The ideal smile is one where there is harmony between the ‘white’ (tooth) and ‘pink’ (periodontal) aesthetics. The developments in the field of periodontology have enhanced aesthetic outcomes when managing excessive gingival exposure in a ‘gummy’ smile or excessive tooth exposure in gingival recession cases. This paper aims to outline the aetiology, classification, and management of both a ‘gummy’ smile and gingival recession, putting a spotlight on aesthetics.
CatonJGArmitageGBerglundhT, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S1-S8.
4.
GoldmanHMCohenDW. Periodontal therapy. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company; 1968.
5.
CosletJGVanarsdallRWeisgoldA. Diagnosis and classification of delayed passive eruption of the dentogingival junction in the adult. Alpha Omegan. 1977;70(3):24-28.
6.
NartJCarrióNVallesC, et al. Prevalence of altered passive eruption in orthodontically treated and untreated patients. J Periodontol. 2014;85(11):e348-e353.
7.
ChuSJTanJHStappertCF, et al. Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2009;21(2):113-120.
8.
ChuSJ. Range and mean distribution frequency of individual tooth width of the maxillary anterior dentition. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2007;19(4):209-215.
9.
Cohen ES. Atlas of Cosmetic and Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery. Vol. 3. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc.; 2007. Crown lengthening; pp. 249-258.
10.
GarguiloAWWentzFMOrbanB. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol. 1961;32(3):261-267.
11.
WiseMD. Stability of gingival crest after gingival surgery and before anterior crown placement. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;53(1):20-23.
12.
WennströmJL. Mucogingival surgery. Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. In: LangNPKarringT (Eds.). Berlin: Quintessence; 1994. 193-200.
13.
RupprechtRDHorningGMNicollBK, et al. Prevalence of dehiscences and fenestrations in modern American skulls. J Periodontol. 2001;72(6):722-729.
14.
MillerPD. A classification of marginal tissue recession. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1985;5(2):8-13.
15.
SalettaDPini PratoGPagliaroU, et al. Coronally advanced flap procedure: Is the interdental papilla a prognostic factor for root coverage?J Periodontol. 2001;72(6):760-766.
16.
BaldiCPini-PratoGPagliaroU, et al. Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Is flap thickness a relevant predictor to achieve root coverage? A 19-case series. J Periodontol. 1999;70(9):1077-1084.
17.
Pini PratoGPagliaroUBaldiC, et al. Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Flap with tension versus flap without tension: A randomized controlled clinical study. J Periodontol. 2000;71(2):188-201.
18.
Pini PratoGPBaldiCNieriM, et al. Coronally advanced flap: The post-surgical position of the gingival margin is an important factor for achieving complete root coverage. J Periodontol. 2005;76(5):713-722.
19.
CairoFPagliaroUNieriM. Treatment of gingival recession with coronally advanced flap procedures: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8 Suppl):136-162.
ZucchelliGDe SanctisM. Treatment of multiple recession-type defects in patients with esthetic demands. J Periodontol. 2000;71(9): 1506-1514.
24.
AllenAL. Use of the supraperiosteal envelope in soft tissue grafting for root coverage. II. Clinical results. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1994;14(4):302-315.
