A qualitative study examining medical provider advice,barriers,and perceived effectiveness in addressing childhood obesity to patients and families from a low-income community health clinic

Abstract

Objective:

To examine medical provider (n = 16) perceptions in addressing and managing pediatric obesity with a diverse, low-income patient population.

Methods:

Semi-structured audio-recorded interviews were performed at three pediatric clinics. Transcripts were reviewed using content analysis and consensus was reached among authors for themes. Themes were grouped into categories including: (1) initiation of weight discussions, (2) advice and perceived effectiveness, and (3) barriers.

Results:

Most providers reported being comfortable addressing weight and use a variety of methods to initiate conversations; however, many challenges were reported, which include limited time and parent misperceptions of child’s weight. A broad range of lifestyle advice was utilized, but preference to discuss physical activity over nutrition was reported.

Conclusion:

Results suggest that successful management of children’s weight involves addressing issues at both the parent and the provider levels. Improved nutrition resources or training for providers is suggested; however, time must also be available for individualized counseling. Incorporation of registered dietitians may also reduce the burden.

Keywords

Pediatric obesity counseling diet food nutrition

Introduction

Childhood obesity has tripled over the last 30 years and is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sleep apnea, asthma, joint stress, as well as social and psychological issues.¹ The World Health Organization’s² Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity reports that the number of infants and young children with obesity increased from 32 million in 1990 to 41 million in 2016 and that it is expected to reach 70 million by 2025 without further improvement in management and prevention. Youth with obesity are likely to mature into adults with obesity and face heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.¹ Caloric imbalance and environmental factors increase the risk of obesity for all individuals; however, the burden of obesity is not equally distributed. Minority and low-income children are far more likely to be overweight and/or obese.^3,4

Pediatric care providers are often first to identify children and adolescents with obesity and are responsible for preventive measures and treatment.^4–6 Recommended practices for weight counseling have been examined in other studies with inconsistencies observed between medical providers.^7–10 Barriers to initiation of counseling include a variety of factors: limited time with patients, lack of reimbursement, and low patient motivation.^7–13 Time constraint during annual examinations has been mentioned in several studies as a barrier for providers when treating obesity because it limits the physicians’ ability to properly follow recommended obesity guidelines.^14,15 For example, in a study by Yarborough et al.,¹⁵ providers interviewed felt that there was an inadequate amount of time in appointments to properly treat obesity. When physicians discuss weight with children, some studies suggest that parents are most interested in receiving guidance from physicians on healthy diet and lifestyle changes that the family can make as a whole. For example, in a study by Lupi et al.,¹⁶ parents reported the need for nutrition guidance including how to get their child to eat well through nutrition advice and meal planning and viewed their pediatricians as a source of such information. Although a variety of constraints on weight counseling have been reported, evidence suggests that failure to address weight may be a source of health care disparity observed among minority and low socioeconomic groups.^4,17

There are several barriers to discussing lifestyle changes, with time being one of the most common barriers pediatric and primary care providers report. In addition to this barrier, lack of resources, training, and self-efficacy regarding counseling and/or pediatric obesity management has also been reported.^14,15,18,19 Primary care providers have also specifically reported low-to-limited self-efficacy with regard to provision of nutrition information to patients.^14,20 A potential cause of low self-efficacy could be related to limited nutrition training during medical school.^15,18,19,21 Nutrition is a necessary component of expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity.⁵ The report outlines counseling areas for providers to address with families and pediatric patients including food intake, eating behaviors, the importance of family interactions around food and meals, and physical activity.⁵ A diet that is balanced in macronutrients is recommended, fruits and vegetables should be encouraged and sugar sweetened beverages should be limited.⁴ Family meals are also encouraged as it is associated with greater intakes of vegetables, fruits, and milk, as well as lower in soft drinks and fried foods.⁴ The role of parents includes modeling healthy diets and portion sizes, as well as encouraging physical activity and limiting screen time.¹⁶ Despite these evidence-based guidelines, obesity rates have remained elevated. The prevalence of children and adolescents with obesity aged 2–19 years old in the United States has stayed around 17% since 2011.¹

Little progress has been made in addressing this national health crisis. Moreover, low-income and minority groups are at increased risk for obesity, and few studies have specifically focused on primary care and pediatric providers working with these groups. The objective of this study was to identify weight management practices and perceptions of medical providers who see a large patient base that includes minority and/or low-income patients. This study examined providers’ approaches, specific advice, and barriers to discussing weight with the families of low-income overweight/obese children.

