BAX326 (RIXUBIS): a novel recombinant factor IX for the control and prevention of bleeding episodes in adults and children with hemophilia B

Abstract

Hemophilia B management has improved considerably since the introduction of high-purity plasma-derived factor IX (pdFIX) products in the early 1990s. Recombinant FIX (rFIX) was introduced more recently and has potential safety advantages over the older blood-based products. Until recently, only one such product, nonacog alfa (BeneFIX^®, Pfizer, Inc.), has been available. However, a new rFIX product, BAX326 (RIXUBIS, Baxter Healthcare Corp.), has now been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. BAX326 undergoes rigorous virus elimination and purification steps during manufacture, and has low activated FIX activity, which confers low thrombogenic potential in humans. Preclinical studies showed promising pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, and these early findings have since been expanded in a series of prospective, multicenter, clinical studies. Foremost among these is a pivotal phase I/III study of BAX326 and its use in routine prophylaxis or on-demand treatment in patients aged 12–65 years with severe (FIX level <1%) or moderately severe (FIX level ≤2%) hemophilia B. This study confirmed the pharmacokinetic equivalence of BAX326 and nonacog alfa, and showed a significant reduction in annualized bleeding rate with BAX326 prophylaxis compared with on-demand treatment (79% versus historic controls; p < 0.001). The hemostatic efficacy of BAX326 was rated as ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 96% of bleeds. BAX326 was also associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in physical health-related quality of life. Results are similarly encouraging in a pediatric study in children aged up to 12 years and in a study in hemophilia B patients undergoing surgery. A further study showed safe transition, with no inhibitor formation in any patient, from treatment with a pdFIX product to BAX326. Overall, the safety profile of BAX326 in clinical trials has been strong, with no inhibitor or specific antibody formation, thrombosis, or treatment-related serious adverse events or anaphylaxis.

Keywords

Introduction

Hemophilia B is an X-linked hereditary bleeding disorder caused by congenital deficiency of coagulation factor IX (FIX) [Srivastava et al. 2013] (Figure 1, Mann, 1999). Several mutations have been described in the FIX gene, the most common of which include single base-pair changes associated with mis-sense, frameshift or nonsense mutations [Franchini et al. 2013]. Hemophilia B is less common than hemophilia A, which is linked to factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency; of 172,373 people identified with hemophilia across 109 countries in the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) Global Survey of 2012, 28,008 (16.2%) had hemophilia B [WFH, 2013].

Figure 1.

Factor IX (FIX) and the classic coagulation cascade. FIX is activated (FIXa) proteolytically by factor XIa or factor VIIa to form factor IXa. Together with other cofactors, including factor VIIIa in addition to phospholipid and calcium ions, FIXa forms the tenase complex which activates factor X to form factor Xa [Mann, 1999].

The severity of bleeding in hemophilia is related to the degree of clotting factor deficiency [Srivastava et al. 2013]. Data from the USA shows that approximately 36% of patients with hemophilia B have the severe form of the disease (FIX level <1% of normal; data for other countries may vary) [CDC, 2011], which is associated with spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles, usually in the absence of any obvious trauma [Srivastava et al. 2013]. Repeated bleeding into joints without adequate treatment can result in crippling chronic joint disease, pain and reduced quality of life [Elander and Barry, 2003; Miners et al. 1999; Molho et al. 2000; Aznar et al. 2000]. In addition, some bleeding episodes, such as gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeds, can be life-threatening [Srivastava et al. 2013].

Although hemophilia A and B are considered to be clinically very similar [Makris, 2009], differences in bleeding phenotype have been suggested in severe cases [Makris, 2009], and the pharmacokinetics of FVIII and FIX differ from each other. Plasma-derived FIX (pdFIX) has a higher average clearance (approximately 4 versus 3 ml/h/kg) and longer elimination half-life (possibly in excess of 30 hours versus approximately 14 hours) than plasma-derived FVIII (pdFVIII) [Björkman and Berntorp, 2001]. Also, the volume of distribution at steady state (V_SS) of pdFVIII approximates to that of plasma, whereas the V_SS of pdFIX is reportedly 3–4 times plasma volume [Björkman and Berntorp, 2001].

