Abstract
Objectives:
Psychosocial factors are important predictors of medication adherence, and subsequently graft survival, in solid organ transplantation. Early experiences suggest this may also be the case in vascularized composite allotransplantation.
Methods:
Using validated tools, we surveyed upper extremity transplant recipients at two centers to assess depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), personality (Ten-Item Personality Inventory), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale), post-traumatic stress disorder (Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Screen for
Results:
Medication adherence was reported for 12 vascularized composite allotransplantation recipients, and 9 vascularized composite allotransplantation recipients completed psychosocial assessments. Most recipients were believed to be adherent to their immunosuppression, however, three recipients were believed to be non-adherent and a member of the clinical team had discussed non-adherence at least once with five recipients. Results from the psychosocial assessment (n = 9) indicated that eight participants had high levels of social support, and eight demonstrated high levels of conscientiousness which have been associated with better medication adherence in solid organ transplantation. However, three participants demonstrated mild anxiety, two demonstrated minimal symptoms of depression, and one demonstrated post-traumatic stress disorder which have been associated with worse medication adherence in solid organ transplantation.
Conclusion:
These findings lay the groundwork for future assessments of the role psychosocial factors play in facilitating medication adherence and broader transplant outcomes.
Introduction
In 1998, a French team completed the first hand transplant with advances in microsurgery and immunosuppression medication. Though the operation was initially successful, the transplanted graft was removed just 29 months after the original surgery due to medication non-adherence. 1 As vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) continues to emerge as an alternative to prostheses or traditional reconstructive surgery, the same concerns from the 1998 case (medication adherence and the more general psychosocial impact) have risen in parallel with the growth of VCA.
Given early experiences with non-adherence and graft loss among VCA recipients, there is interest in identifying measurable psychosocial factors that predict non-adherence.2–4 Like solid organ transplantation (SOT), VCA outcomes depend on immunological, surgical, and psychosocial factors. Due to the novelty of VCA, researchers have used SOT as a comparative model for understanding VCA outcomes. In SOT, social support, conscientiousness scores, and mental health factors were observed to be associated with post-transplant medication adherence.5–7 These and other psychosocial factors may be of greater concern among VCA recipients, as many have faced psychological traumas or stigmatization prior to their transplant.8–11
Nevertheless, prior research focuses on the functional and sensory outcomes of VCA, while psychosocial outcomes and their relationship to immunosuppression adherence remain understudied.3,10 An improved understanding of the interplay between psychosocial factors and outcomes following VCA could guide clinicians in assessing risk in VCA candidates and recipients. This study aims to characterize recipient psychological factors, social support, and medication adherence following VCA.
Methods
Study population and design
VCA recipients at two centers were referred to the study by a care provider. Recipients of any VCA organ at any time were eligible. De-identified transplant and medication adherence information was provided by a member of the transplant team for all eligible participants. Recipients were then recruited by phone to complete the psychosocial assessment; transplant and medication adherence information was identified and linked to psychosocial assessments for those participants who consented to the study. This study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review board (IRB00126651).
Psychosocial assessment
Psychosocial factors were measured using validated tools administered by phone (Appendix 1). Tools were selected based on their use in SOT and/or VCA, and with the intention of minimizing participant burden. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)8,12 was used to assess depression, the Ten-Item Personality Inventory
13
was used to assess personality traits, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale
14
was used to assess anxiety, the primary post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screen for
Medication adherence assessment
Medication adherence was reported by a member of the clinical research team using the patient’s medical record. The clinical research team member completed a form for each participant (Appendix 2) that described the patient’s demographic information, transplant background (including year, organ type, graft loss, and number of rejection episodes), immunosuppressive information (including patient’s insurance status and single- vs multi-drug regimen), comorbidities (using the Charlson Comorbidity Index) and a medication adherence assessment. Adherence was assessed by asking the clinical research team member to review the patient’s medical record and report any indications that the patient is not adhering to their immunosuppressive medication regimen (including erratic immunosuppression levels, frequent rashes, resistance to having labs drawn, and rejection episodes unresponsive to steroids), and whether or not a member of the clinical team has discussed non-adherence with the patient. Clinical research team members were also asked to rate each patient’s overall medication adherence on a Likert-type-type scale from not at all adherent to completely adherent.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive analyses were performed using Stata 14.0/MP for Linux (College Station, Texas, USA).
Results
Study population
Medication adherence and demographic information was reported for 14 participants, and psychosocial assessments were completed by nine participants. All VCA recipients were Caucasian (n = 14), and most were male (n = 13, 93%).
Transplant background
Median (interquartile range (IQR)) years since transplant was 8.5 (5–11), and most received upper extremity transplants (n = 13, 93%). Median (IQR) number of rejection episodes was 5 (2–10), but few participants had lost their VCA graft (n = 2, 14.3%). Most recipients were covered by private insurance (n = 10, 71%), and most were on a multi-drug immunosuppressive regimen (n = 10, 71%).
