, 2017; Towers, 2018; Watson, 2013), the political agenda and narratives behind certain dramas (Çevik, 2020; Choe, 2016; Salamandra, 2019; Salt, 2021; Saunders, 2019), the impact of political dramas on viewers (Chamorro-Maldonado, 2018; Trujillo & Paluck, 2012), and the portrayal of historical political incidents or memories (Bosnak, 2015; Halabi, 2019; Wang & Chew, 2021).

Gender and sexuality topic had a wide range of scholarly work on drama portrayals within the contexts of gender norms, representation issues, power imbalances, and patriarchal ideals. A considerable number of case studies of dramas focused on the portrayals and patterns of masculinities and femininities in the characters, most of which were from East Asian dramas. Further, how female characters deal with patriarchal norms was also investigated. The studies also investigated the female protagonists who are often exposed to violence and inequalities, dealing with constraints and challenges they face in balancing married life, searching for identity, and building a career (Hou, 2022; J. Kim, 2019; Koo, 2018; H. J. Lee, 2013). There were several studies on the LGBTQIA+ community, such as portrayals of gays (Diaz, 2015; Hu & Wang, 2021; J. H. Lee, 2012; Marentes, 2017), lesbians (Moore, 2016), and transgender people (Capuzza & Spencer, 2017). It was revealed that their drama portrayals tend to be superficial and do not address the sociopolitical challenges they face. Further, crime and violence centered on depicting crime and its types, especially gender-based violence. It was analyzed that assault scenes lacked proper contextualization and sensitivity, where they were shown without acknowledging the problematic images and potential consequences of such depictions (Caminhas, 2019; Custers & Van Den Bulck, 2013; Gökulu, 2013; Jansen van Vuuren, 2018; Ruiz, 2017).

An interesting topic that needs further attention is gender and sexuality, as seen in the trend analysis, where interest took off only around 2010. In a way, this reflects the struggle for acceptance and openness in discussions and investigations of gender issues. However, much more emphasis is needed on exploring dramas beyond the traditional frames of masculinity and femininity. For example, analysis of female and male characters was mostly gendered, such as men’s power and authority and women’s domestic lives. This analysis frame limits understanding only within their stereotyped roles. Therefore, other facets should also be explored to advance gender equality discussion. Further, stories concerning the LGBTQIA+ community need more attention to open more avenues to further their cause and interest and fight against stereotypical and damaging portrayals in dramas.

Impact of Drama

As drama consumption has increased, interest in its effect on different aspects of life has also grown. The study revealed that dramas’ effect on business and economy, education and learning, health practice and education, society and community, and culture, notably globalization, have been the focus of most published studies.

Different forms of drama have been studied extensively for their business and economic potential. They have been primarily studied for their effectiveness in changing consumers’ perceptions and behavior using advertisements of products (Liang et al., 2015) and services (B. Lee et al., 2015). Saumendra (2018) highlighted that multiple and repeated advertisements in media highly affect the cognitive recall approach among viewers. The magnitude of the effect is increased by the appropriateness of matching the product or service with the drama characters and story (Liang et al., 2015). Some related the popularity of drama to the increased likability of the celebrities’ culture and lifestyle, resulting in significant and positive consumption of products and services related to them even outside the drama, like their food, drinks, clothing, and other personal belongings and habits (Dou et al., 2006). B. Lee et al. (2015) suggested that collaboration with drama production and celebrities, especially those popular and in demand, is an effective marketing strategy to easily give consumers a better image of any product or service one wants to sell.

Drama has also been studied regarding its effectiveness on students as recreational learning exposure and intentional curricular learning exposure. Dhiman and Malik (2021) reported that Indian students believe that Web series and online streaming content may have a direct (e.g., change of emotion, attitude, or perception) or indirect (e.g., change in self-image, academic and social behavior) psychological impact on them. Because of the recreational learning opportunities related to drama, it has been integrated into the formal school curriculum as a teaching and learning tool. Drama in education has been used for various subjects such as science (Arieli, 2007) and mathematics (Kariuki & Humphrey, 2006), and among students with different learning styles (Ashton-Hay, 2005), levels of intelligence (Köksal Akyol, 2018), and religious identities (Mavroudis & Kondoyianni, 2022). Drama in the classroom allows students and teachers to create an “as-if” world by assigning improvised roles within an imagined context related to a particular class topic, helping achieve greater cognitive and social skills (e.g., creativity with problem-solving and decision-making, self-confidence, communication, teamwork, and other soft skills) than traditional teaching methods (Andersen, 2004; Kalidas, 2014).