Treatment of hemophilia B is underpinned by replacement of the deficient FIX as required for bleeding episodes (on-demand treatment) or by scheduled dosing in order to maintain appropriate FIX levels and to reduce the risk of bleeding (prophylaxis) [Srivastava et al. 2013; Franchini et al. 2013]. In general, treatment of acute bleeding episodes with factor replacement for hemophilia B aims to achieve a plasma FIX level of 60–80% for major bleeds and 20–40% for minor bleeds [Franchini et al. 2013]. Reduction of bleeding episodes, with as close to zero bleeds as possible, is important in enhancing joint health and maximizing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [Gringeri et al. 2014]. Accordingly, WFH guidelines recommend prophylaxis to prevent bleeding and joint destruction, and to preserve normal musculoskeletal function, and state that prophylaxis is advisable before patients take part in activities involving an increased risk of trauma [Srivastava et al. 2013]. Despite this, results from the 2006 Canadian National Haemophilia Prophylaxis Survey showed a considerably lower proportion of patients with hemophilia B than with hemophilia A were receiving prophylaxis (32% versus 69% of those with severe disease) [Biss et al. 2008]. This may be related, in part, to a perception that hemophilia B has a less severe bleeding phenotype and that fewer prophylaxis studies have been conducted in hemophilia B compared with hemophilia A [Biss et al. 2008; Schulman et al. 2008].

Primary prophylaxis (i.e. regular continuous prophylactic treatment, started before the second large joint bleed and 3 years of age [Srivastava et al. 2013]) is associated with significant reductions in frequency of bleeding and joint damage versus episodic therapy in hemophilia A [Manco-Johnson et al. 2007]. Although some surrogate data on the need for orthopedic surgery in the longer term have been published [Mannucci and Franchini, 2013], equivalent joint outcomes information for patients with hemophilia B remains unavailable. There is currently no concrete evidence to suggest that patients with severe hemophilia B should not receive primary prophylaxis from the time of diagnosis or first episode of joint bleeding [Mannucci and Franchini, 2013]. Secondary prophylaxis refers to regular treatment started after ≥2 bleeds into large joints, but before the onset of joint disease, while tertiary prophylaxis refers to regular treatment started after the onset of joint disease to prevent further damage [Srivastava et al. 2013]. Although prophylaxis is often expensive, it is considered worthwhile because of the avoidance of future high costs associated with subsequent management of joint damage and the improvement of quality of life for patients [Srivastava et al. 2013].

Highly purified pdFIX concentrates were first introduced in the early 1990s when they represented an advance in hemophilia management over previously used prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) [Kim et al. 1992; Furie et al. 1994]. A large number of these agents have since become commercially available [Brooker, 2012] and the safety of these products has increased since their introduction due to improvements in sourcing and purification procedures for blood derivatives, and the introduction of multiple viral inactivation steps [Kim et al. 2008]. However, concerns remain over potential contamination by prions, unencapsulated viruses and other unknown pathogens [Ludlam and Turner, 2006; Key and Negrier, 2007; Dietrich et al. 2013]. More recently, recombinant FIX (rFIX) products, which have a lower risk of pathogenic contamination, have been developed [Franchini et al. 2013]. Until 2013, nonacog alfa (BeneFIX^®, Pfizer Inc., New York, USA) [Pfizer Inc., 2014] was the only commercially available rFIX, but BAX326 (nonacog gamma, RIXUBIS; Baxter Healthcare Corp., Westlake Village, CA, USA) has now also been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration for use in adults [Baxter Healthcare Corp., 2014; Therapeutic Goods Administration, 2014]. Research is also ongoing into the use of recombinant DNA technology and bioengineering to modify the pharmacokinetics of rFIX. Strategies include polymer modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and protein fusion technology [Østergaard et al. 2011; Negrier et al. 2011; Shapiro et al. 2012; Santagostino et al. 2012]. FIX replacement therapy in the USA primarily consists mostly of rFIX [WFH, 2013]. In Europe, however, approximately 50% of FIX usage remains plasma-derived, with broad variations in other geographies [WFH, 2013]. Furthermore, the proportion of patients with severe hemophilia B who receive prophylaxis is less than the corresponding proportion of severe hemophilia A patients, with fewer than half of severe hemophilia B patients receiving prophylaxis in the USA and Canada [CDC, 2011; Biss et al. 2008].