Medication adherence
Most recipients were believed to be adherent to their immunosuppressive medication (n = 11, 79%), but three were believed to be non-adherent (21%). Providers reported frequent rashes and resistance to having labs drawn in one recipient and episodes of confusion leading to non-adherence in a second recipient. Non-adherence was suspected in the third patient based on communication from their spouse. All participants suspected of being non-adherent were on multi-drug regimens, but no statistically significant difference in adherence was detected when comparing multi- and single-drug regimens (p = 0.5).
Providers had discussed non-adherence with five recipients, and providers rated all participants as either completely adherent (n = 9, 64%) or mostly adherent (n = 5, 36%).
Psychosocial factors
A majority of participants (n = 6, 67%) exhibited no symptoms of depression. However, two participants (22%) exhibited minimal symptoms and one participant (11%) exhibited minor depression/mild major depression. Likewise, a majority of participants (n = 5, 56%) were observed to have no anxiety, while four participants (44%) exhibited mild anxiety. One participant screened positive for PTSD (11%).
Most participants (n = 8, 89%) reported high levels of social support, whereas one participant (11%) reported only moderate social support. High levels of conscientiousness were observed in eight participants (89%), high levels of emotional stability and openness to experiences were observed in six participants (67%), high levels of extraversion and agreeableness were observed in five participants (56%).
Discussion
In this study of the psychosocial factors affecting VCA recipients, 21% were believed to be non-adherent to their immunosuppression medication. At least minimal symptoms of depression were observed in 33% of participants, 44% exhibited mild anxiety, and one screened positive for PTSD. We found that most participants in this study (89%) had high levels of social support and high levels of conscientiousness (89%).
The high levels of social support and conscientiousness among VCA recipients in this study are promising, as prior studies have found social support and conscientiousness to be important factors in predicting medication adherence. A prospective study of 141 lung, heart, and liver transplant recipients in Belgium found that lower levels of conscientiousness and social support pre-transplant were associated with worse medication adherence post-transplant. 5 Likewise, a systematic review of 37 articles regarding adherence in kidney transplant recipients found that low social support was significantly associated with non-adherence. 6
By contrast, the higher prevalence of depression and anxiety may be of some concern. A single-center study of 51 heart transplant recipients found that patients with pre-transplant depression were 3.5 times more likely to be non-adherent post-transplant. 7 Likewise, the systematic review of kidney transplant recipients found depression and anxiety to predict medication adherence; severity of depression was also positively correlated with non-adherence. 6 While at least some symptoms of depression were reported in 33% of participants in our study, no participants exhibited major depression.
Current evaluation of VCA candidates includes rigorous psychosocial screening. Whereas some VCA candidates are recommended for exclusion on the basis of mental health conditions such as personality disorders, psychosis, or a history of suicide, other potential participants with history of mood disorder, anxiety, or bereavement have no reason to be excluded. 8 Determining which factors should be considered in VCA evaluation requires an understanding of, first, the prevalence of psychosocial factors in VCA candidates and recipients, and second, the relationships between those factors and transplant outcomes.
This study has several limitations. First, the small sample size limited our ability to test associations between the psychosocial factors, adherence, and transplant outcomes. However, only approximately 80 VCA transplants had been reported in the United States at the time these surveys were performed. 17 Second, data were collected retrospectively post-transplant, whereas candidate eligibility should assess psychosocial factors pre-transplant. Future work should prospectively assess psychosocial factors and medication adherence throughout the VCA evaluation, transplantation, and recovery process. Finally, the psychosocial evaluation undergone by VCA candidates is more rigorous than that of SOT candidates; 18 therefore, the overall levels of psychosocial concerns may be lower in this population, and comparisons with solid organ recipients may be biased.
In conclusion, this study characterized psychosocial factors and medication adherence among VCA recipients at two transplant centers. While VCA recipients in this study had high levels of social support and conscientiousness, depression and anxiety may yet be of concern in this population. These findings lay the groundwork for future assessments of the role psychosocial factors play in facilitating medication adherence and broader transplant outcomes. Such an understanding may inform VCA candidate evaluation, as well as interventions to improve psychosocial well-being and medication adherence, potentially reducing cost of care and improving graft life for VCA recipients (Table 1).
Characteristics of the study population.
IQR: interquartile range; VCA: vascular composite allotransplantation.
Footnotes
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Acknowledgements
The analyses described here are the responsibility of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the US government.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr M.L.H. is a member of the Board of Directors of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, and the United Network for Organ Sharing. The authors of this manuscript have no other conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the journal
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by RT150140 from the Department of Defense and grant number K24DK101828 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).