In terms of health and medical education, a systematic review by Hoffman et al. (2018) revealed that medical television programs like House M.D., Scrubs, Grey’s Anatomy, and Private Practice had impacted not just students’ knowledge about medical diagnosis and procedures, and motivation for specialization, but also their perceptions on professional ethics dilemma. Drama has also been utilized inside classrooms to simulate specific clinical environments and situations (e.g., providing a hypothetical clinical problem and asking medical students to act as patients and health providers in solving the case), allowing students to experience actual practice with a human as closely as possible. Drama as a teaching strategy allowed students to learn more about the philosophical aspects of care, further developing necessary interpersonal skills such as empathy, emotional intelligence, and communication skills (Jefferies et al., 2021). The integration of television programs or other media as clinical vignettes in course materials has also been advocated to illustrate rare medical conditions, differential diagnoses, and certain medical techniques (Hoffman et al., 2018).

The impact of drama on society and the community’s behaviors and practices has also been studied widely. A particular interest was the effect of drama in terms of society’s perception and practices with taboo issues like sexual activities (Eyal & Kunkel, 2008; Gavin, 2001), LGBTQIA+ (Tan et al., 2022; Thelen, 2021), alcohol and drugs consumption (Hansen, 2003; Sohoni et al., 2021), physical abuse and violence towards minorities (Sohoni et al., 2021; Yue et al., 2019), and mental illnesses (Battle, 2020; Parrott & Parrott, 2015). Increased representation of such issues in various media has resulted in more discussions, the recontextualization of social ideologies (Zeb et al., 2021), and the evolution of sociocultural values (Obong, 2019; Sheharyar, 2020). Drama has also been reported to improve health knowledge and behavior, resulting in prevention, early diagnosis, or better treatment of prevalent communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS (Bessinger et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2003), and non-communicable diseases like cancer (S. Kim & Hmielowski, 2017; Li et al., 2019).

Dramas have also impacted culture, specifically within the frame of globalization. Some specific areas of inquiry are the emergence and popularity of film or drama content tourism (Liu & Pratt, 2019; Pookaiyaudom & Tan, 2020; Scherer & Thelen, 2020); the impact of drama’s cultural proximity on the viewer’s culture (Berg, 2017; Böhme, 2019; N. Park, 2015); the influence of Korean wave (Hallyu), particularly of Korean dramas, on other cultures (Bodomo & Chabal, 2014; Eun, 2013; H. S. Kim & Kim, 2021; M. J. Lee, 2020); and the impact of dramas in shaping one’s cultural identity and practices (Jaggi, 2011; Ngehndab, 2018; Tager, 2010;) Such studies had favorable results, showing how dramas can be a strong instrument to spread specific aspects of a nation’s culture. Moreover, dramas can also be instrumental in creating national or regional images. The study by J. K. Lee (2018) looked into the impact of South Korea’s popular culture on neighboring Asian countries, where it was revealed that South Korea’s television programs, in general, promote and disseminate individual state identities (e.g., South Korea, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka) as well as an Asian bloc that participates in the globalization of economies and cultures. On the other hand, the study by Pack (2018) entitled “If it’s Korean, it must be good” discussed the national branding of South Korean popular culture in the Philippines. In particular, the author explored the connection between Filipinos’ consumption of Korean media products (such as K-pop and K-drama) and the consumerism of Korean non-media products. B. Lee et al. (2015) conducted a relevant investigation that examined the beneficial effects of Korean pop culture on individuals’ inclinations toward Korean cuisine and their perception of Korea as a nation. This category of topics further shows the influence of dramas beyond recreation. Further, their impact could be found in different disciplines and areas affecting beliefs, behaviors, and decisions. Dramas are channels for disseminating ideals and images that may benefit or harm society. Therefore, it is important to investigate the myriad of potential effects to provide a holistic understanding of their connection.