Methods

Study design

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with medical providers at three community pediatric clinics in a county in central North Carolina between February and March 2012. The clinics were managed under one medical facility and provided primary care services. Questions targeted medical providers including physicians and nurse practitioners. The interview guide was developed specifically for this project. The guide was reviewed by a physician and a registered dietitian (RD) from an on-site Obesity Management Team representing the three clinics (Table 1). Feedback from the physician and RD was used, and the wordings of some questions were modified to appropriately target questions. The Obesity Management physician and RD provided a list of medical providers, and recruitment was conducted by a research assistant on site during clinic hours. Interviews were conducted by the first author (L.R.S.) who at the time was a research assistant (Master’s student) to the last author (L.H.) (both female), with L.H. a nutrition faculty member holding a doctorate. The research assistant conducting the interviews was trained by the principal investigator (PI) and had also conducted a prior literature review on qualitative methodology to prepare for the study. Recruitment continued until a majority of eligible personnel had been invited to participate. All medical staff approached for interviews agreed to participate, and recruitment and interviews continued until saturation of themes was identified. Participants were invited via email or phone to participate in the interviews (contact information provided by Obesity Management Team at the clinics). Incentives were not used in this study. The research assistant who conducted the interviews did not have a prior established relationship with the participants. The participants were aware of the study focus to examine weight management practices at the clinic. Although the research assistant who conducted the interviews is currently an RD, this training and credentialing did not occur until after the study concluded (conclusion of data collection and analysis). Data analysis and results were also reviewed by the third author (K.J.G.) who has expertise in pediatric obesity but is not a nutrition faculty or RD. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and content analysis was performed to determine themes. The study was approved by the institutional review board at the principal investigator’s university. Informed consent was obtained prior to all interviews.

Table 1.

Medical providers interview guide.

1. How long have you been at TAPM?
2. Is there a particular age or age range you begin weight status discussions?
3. How comfortable do you feel discussing patient’s weight with parents of overweight/obese children? How frequently would you say weight status is approached, and how do the parents respond?
4. What is your approach to weight status/obesity discussions with parents of overweight/obese children?
5. How comfortable do you feel discussing patient’s weight with adolescent? How frequently would you say that weight status is approached, and how do the patients respond?
6. What is your approach to weight status/obesity discussion with adolescent patients (i.e. individually or with their parents, or with the teen and their parent(s)) who are overweight/obese?
7. When discussing obesity/weight status with your patients (and their parents), is there also discussion of nutrition and/or physical activity? How receptive are they to any advice/suggestions in nutrition/exercise behaviors?
8. Do you follow-up weight status discussions at a later date? How do patients (and parents) respond? Are you finding patients (and/or parents) have made positive behavior modifications? If so, what have you observed?
9. Who do you feel has the greatest impact on patient behaviors with regard to diet and exercise modifications?
10. Do you feel there are any barriers to discussing weight status/obesity with your patients? If so, what are they?
11. Any other thoughts, suggestions, or information you feel would be helpful to our study?

Site description

At the time of the study, the medical facility operated three clinics that provided primary care pediatric services to primarily low-income patients representing a wide range of ethnicities including a large number of Hispanic patients. Approximately, 56,000+ patients were seen annually. The clinics operated with a mixture of part- and full-time medical staff, a medical director with oversight for the three clinics, an Obesity Management Team, and on-site management. Previous research with this facility revealed 43% of school-aged patients (n = 2951) fell within the overweight and/or obese category.²² Most patients have Carolina Access (state-subsidized insurance, 73.9%) or Medicaid (13.1%). Approximately, 45.5% of the patients are African American, 28.7% Hispanic, 5% Middle Eastern, 9% Southeast Asian (ethnicity and insurance data from a sample set of n = 600 patients).²³ Cost for visiting a medical provider for annual examinations or weight management varies between types of medical insurance. Cost for uninsured patients is adjusted with a sliding scale for fees based on income.