There is consequently a need to increase the worldwide availability of rFIX to support likely increases in demand, to ensure consistent supply and to increase treatment options. The introduction of BAX326 and other pipeline rFIX products represents a step towards realizing these goals. Moreover, BAX326 is the only FIX product currently approved in the USA for routine prophylaxis [Baxter Healthcare Corp., 2014; Pfizer Corp, 2014].

BAX326

The manufacture and preclinical activity of BAX326 have been covered in detail elsewhere [Dietrich et al. 2013; Baxter Healthcare Corp., 2014]; a brief summary follows.

BAX326 is developed using a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell clone in suspension culture. Its amino acid sequence is identical to that of the Ala-148 allelic form of pdFIX, and its structural and functional characteristics are similar. No human or animal proteins are added at any stage of the manufacturing and formulation process. The CHO cell line secretes rFIX into a defined cell culture medium that does not contain hormones and the rFIX is purified by a chromatography purification process that does not require a monoclonal antibody step. Virus inactivation and removal is by solvent/detergent treatment and 15 nm nanofiltration, in contrast to nonacog alfa where nanofiltration alone is used. Potency of BAX326 is determined using an in vitro activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) based one-stage clotting assay calibrated against the World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard for FIX concentrate.

Virus elimination steps (including nanofiltration and solvent/detergent treatment) are included in the manufacture of BAX326 to reduce or eliminate the presence of small nonenveloped or enveloped viruses and any unknown pathogens [Dietrich et al. 2013; Berting et al. 2010; Rezvan et al. 2006]. Purification also removes recombinant furin, a proteolytic enzyme which is coexpressed with rFIX in CHO cells, and completes the required proteolytic cleavage of rFIX in order for it to be functional [Dietrich et al. 2013]. Preclinical studies have shown the hemostatic efficacy of BAX326 to be dose-related and consistent across batches, with rFIX activity declining over time in a biphasic manner (similarly to nonacog alfa) [Dietrich et al. 2013]. Results obtained in animals showed no signs of thrombogenesis or adverse clinical, respiratory or cardiovascular effects, and immunogenicity was similar to nonacog alfa [Dietrich et al. 2013].

The use of FIX products has been associated with the development of thromboembolic complications and the levels of activated FIX (FIXa) in FIX products demonstrated a high correlation with thrombogenicity in a rabbit stasis model [Gray et al. 1995]. The FIXa content in BAX326 (0.009 IU/mL) and nonacog alfa (0.106 IU/mL) was measured in vitro by a FIXa chromogenic assay [Turecek et al. 2013]. A separate study demonstrated with a chromogenic assay that rFIX (nonacog alfa) contained approximately 10-fold higher FIXa levels than pdFIX (AlphaNine): 12 ± 4 pM FIXa in pdFIX and 117 ± 22 pM FIXa in rFIX [Yu and Millar, 2014].

The thrombogenic potentials of BAX326 and nonacog alfa were evaluated in a Wessler rabbit stasis model, where a single IV injection of BAX326 or nonacog alfa was administered to six animals per treatment group. No thrombogenicity was observed with BAX326, as all animals in this treatment group received an assessment score of 0 on a 4-point thrombus formation scale [Dietrich et al. 2013]. When additional FIXa was spiked into BAX326, the mean Wessler score increased to 0.42, which confirms the correlation of Wessler score with FIXa content. The mean Wessler score of the nonacog alfa treatment group was 0.5, demonstrating the lower FIXa content of BAX326. Therefore, the risk of a thromboembolic event with the use of BAX326 in humans is considered to be similarly low or even lower than for the previously licensed rFIX.

Clinical development

The clinical development of BAX326 is currently based on five prospective, multicenter studies (Table 1). Briefly, the trials are:

a pivotal phase I/III study of the pharmacokinetics of BAX326 and its use in routine prophylaxis or on-demand treatment in patients aged 12–65 years

a phase II/III pediatric study of routine prophylaxis in children aged <12 years

a continuation study of routine prophylaxis or on-demand treatment in patients aged up to 65 years

a phase III study in patients aged 12–65 years undergoing surgical or other invasive procedures

a phase IV study in patients aged <65 years where patients received the pdFIX product Immunine^® (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Westlake Village, CA, USA) prior to entering the pivotal or pediatric studies in order to prospectively monitor the switch from a pdFIX to rFIX.

Table 1.

Clinical study program for BAX326.