Drama Audience

The category of drama audience highlighted the importance of understanding dramas’ influence on viewers in various ways and degrees. One prominent area of exploration was viewership engagement through the lens of parasocial relationships or the psychological relationship between the audience and the drama characters. Scholars dissected how viewers enter and maintain fictional relationships through the people they meet onscreen and how this results in a spectrum of superficial engagement via fangirling on one side and serious building of imaginary relationships with television characters on the other side (Foss, 2020; Gleason et al., 2017; Jin & Chie, 2012; Slater et al., 2018).

Another focus in this category was on viewers’ motives for watching dramas in various cultural contexts (Bhowmick & Sharief, 2020; Ju, 2020; Keshishian & Mirakyan, 2017; Livingstone, 1988; Morales & Simelio, 2016). Some results showed that motivation and fondness for watching dramas stemmed from the need for entertainment and an understanding of life through the depiction of triumphs and challenges that people encounter daily (Yoo et al., 2004). Tiggemann's (2005) work found adolescents’ motives for watching dramas to be entertainment, social learning, and escape from negative emotions. Joo and Lim (2017) studied the motives of university students for watching dramas and revealed that (1) they relieve stress; (2) they are sources of lessons and information; (3) they are enjoyable to watch; and (4) they have social usefulness. In relation to these points, the study by J. K. Lee (2018) looked at the phenomenon of binge-watching dramas and what motivates viewers to do it. The results showed that the motives for binge-watching are the stress relief factor and the drama’s reputation.

Some studies explored the drama engagement of viewers by looking at their formation of and participation in drama communities. Several explored specific fandoms, such as women’s Korean drama fandom (Shim, 2007), women’s “X-files” fandom (Wakefield, 2001), and the “Lovers of Paris” drama fandom (Shin, 2006). Quite a number looked into the online buzz of drama viewers, such as the following: how a Brazilian soap opera character fueled online debates among fans about its portrayal of an empowered woman (Jesus, 2018), how a global political TV drama series instigated online fan activism in local political contexts in China (Huang & Xie, 2021), and how a crime drama series in Ireland engaged online participation, particularly in sharing of humor and memes, among viewers (Ging, 2017). The study by Castro and Straubhaar (2018) examined the feedback of viewers in Spain on Spanish fiction programs. The authors looked at the comments posted by the viewers online to examine their interpretations of the historical and social issues presented by the programs. Based on their findings, programs about the past or a historical period received online buzz and engagement from the viewers. The study of Masanet and Buckingham (2015) explored online fan discussions of the UK drama “Skins,” particularly the “Advice on Life” forum board where fans discussed their personal experiences with the series’ content and characters. According to the authors, the forum served as a space for viewers’ discussion on sex and relationship education. This shows how dramas initiate debates on evaluating their story and quality, making viewers somewhat co-authors of the dramas.

This category stressed the vital role that audiences and fanatics play in how viewers share and internalize drama narratives through discussions in fan forums, multimedia platforms, and social networking sites. Further, in the same way that dramas are not just for entertainment, drama viewers are not just spectators. They actively engage in the stories, including creating their scenarios within the world of the dramas. This again further emphasizes the strong influence of dramas in everyday life. Therefore, further research on the effects of dramas on individuals, especially in the psychological aspect aside from parasocial, is necessary to recognize how deep viewers’ engagement is with the dramas they watch. This is even more crucial given the on-demand format of recent dramas, making them virtually accessible 24/7.

Drama Institutionalization

As drama continuously evolved and affected many areas of life, educational institutions and other organizations have started to formalize their form, style, techniques, elements, language, platforms, and processes related to communication, production, development, marketing, and advertising. This section will discuss the relevant publications related to the institutionalization or normalization of drama in universities and industries.

The changes in drama components like styles and elements were discussed in publications to formalize them for better understanding, acceptance, and usage in education and industries. For example, several articles were published focusing on the emergence of different drama forms (e.g., long form, short form) in the past years in different countries (Esser, 2017; Keane, 2005; Lavie, 2015). Variations in drama style, techniques, elements, and language were also usually evaluated to determine the factors that affect them, their interactions, their effects on the overall story delivery and quality, and audience reception (Cooke, 2005; T. Kim, 2022). Interestingly, the increase in such publications coincided with the establishment of workshops and formal university programs related to drama in different countries like Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United Kingdom (Moor, 2013; Zazzali, 2018).