Medical staff interviews

Interviews were conducted in locations in the clinic selected by the participant. Interviews were private with only the participant and interviewer present and ranged from 10 to 45 min depending on the participants depth of interview responses. Interview questions for physicians and nurse practitioners focused on weight discussions including: age of initiation and comfort level in initiating conversation, strategies for approaching weight, specific counseling advice, perceived patient receptivity, perceived influence and reported frequency of patient behavior changes, and barriers to discussing weight.

Data analysis

Content analysis was used to interpret interview transcriptions. Transcriptions were reviewed by the primary author (L.R.S.) who identified codes. An additional research team member (L.H.) reviewed transcriptions and coding to gain theme consensus. Responses to individual questions per group were summarized using an open-coding process, in which categories were created and transcribed during note-taking as described by Elo and Kyngäs.²⁴ These categories were reviewed and, in some cases, collapsed into more generalized themes. Identified themes closely tracked interview questions, and the following categories were used to organize the themes: (1) initiation of weight discussions, (2) counseling advice and perceptions, and (3) barriers to weight discussions. Initiation included comfort level, age of patient when weight is first addressed, and specific tools to begin weight conversations. Counseling advice and perceptions included: specific advice given to patients, and perceived receptivity to and influence of counseling. Barriers included all perceived obstacles to discussing weight.

Results

Demographics

Participants (n = 18) included medical providers (n = 16 primarily physicians, some NPs and RDs (n = 2)). In total, 69.6% of medical providers participated in the study and 100% of dietitians on staff. Mean time of employment for medical providers was 7.4 ± 7.5 years. Medical providers included (n = 13) female and (n = 3) male participants. RDs included two female participants.

Provider perceptions

Initiating weight discussions

Most providers were comfortable initiating weight discussions and initiated discussion at or prior to age of 2 years (Table 2). Providers reported a variety of tools and techniques, and some initiated conversations with an open-ended question for parents regarding their child’s weight. Some providers reported the use of motivational interviewing (n = 3).

Table 2.

Initiating weight discussions.

Themes	Quotations	MD/NP (n = 16)	RD (n = 2)
Initiated ⩽2 years of age	MP12: Usually around two because that’s when they start charting the BMI charts. DR6: Two, well the truth is two years old is actually when I would use the word obesity. And that’s based on the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.	n = 12	n/a
Initiated 4–5 years	MP2: I typically start getting into it around age four or five … I would be less likely to dive into talking about a kid’s BMI if they’re kind of on the borderline at that age, as I would be say a fourteen year old.	n = 2	n/a
Comfortable initiating weight discussions	D MP6: Very [comfortable]. I think that I have gotten over the fear of using the word obesity, because I feel like, you know I explain I’m not trying to be offensive, this is a medical term and that it has nothing to do with how your child looks it’s all about your child’s health.	n = 12	n = 2
Somewhat comfortable initiating weight discussions	MP1: A little uncomfortable with it, and that’s before I started working a lot more with the nutrition department, as a result it has become something I am more comfortable with. D MP2: I wouldn’t say super comfortable, I mean I do it because I feel it is important, and I have too, but it’s definitely not a subject I find easy to talk about, it’s not usually something that can be done quickly.	n = 3
Utilizes a growth chart	MP4: I generally show them the growth chart first and kinda show them where their height is and where their weight is and I explain how the BMI works, and the categories related to that, so if their fallen in overweight vs. obese.	n = 5	n = 2
Uses family history/risk factors	MP10: I usually ask them if they have any concerns about the child’s weight or if they want to discuss it or if they think it’s a problem … it’s surprising, some kids are way above the 97th percentile and the parents never even mention weight as a concern. They feel it’s normal or it’s fine and their healthy.	n = 7
Open-ended question about weight	MP8: I normally ask if the family sees an issue, does your child seem overweight to you? Is it something that you’re worried about? Is it something you’d like help with?	n = 6	n = 2
Physical appearance	MP5: Kinda lay it on the line, going look you know most girls don’t like heavy guys. I did have one guy say no, some girls like heavy guys, ah you’re defeating the point here.	n = 1

MP: Medical Providers; RD: registered dietitian.

MP includes medical doctors/physicians (MDs) and nurse practitioners (NPs).