Study number (phase) and ClinicalTrials.gov identifier	Study	Patients	Design and dosing	Objectives	Reference(s)
250901(phase I/III)NCT01174446	Pivotal study (pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety)	Age 12–65 yearsSevere/moderately severe diseasePreviously treatedImmunocompetentNo history of FIX inhibitors	Part 1: Pharmacokinetics	Characterize pharmacokinetics and establish equivalence with BFX (primary outcome = AUC_0–72h)	Windyga et al. [2014a, 2014c]
			R, DB, XO	Assess procoagulation markers (D-dimers, TAT, P1.2)
				BAX326 versus BFX: 75 ± 5 IU/kg single dose; WO 5–7 days
			Part 2. Treatment and prophylaxis	Hemostatic efficacy (treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding)
			OL, BAX326 only	IR (assessed at each visit with 75 ± 5 IU/kg)^a
			Prophylaxis: 50 IU/kg(40–60 IU/kg; maximum 75 IU/kg) twice weekly × 6 months or ≥50 EDs	Safety (AEs, FIX inhibitors, antibodies, rFurin, CHO proteins, thrombotic events)
			On-demand: treatment of acute bleeds; dose dependent on severity	HRQoL
			Part 3: Repeat pharmacokinetics	BAX326 PK parameters
			OL, same patients as part 175 ± 5 IU/kg single-dose	Re-evaluation of procoagulation markers
			BAX326 after 26 ± 1 weeks of treatment
251101(phase II/III)NCT01488994	Pediatric study (safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics in patients aged <12 years)	Age <12 years	OL, R	Primary: safety (all AEs potentially related to BAX326)	Urasinski et al. [2013];
		Severe/moderately severe disease	Two cohorts: age <6 years and6 to <12 years	Secondary: pharmacokinetics, IR over time, hemostatic efficacy for 6 months, safety (immunogenicity, thrombotic events, laboratory data), HRQoL	[ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01488994]
		Previously treated^b	Patients R within cohorts to either of two blood sampling sequences for PK assessment (75 ± 5 IU/kg single dose)
		Immunocompetent	Prophylaxis:40–80 IU/kg twice weekly × ≥6 months or ≥50 EDs
		No history of FIX inhibitors
251001(phase III)NCT01286779	Continuation study	Completed either the pivotal study or the pediatric study	Treatment at the discretion of the investigator; twice weekly prophylaxis (50 IU/kg), modified prophylaxis, or on-demand	IR, efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and HRQoL	[ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01286779]
251001(phase III)NCT01286779	Continuation study	No history of FIX inhibitors		IR, efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and HRQoL	[ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01286779]
251002(phase III)NCT01507896	BAX326 in patients undergoing surgical or other invasive procedures	Age 12–65 years	OL, NR	Primary: hemostatic efficacy and safety	Windyga et al. [2014b]; [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01507896]
		Severe/moderately severe disease	Preoperative: BAX326 infusion to raise FIX to 80–100% for major surgery, and 30–60% for minor surgery	Secondary: intra- and postoperative hemostatic efficacy, intra- and postoperative blood loss, BAX326 and blood product consumption, safety (AEs, FIX antibodies, thrombotic events), pharmacokinetics
		Requiring emergency or elective major or minor surgical, dental, or other invasive procedures	Postoperative: dosing 8–24 hourly to maintain 80–100% FIX level, then 30–60% for 7 days after healing for major surgery;
		24-hourly dosing to maintain 30–60% level for minor surgery
050901(phase IV)NCT01128881	Immunine study	Age <65 yearsSevere/moderately severe diseaseNo history of FIX inhibitorsImmunocompetent	Immunine:20–40 IU/kg twice weekly prophylaxis	Primary: prospective evaluation of pdFIX exposure and FIX inhibitors in patients planned for entry into the pivotal or pediatric study, hemostatic efficacy, IR (30 minutes), safety	Solano Trujillo et al. [2014][ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01128881]
050901(phase IV)NCT01128881	Immunine study		BAX326: as per pivotal and pediatric studies

Incremental recovery (IR), defined as the peak factor level in plasma within the first hour of dosing expressed as the ratio of measured level against dose per bodyweight (IU/ml:IU/kg), is a key parameter used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of clotting factors.