Recently, because of advancements in technology and the internet, publications about the advantages and disadvantages of different platforms for drama were explored (Christin & Lewis, 2021; Mikos, 2016). An example is a study by Simons (2014) that focused on the changes in audience reception in crossmedia and transmedia drama. The study highlighted that as the traditional media landscape has expanded, different companies are attempting to increase audience engagement and reception by using various forms of digital media. In addition, publications documenting the advancement and diversification of drama processes related to development, production, marketing, and advertising increased in the past years (Koukoutsaki, 2003; Mcelroy & Noonan, 2016). Such advancements and diversification were further affected by the continued competition, cooperation, and collaboration between production companies and organizations from various industries (Paik et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2022). These findings further support the institutionalization of drama education and industry (Gül, 2021; Keane, 2005).

Conclusion, Limitations, and Recommendations

This study revealed the landscape of scholarly work on dramas, allowing researchers to see areas for further research and understanding of the multidisciplinary characteristic of dramas. This retrospective study revealed that most drama publications were related to topics on “power and politics,” “viewership and engagement,” “gender and sexuality,” “soap opera,” and “impact on business and economy.” While topics with the least publications were “elements and structure,” “impact on culture,” and “drama characterization.” The prominent research topics that surfaced can be classified into four categories: the evolution of drama, analysis of drama-related issues, the impact of drama, the audience of drama, and the institutionalization of drama. Furthermore, all 25 topics exhibited positive and statistically significant linear trends, underscoring a generally upward trajectory in the number of publications from 1970 to 2022. Based on the results, it is crucial to continuously update research on these different categories, where the world of dramas has been shown not only to provide a window to life but also to serve as a sociocultural environment that shapes worldviews and actions. Therefore, investigating the trends in drama research also advances knowledge on how drama is intricately woven into various aspects of life and vice versa, as seen in the topics that emerged from this research. Moreover, the methodology employed in this study can serve as a valuable reference for future topic modeling and trend analyses on specific topics within the field of drama research.

Notably, most scholarly works on dramas were done on a single or a handful of dramas, which points to the challenges of dissecting a show that contains long hours of visual, audio, and textual data. This highlights the richness of data that dramas offer, including how they are crosscutting artifacts that may be used in many fields of inquiry. However, the tedious investigation process leads to fewer longitudinal and multifocal studies. Nonetheless, the published works included in this systematic literature review provided a strong foundation for advancing the social sciences, particularly the television and drama-related fields, as it was able to map out the whole landscape of the current publications on drama, highlighting the areas that need to be further explored for future studies.

This review study has certain limitations. Firstly, the extraction of abstracts was limited to two databases that offered readily downloadable research study information and abstracts, potentially excluding studies available only in other databases. Secondly, this research solely focused on online English abstracts, potentially overlooking previously published printed articles and those in other languages. Moreover, further cross-validation and performance validation are needed to confirm the optimal topics identified through topic modeling. Lastly, this study could benefit from a more extensive exploration to capture the complete essence of the topics and potential subcategories. Considering these limitations, future related studies may consider including publications from other databases (e.g., JSTOR, EBSCO, ERIC) and languages, extending the analysis beyond abstracts, employing alternative methods to determine optimal topics in topic modeling, and conducting discipline-specific investigations. Despite these limitations, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic and comprehensive review utilizing data mining techniques to analyze published articles pertaining to drama, establishing a foundational understanding of the field.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Ewha Womans University where this research was undertaken.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical Approval

An ethics board review approval does not apply to this research.

ORCID iD

Aurora S. Llige

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Mapping the Terrain: A Systematic Review of Drama Research Using Data Mining

Abstract

Plain language summary

Keywords

Introduction

Methodology

Design

Data Collection and Pre-processing

Data Analysis

Results

Discussion

Drama Evolution

Drama Issues and Analysis

Impact of Drama

Drama Audience

Drama Institutionalization

Conclusion, Limitations, and Recommendations

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

Ethical Approval

ORCID iD

Data Availability Statement

References