Counseling advice and perceptions of patient outcomes

Once the weight status of a patient was approached, lifestyle changes were discussed; the most commonly reported advice focused on physical activity versus nutrition (which was reported by some of the interviewees to be a difficult topic) (Table 3). Counseling efforts were rarely perceived to be successful. Providers perceived parents and the home environment to have the greatest influence on changes over patient behavior (with respect to diet and exercise) (Table 2).

Table 3.

Weight counseling advice, observed changes, and influencing patients.

Themes	Quotations	MD/NP (n = 16)	RD (n = 2)
Advice includes physical activity	MP3: I give them ideas about getting a jump rope … I tell them they don’t have to do their whole hour all at once … very few come back for the follow up and the ones that come back are not exercising.MP5: I use the perspective of the X-Box connect or the Wii … getting yourself up and moving around.	n = 12	n = 2
Advice includes nutrition	MP5: I just try to be caring and compassionate and realize this isn’t a quick fix, this did not occur overnight, it’s not any one person’s fault. It’s that there’s a lot of different things that need to go on, small changes every day need to happen, like eating slower is probably the most important … not eating in front of the TV, but if you do you know you get your portion, you don’t get the whole bag of chips.	n = 7	n = 2
Nutrition perceived as difficult	MP2: When I’m talking about weight I talk about both aspects, again I would say that they’re more receptive to the physical activity part because that’s something that is hard to disagree with, … the nutrition stuff I feel like there is a lot more gray area inMP12: Like it’s something I always try to bring up, but it’s hard especially with nutrition there’s so many different aspects you can address, um its hard in terms of like changing behaviors.	n = 2
Some, or half of patients show changes post counseling	MP9: Some have done really well. I have children, I’ve got teenagers, and have lost weight, I have kids that the BMI just slows down. And we talk to them, I say you know look over the last two years we’ve gone from being, you know, high 90th percentile to being 85^th.MP14: You don’t often hear about either way the success stories or the failures until they come for the next check-up and then you kinda go over the same stuff and some people make the changes and others it never works out …	n = 7	n = 2
Rare to observe changes post counseling efforts	MP8: Getting a parent to report that they’ve made changes in un-common. Just a real treat for us to have that positive effect. I mean, you know, I do see kids who lose weight. It just doesn’t happen very often.	n = 3
More visits needed, or patient compliance to follow-up visits for success post counseling	MP3: I always see them back a month later and very few of them, very few of them come back for the follow up and the ones that come back are not exercising.MP9: I’ve had a lot of kids do well. If they stop coming in regularly they’ll backslide, I’ve seen that happen.	n = 5	n = 1
Family/parents/home environment believed to be the greatest influence on behavior change in pediatric patients	MP1: The parents of the kids. Honestly we give them the tools, if they’re going to end up being successful, it’s because they’ve made the changes.MP8: Ah, the family is the most important component.MP9: Yea, well I think the family is, what the parent’s present, how they eat and what’s in the home, so we talk a lot about what do we shop for … just because they want the chips, you don’t have to buy them.MP14: Sometimes, in ah, in not necessarily a positive way it’s whoever’s living in the house.	n = 11
Perceptions of RD in weight management	MP2: I would say that the dietitian does, I think I do to some extent but I think that the dietician has better success than I do in that area, if that makes sense.MP9: I think the nutritionist has more time and can see them more regularly, I think we’re important cause we kinda push the health risks.MP8: We are told they respect the clinician, I think they get more benefit from seeing the nutritionist.	n = 3	n/a

MP: medical providers; RD: registered dietitian.

MP includes medical doctors/physicians (MDs) and nurse practitioners (NPs).

Barriers to discussing weight

A summary of barriers to discussing weight management is reported in Table 4. The most frequently reported barrier affecting weight management discussions involved parental perceptions/support. Lack of time, cultural perceptions of weight, language barriers, and lack of follow-up visits also were noted. Three barriers cited only once (not shown in Table 4) were visit intervals/frequency, insurance status, and lack of patient resources.

Table 4.

Barriers to weight counseling.