Age ≥6 years: previously treated with pdFIX or rFIX for 150 EDs or participation in the Immunine Pre-Treatment Study (NCT01128881); age <6 years: previously treated with pdFIX and/or rFIX for >50 EDs or participation in the Immunine Pre-Treatment Study (NCT01128881).

AEs, adverse events; AUC_0–72h, area under the curve of plasma concentration versus time from 0 to 72 hours; BFX, nonacog alfa (BeneFIX); CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; DB, double-blind; EDs, exposure days; FIX, factor IX; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; IR, incremental recovery; IU, international unit; NR, nonrandomized; OL, open-label; P1.2, prothrombin fragment 1.2; pdFIX, plasma-derived FIX; PK, pharmacokinetic; R, randomized; rFIX, recombinant FIX; rFurin, recombinant furin; TAT, thrombin-antithrombin III complex; WO, washout; XO, crossover.

The clinical study program focuses not only on the hemostatic efficacy and safety of BAX326, but also on possible FIX inhibitor development when receiving or transitioning to BAX326. The development of inhibitors (alloantibodies to FIX) is the most challenging complication of FIX replacement therapy [Franchini et al. 2013], and affects between 1.5% and 3% of hemophilia B patients [DiMichele, 2007]. Inhibitors render FIX replacement therapy ineffective [Giordano et al. 2013] and place the patient at increased risk of allergic reaction after further exposure to FIX products [Srivastava et al. 2013].

Pivotal phase I/III study

The aims of this prospective study (250901) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01174446], which has recently been published [Windyga et al. 2014a, 2014c] were to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of BAX326 in comparison with nonacog alfa and to investigate the hemostatic efficacy, safety and HRQoL of BAX326 in previously treated patients aged 12–65 years with severe (FIX level <1%) or moderately severe (FIX level ≤2%) hemophilia B. The study was conducted in three parts: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, single dose PK investigation, followed by an open-label assessment of prophylaxis or on-demand therapy, and a final repeat PK investigation (Table 1 and Figure 2). In total, 73 patients from 14 countries were enrolled into the full analysis set, of whom 59 received prophylaxis and 14 received on-demand treatment during the prophylaxis/treatment phase. At screening, most patients had arthropathy (88%) and target joints (66%), and only 18% were receiving consistent routing prophylaxis before the study [Windyga et al. 2014a]. A historic control group was generated by meta-analysis of 12 previously published studies. This was done due to the small size of the on-demand treatment group which was attributable to the increasing adoption of prophylaxis as the standard of care.

Figure 2.

Patient disposition (simplified) in the pivotal phase I/III study of BAX326 [Windyga et al. 2014a]. Parts 1 and 3 were single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations; part 1 compared BAX326 and nonacog alfa in a crossover fashion, whereas part 3 was a repeat PK evaluation of BAX326 only. Part 2 was an open-label treatment and prophylaxis study of BAX326. See the paper by Windyga and colleagues [Windyga et al. 2014a] for full details of patient flow through the trial.

The study confirmed the PK equivalence of the 2 products based on area under the curve (AUC) of plasma concentration versus time from 0 to 72 hours (AUC_0–72h) [Windyga et al. 2014a]. Repeated PK analysis at the end of the 6-month study in the third part of the study confirmed the initial findings for BAX326. The incremental recovery at maximum concentration (C_max) was measured as 0.87 ± 0.22 and the half-life was 26.70 ± 9.55 hours, and 0.95 ± 0.25 IU/dl:IU/kg in the initial and final PK analyses. Moreover, the incremental recovery of BAX326 30 minutes postinfusion was consistent over time, suggesting no formation of subclinical inhibitors [Windyga et al. 2014a].

Overall, compliance was very good among all 59 patients who received prophylactic treatment; 96.7% (±11.19%) of patients were in compliance with the determined prophylactic infusion dose (40–75 IU/kg), and 89.2% (±9.70%) were compliant with the planned frequency of dosing (any prior infusion was within 3.5 ± 1 days of the prophylactic infusion).

Of 56 patients who received prophylaxis for at least 6 months, 24 (42.9%) did not experience any bleeding. The overall median annualized bleeding rate (ABR) during the 6 months of twice-weekly prophylaxis with BAX326 was 1.99 (range 0–23.4). The overall mean ABR (4.20 ± 5.75) was significantly lower (79% difference; p < 0.001) than that seen in a historic control group of 276 patients who had received on-demand treatment (rFIX or pdFIX) in 12 earlier studies (20.0 ± 39.4) [Windyga et al. 2014a]. Of 249 reported bleeds in the pivotal study, 211 (84.7%) were controlled with 1–2 infusions. Hemostatic efficacy at bleed resolution was rated ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 96% of all bleeds (Figure 3) [Windyga et al. 2014a].