Themes	Quotations	MD/NP (n = 16)	RD (n = 2)
Lack of time	MP4: Um, time. You know we get ten fifteen minutes with most patients and they’re not usually here for their weight they’re here for something else. So time is always a factor, and two and just theMP7: I think one barrier is time. Sometimes there’s not enough time to develop the topic.MP8: There’s always time. Are they even there for that issue?	n = 5
Language/culture	MP9: Some of the foreign populations, chubby babies are healthy babies, and ah I think there are the barriers, sometimes you don’t wanna offend anybody, and you don’t want to make people feel bad.MP13: Um and then there’s a big issue you know in the Hispanic community where the parents don’t speak English, the kids get a lot more control than they should have, you know, like when I have discussions with those families about ok let’s stop the juice, let’s not have the soda, it’s like the parents don’t feel as capable of parenting because their kids are really the ones helping the parents negotiate the world here.	n = 4	n = 2
Parents (parental weight, lack of awareness of weight, belief weight is normal/healthy, etc.)	MP10: Parents who have been battling with weight tend to be a little more defensive, and they kinda get upset thinking we’re talking about their parenting.MP6: Trying to get the discussion around to the obesity when that’s really not the parent’s priority is a huge barrier.MP3: Um, my biggest barrier is if families don’t see it as a problem as I’m trying to tell them the risk of diabetes, heart disease, bone issues, and they’re telling me their child is fine, they’re not overweight, that everybody in the family is “big-boned.”MP14: Parent’s perception of weight and being overweight or obese cause a lot of times they themselves are overweight and don’t think that it’s a problem	n = 14

MP: medical providers; RD: registered dietitian.

MP includes medical doctors/physicians (MDs) and nurse practitioners (NPs).

Discussion

The lack of progress managing or reducing the pediatric obesity epidemic and the role of primary care providers in prevention and treatment supports the continued need to further investigate weight management practices and perceptions in primary and pediatric care, especially with at-risk (e.g. minority) patient groups. The objective of this study was to examine practices and perceptions of medical providers of addressing and managing obesity with patients and families from diverse, low-income, pediatric clinics.

Providers in this study indicated they begin weight discussions at or prior to age of 2 years following professional guidelines.^4,5 Most providers were found to be comfortable discussing weight, which is consistent with findings from Klein et al. (2010); however, some perceived difficulty initiating weight discussions. Weight management discussions were approached with a diverse selection of tools and techniques including body mass index (BMI) charts, open-ended questions regarding parent’s perception of child’s weight, and family risk factors. Once the topic of weight was initiated, counseling typically focused on physical activity, which is consistent with other reported findings.^8,13 Nutritional advice, when given, was consistently perceived and reported as a more difficult topic in contrast to physical activity, which was reported as more straightforward and more readily accepted by parents. Several participants reported that this was due to differences in perceptions regarding what is nutritious by patients.

Providers face many barriers to discussing and managing patient’s weight and lifestyle risks, and this study reported rarely observing behavior changes as a result of counseling. Parents are perceived as the primary barrier in weight management discussions. Primary factors affecting this communication include parental weight (overweight), lack of agreement regarding weight and health status, and lack of recognition by parents of what are “healthy” foods and serving sizes. Parental perceptions of their child’s weight status are well-supported in the literature, especially in minority groups represented at this clinic.^25–33 Parents in many cultural groups, particularly Hispanic and African American as well as other groups, do not always perceive excess weight as problematic. Some studies have examined parental preferences for weight counseling; however, studies focusing on minority parents are scarce.^34,35 The unique perceptions and preferences of diverse cultural groups most at risk (e.g. Hispanics and African Americans) should be further explored to support tailoring/targeting effective counseling approaches and/or nutrition education with these groups by all members of the health care team. Furthermore, cultural context and perceptions with food, weight, and body image supports the need for health care providers to provide culturally relevant information and use culturally sensitive strategies to promote lifestyle changes. Tailored, targeted nutrition education has been found to be the most effective at supporting behavior change, which is necessary to address obesity.^36–38

Although parents were identified as a barrier, they were also believed to be the most influential factor in pediatric weight management. Parent-focused interventions have been associated with significant positive behavior changes and/or weight status changes in children, in contrast to child-focused interventions (e.g. a meta-analysis revealed few results and limited longevity of weight/behavior change with child-focused interventions).^39–41 The magnitude of the parent’s role in pediatric weight management is also supported by the results of this study.

As previously mentioned, the barriers providers face to effective weight management are high. Consistent with other studies, language, cultural variances in perception of health and weight, and insufficient time were reported as barriers.^8,11–13 Time available to cover the necessary components of a medical visit in addition to assessment of nutrition and lifestyle behaviors to provide individualized nutrition education and lifestyle prescriptions is likely to be insufficient. However, to support long-term behavior changes necessary to address weight management (obesity), such individualized or “tailored” approaches that are evidence-based are essential.^36–38

From the provider end, additional barriers to effective weight management communication were evident as well. Avoidance of nutrition advice is a clear barrier for successful weight management as both energy intake and energy expenditure are key components to managing weight. Providers in this study reported difficulty with providing nutrition advice, which is concerning because of the hesitancy or avoidance of nutrition education for patients by providers. Yarborough et al.¹⁵ also found that providers reported a lack of confidence regarding nutrition advice. However, in order to meet recommended guidelines for the prevention, management, and treatment of pediatric obesity nutrition must be included in weight management counseling. Improved nutrition training for medical providers has been suggested and could possibly improve prevention, management, and treatment of pediatric obesity.^36–38,42 Moreover, improvement of self-efficacy and delivery of nutrition education may meet parental needs and foster a positive patient–provider relationship. For example, there is evidence of parental preferences for individualized nutrition information. In a study by Lupi et al.,¹⁶ parents reported interest in receiving weekly meal and nutritional plans from their providers.

RDs are uniquely qualified to help patients with obesity because of their extensive nutrition training and knowledge. Skills RDs possess that are specific to pediatric obesity include knowledge of weight management strategies, along with knowledge of healthy food preparation, assessment of body size and diet, competency in behavioral-science techniques, and knowledge of parents and child-feeding practices that are intended to promote a healthy weight.⁴³ Furthermore, RDs have physiologic and metabolic training that allows them to assist the health care team in the case that a child is extremely obese.⁴³ Studies that have investigated the incorporation and/or outcomes of pediatric weight management with care by dietitian have been overall promising. In a study by Bocca et al.,⁴⁴ outcomes were improved in an intervention program for 3-year-old and 5-year-old children with excess weight or obesity when an RD was included on the multidisciplinary team. Children had a decreased BMI and waist circumference, and their results lasted longer than those receiving usual care. Furthermore, the specific training of dietitians makes them a strong potential health care team in combating the current pediatric obesity epidemic and they may be able to assist in relieving the high burden of obesity prevention, management, and treatment.

Findings from this study explore the experiences of medical providers in weight counseling and management. Study limitations do exist. Due to the time constraints and potential stress level of interviewing during working hours, some feedback may not have been as detailed, or as extensive as desired, although interviews which were shorter usually included participant responses that were brief. Theme saturation was reached during interviews however, the sample size was small. The interview guide used in this study was developed specifically for this project and was not pilot tested prior to this study. Validation primarily focused on face validation from members of the clinic’s Obesity Management Team (which included a physician and an RD). This study investigated perceptions of providers working with a very specific audience at an urban, diverse, low-income pediatric community clinic, and results may not be applicable to other clinical settings; however, disparities and limited research with these patients support the need to examine practices with these groups. Findings were also self-reported experiences and perceptions which have potential for subjective bias. Despite efforts for quality control in the interpretation and analysis of interview transcriptions, there is potential for un-intended bias.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that successful management of children’s weight likely involves addressing the issue at two levels: the parent and the provider. At the parent level, this requires that parents understand the risks that being overweight can have on their children’s health and development and that they have a critical role in helping their children manage their weight and general health. At the provider level, the challenge is more complex because it requires health professionals to discuss with parents their child’s nutrition, physical activity levels, sleep patterns, and existing medical conditions and to formulate an individualized or tailored plan for the parent and the child. To achieve success at both levels, open efforts to understand and work together for the common benefit of the child are essential. The results from this study suggest better resources (or training) for primary care providers are needed to support provision of sound and effective nutrition advice. The consistent reporting of time as a major barrier in combination with the above challenges suggests the potential benefit of incorporating dietitians into primary care to assist primary care providers (e.g. physicians and pediatricians) and may be a viable complementary practice in preventing, managing, and treating pediatric obesity. The relatively poor progress made toward preventing, managing, and treating pediatric obesity in our society clearly indicates that new approaches and/or utilization of new resources or collaborations are needed. A good first step would be to enhance pediatric practitioner’s ability to address children with excess weight and/or obesity and to teach parents the importance of good nutrition, physical activity, adequate sleep, and staying informed and engaged with their children’s health and development.