Figure 3.

Patient rating of hemostatic efficacy at bleed resolution in the pivotal trial of BAX326 [Windyga et al. 2014a].

BAX326 was associated with a good safety profile in the pivotal study. There were no deaths, severe allergic reactions, or cases of anaphylaxis, thrombotic events, or treatment-related serious adverse events (AEs). No patient developed FIX inhibitors or treatment-related antibodies. Three nonserious AEs were considered related to BAX326 (two instances of dysgeusia in the same patient and pain in extremity in the other patient). Thrombogenic markers were elevated in some patients after treatment with either rFIX product, but were considered to be attributable to sampling technique or recent bleeding [Windyga et al. 2014a].

HRQoL was assessed using the Short Form (SF) 36 instrument administered at baseline and follow up. The SF-36 survey consists of 36 questions addressing physical and mental component summaries and 8 health domains, with higher scores indicating improvements [Maruish, 2011]. There were statistically significant and clinically meaningful (larger than the established minimally important difference for a given domain) improvements in patients on prophylaxis for the Physical Component Score of the SF-36 (mean change from baseline 2.60; p = 0.0189) [Windyga et al. 2014a]. The improvement was due mainly to improvement in the domains of Bodily Pain and Role-Physical (ability to perform physical activities). Moreover, subgroup analysis showed that patients who switched to prophylaxis from on-demand treatment experienced more pronounced improvements across several domains: Physical Component Score (mean change 3.21; p = 0.014); Vitality (3.71; p = 0.04); General Health (3.40; p = 0.009); and Social Functioning (5.06; p = 0.002). A post hoc analysis showed lower bodily pain in patients reporting zero bleeds (p = 0.038) [Windyga et al. 2014c].

Pediatric study

The pediatric study (251101) (Table 1) [Urasinski et al. 2013; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01488994] assessed safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics and hemostatic efficacy during prophylaxis with BAX326 in previously treated patients aged <12 years with severe or moderately severe hemophilia B (FIX ≤2%). The primary endpoint was safety expressed in terms of AEs possibly or probably related to BAX326. The PK evaluation was based on a single infusion of BAX326 (75 ± 5 IU/kg) before the start of the prophylaxis period.

The study consisted of 23 children of median age 7.1 years, enrolled in 6 countries [Urasinski et al. 2013]. The majority of the patients (17/23, 73.9%) had FIX activity levels <1%, and 4 (17.4%, all aged ≥6 years) had arthropathy at screening. A total of 5 patients (21.7%, all aged ≥6 years) had at least 1 target joint [Urasinski et al. 2013].

BAX326 had a favorable safety profile in this population: no patients developed FIX inhibitors and there were no treatment-related anti-FIX or CHO protein antibodies. No severe allergic reactions, no thrombotic events and no AEs related to treatment were reported. During the 6 months of prophylaxis, 39.1% (9/23) of patients had no bleeds and the median ABR for spontaneous bleeds was zero. Of a total of 26 bleeds, 23 were due to injury; 88.5% were treated with 1–2 infusions, and ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ hemostatic efficacy was reported in 96.2% of bleeds. Incremental recovery of BAX326 increased with age as expected (mean values ± standard deviation were 0.665 ± 0.1632 IU/dl:IU/kg in all patients, 0.586 ± 0.1320 IU/dl:IU/kg in children aged < 6 years, and 0.731 ± 0.1615 IU/dl:IU/kg in those aged 6 to <12 years), and was consistent over the duration of the study [Urasinski et al. 2013].

Continuation study

The ongoing continuation study (251001) aims to investigate further incremental recovery over time, hemostatic efficacy, safety, immunogenicity and HRQoL of BAX326 in patients who have already completed the BAX326 pivotal study (250901) or pediatric study (251101), as well as in patients who have not received prior treatment with BAX326. Treatment is open-label and at the discretion of the investigator, and consists of twice-weekly prophylaxis with 50 IU/kg, modified prophylaxis or on-demand treatment [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01286779].