Supplemental Material

COREQ_checklist – Supplemental material for A qualitative study examining medical provider advice, barriers, and perceived effectiveness in addressing childhood obesity to patients and families from a low-income community health clinic

Supplemental material, COREQ_checklist for A qualitative study examining medical provider advice, barriers, and perceived effectiveness in addressing childhood obesity to patients and families from a low-income community health clinic by Lauren R Sastre, Stephanie Matson, Kenneth J Gruber and Lauren Haldeman in SAGE Open Medicine

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the medical providers at the clinics for their time in participating in the study interviews. The authors also thank the Obesity Management Team for their oversight for this study as well as assistance with participant recruitment.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Institutional Review Board (12-0094).

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was funded by the Community-Based Research Grant Program sponsored by the Office for Leadership and Service Learning at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Informed consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before the study.

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

ORCID iD

Lauren R Sastre

References

Obesity Facts. Childhood obesity facts, https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/facts.htm (accessed 15 June 2017).

World Health Organization. Commission on ending childhood obesity facts and figures on childhood obesity, http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/facts/en/ (accessed 26 January 2018).

http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0929_combat_child_obesity.html (accessed 15 June 2017).

Davis

Gance-Cleveland

Hassink

et al . Recommendations for prevention of childhood obesity. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 229–253.

Barlow

SE.

Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 2007; 120(Suppl. 4): S164–S192.

Rao

Childhood obesity: highlights of AMA expert committee recommendations. Am Fam Physician 2008; 78(1): 56–63.

Spivack

Swietlik

Alessandrini

et al . Primary care provider’s knowledge practices, and perceived barriers to the treatment and prevention of childhood obesity. Obesity 2010; 18: 1341–1347.

Rhodes

Ebbeling

Meyers

et al . Pediatric obesity management: variation by specialty and awareness of guidelines. Clin Pediatr 2007; 46(6): 491–504.

Barlow

Dietz

Klish

et al . Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents: reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians. Pediatrics 2002; 110(1 Pt. 2): 222–228.

10.

O’Brien

Holubkov

Reis

EC.

Identification, evaluation, and management of obesity in an academic primary care center. Pediatrics 2004; 114(2): e154–e119.

11.

Cheng

DeWitt

Savageau

et al . Determinants of counseling in primary care pediatric practice: physician attitudes about time, money, and health issues. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153(6): 629–635.

12.

Story

Neumark-Stzainer

Sherwood

et al . Management of child and adolescent obesity: attitudes, barriers, skills, and training needs among health care professionals. Pediatrics 2002; 110(1 Pt. 2): 210–214.

13.

Klein

Sesselberg

Johnson

et al . Adoption of body mass index guidelines for screening and counseling in pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2010; 125(2): 265–272.

14.

Mazur

Matusik

Revert

et al . Childhood obesity: knowledge attitudes, and practices of European pediatric care providers. Pediatrics 2013; 132(1): e100–e108.

15.

Yarborough

BJH

DeBar

et al . Responding to pediatric providers’ perceived barriers to adolescent weight management. Clin Pediatr 2012; 51(11): 1063–1070.

16.

Lupi

Haddad

Gazmararian

et al . Parental perceptions of family and pediatrician roles in childhood weight management. J Pediatr 2014; 165(1): 99.e2–103.e2.

17.

Wang

Disparities in pediatric obesity in the United States. Adv Nutr 2011; 2(1): 23–31.

18.

Bleich

Bennett

Gudzune

et al . National survey of US primary care physicians’ perspectives about causes of obesity and solutions to improve care. BMJ Open 2012; 2(6): e001871.

19.

Nelson

Vos

Walsh

et al . Weight management-related assessment and counseling by primary care providers in an area of high childhood obesity prevalence: current practices and areas of opportunity. Child Obes 2015; 11(2): 194–201.

20.

Silberberg

Carter-Edwards

Murphy

et al . Treating pediatric obesity in the primary care setting to prevent chronic disease: perceptions and knowledge of providers and staff. N C Med J 2012; 73(1): 9–14.

21.

Chelvakumar

Levin

Polfuss

et al . Perception and documentation of weight management practices in pediatric primary care. WMJ 2014; 113(4): 149–153; quiz 154.

22.

Matteson

AL.

Obesity, dietary behaviors, and level of physical activity among low-income children in Guilford county. NC digital online collection of knowledge and scholarship (NCDOCKS). Greensboro, NC: The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2011.

23.

Sastre

Hooker

Haldeman

Disparities in weight and health insurance status exist among newcomer children and adolescents from a low-income pediatric clinic. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual North American refugee health conference oral presentation, Rochester, NY, 20 June 2014.

24.

Elo

Kyngäs

The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs 2009; 62(1): 107–115.

25.

Chaparro

Langellier

Kim

et al . Predictors of accurate maternal perception of their preschool child’s weight status among Hispanic WIC participants. Obesity 2011; 19(10): 2026–2030.

26.

DeLaO

Jordan

Ortiz

et al . Do parents accurately perceive their child’s weight status. J Pediatr Health Care 2009; 23(4): 216–221.

27.

Parkinson

Drewett

Jones

et al . When do mothers think their child is overweight. Int J Obes 2011; 35(4): 510–516.

28.

Jones

Parkinson

Drewett

et al . Parental perceptions of weight status in children: the Gateshead Millennium Study. Int J Obes 2011; 35(7): 953–962.

29.

Hernandez

Cheng

Serwint

JR.

Parents’ healthy weight perceptions and preferences regarding obesity counseling in preschoolers: pediatricians matter. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49(8): 790–798.

30.

Moore

Harris

Bradlyn

AS.

Exploring the relationship between parental concern and the management of childhood obesity. Matern Child Health J 2012; 16(4): 902–908.

31.

Nsiah-Kumi

Ariza

Mikhail

et al . History and parents’ beliefs about consequences of childhood overweight and their influence on children’s health behaviors. Acad Pediatr 2009; 9(1): 53–59.

32.

O’Neil

Shewokis

Falkenstein

et al . Psychosocial factors and health perceptions in parents and children who are overweight or obese. Obesity 2010; 18(8): 1558–1565.

33.

Taveras

Gortmaker

Mitchell

et al . Parental perceptions of overweight counseling in primary care: the roles of race/ethnicity and parent overweight. Obesity 2008; 16(8): 1794–1801.

34.

Boiling

Crosby

Boles

et al . How pediatricians can improve diet and activity of overweight preschoolers: a qualitative study of parental attitudes. Acad Pediatr 2009; 9(3): 172–178.

35.

Eneli

Kalogiros

McDonald

et al . Parental preferences on addressing weight related issues in children. Clin Pediatr 2007; 46(7): 612–618.

36.

Skinner

Campbell

Rimer

et al . How effective is tailored print communication? Ann Behav Med 1999; 21(4): 290–298.

37.

Eyles

Mhurchu

CN.

Does tailoring make a difference? A systematic review of the long-term effectiveness of tailored nutrition education for adults. Nutr Rev 2009; 67(8): 464–480.

38.

Kreuter

Lukwago

Bucholtz

et al . Achieving cultural appropriateness in health promotion programs: targeted and tailored approaches. Health Educ Behav 2002; 30(2): 133–146.

39.

Moens

Braet

Training parents of overweight children in parenting skills: a 12-month evaluation. Behav Cogn Psychother 2012; 40(1): 1–18.

40.

Perrin

JacobsonVann

Benjamin

et al . Use of a pediatrician toolkit to address parental perception of children’s weight status, nutrition, and activity behaviors. Acad Pediatr 2010; 10(4): 274–281.

41.

Kamath

Vickers

Ehrlich

et al . Behavioral interventions to prevent childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(12): 4606–4615.

42.

Kris-Etherton

Akabas

Bales

et al . The need to advance nutrition education in the training of health care professionals and recommended research to evaluate implementation and effectiveness. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99(Suppl. 5): 1153S–1166S.

43.

Hoelscher

Kirk

Ritchie

et al . Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: interventions for the prevention and treatment of pediatric overweight and obesity. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113(10): 1375–1394.

44.

Bocca

Corpeleijn

Stolk

et al . Results of a multidisciplinary treatment program in 3-year-old to 5-year-old overweight or obese children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012; 166(12): 1109–1115.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.46 MB