Surgery study

The phase III surgery study (251002) [Windyga et al. 2014b; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01507896] has been carried out to assess the safety and efficacy of BAX326 in patients undergoing surgical, dental, or other invasive procedures (Table 1). BAX326 was dosed according to whether patients were scheduled for major or minor surgery, with target FIX plasma levels of 80–100% relative to normal for major procedures and 30–60% for minor surgery (Table 1). Interim results for this study are available [Windyga et al. 2014b].

Of the 14 patients treated, 11 had major surgery and 3 had minor procedures. Of the 11 major surgeries, 7 were orthopedic (1 residual femur fracture nail removal, 5 joint replacements and 1 open synovectomy) and 4 were nonorthopedic (1 molar extraction, 2 hernioplastic procedures and 1 neurofibroma excision). Among the 3 minor surgeries, there were 2 dental procedures (first molar extractions) and 1 intra-articular injection. Presurgical PK assessments were carried out in 7 patients. The mean FIX activity level was raised from 6.6% preoperatively to 107.6% after the initial loading dose for major procedures and from 3.6% to 81.4% for minor operations. Respective mean (range) weight-adjusted doses were 1265 (415–2965) IU/kg and 291 (55–601) IU/kg [Windyga et al. 2014b].

Intra-operative hemostatic efficacy was rated as ‘excellent’ for all procedures; postoperative efficacy at discharge was ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ for 11 and 3 patients, respectively. Mean intra-operative and postoperative blood losses were 236.8 ml and 784.4 ml, respectively. Actual intra-operative blood loss matched the predicted average blood loss in 5 major procedures, and was below prediction in all minor and 2 major procedures. Actual postoperative blood loss was at or below the predicted maximum in 3 major procedures. For the remaining 4 major operations, the actual loss was above the predicted maximum, but remained below 150% of the predicted maximum [Windyga et al. 2014b].

Mean presurgical PK parameters were available for 7 patients, among who the AUC_0–72h was 19.77 ± 7.88 IU/h/dl, incremental recovery (30 minutes) was 1.06 ± 0.35 IU/dl:IU/kg, and half-life was 21.50 ± 4.98 hours. There were no serious AEs, severe allergic reactions or thrombotic events, and no treatment-related antibody or FIX inhibitor formation. There were 14 nonserious AEs, but none of these were related to treatment with BAX326 [Windyga et al. 2014b].

Immunine switch study

This was the first prospective comparison of the safety, efficacy and incremental recovery of a pdFIX and rFIX in the same hemophilia B patients following a switch from the pdFIX Immunine to the rFIX BAX326. The patient population consisted of patients <65 years of age with severe or moderately severe hemophilia B (FIX ≤2%) who completed a pretreatment study documenting exposure to Immunine and who subsequently transitioned into the pivotal or pediatric BAX326 studies (Table 1) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01128881; Solano Trujillo et al. 2014]. Immunine exposure and FIX inhibitor formation were monitored during prophylactic treatment over approximately 20–50 exposure days. The study also ensured that patients were adequately pretreated and met the inclusion criterion for the pivotal or pediatric studies (150 exposure days for patients aged ≥6 years and 50 for patients aged <6 years) [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014].

In total, 44 patients who completed prophylactic treatment with Immunine during the pretreatment study entered the pivotal and pediatric clinical studies. A total of 32 patients were aged ≥12 years (median 29.5 years) and subsequently entered the pivotal BAX326 study; 12 patients were aged <12 years (median 7.5 years) and were later enrolled in the pediatric study (Table 2) [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014].

Table 2.

Patients and demographics in the phase IV Immunine study [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014].

Parameter	All patients treated with Immunine who subsequently entered the pivotal or pediatric BAX326 studies (n = 44)
	Aged <12 years (n = 12)	Aged 12–64 years (n = 32)
Age, years
Mean ± SD	6.4 ± 3.7	31.9 ± 11.4
Median (range)	7.5 (1–10)	29.5 (14–55)
FIX activity level, n (%)
<1%	11 (91.7)	23 (71.9)
1–2%	1 (8.3)	9 (28.1)
Arthropathy at screening, n (%)
Yes	4 (33.3)	26 (81.3)
No	8 (66.7)	6 (18.8)

FIX, factor IX; SD, standard deviation.

Overall, the transition from Immunine to BAX326 was clinically effective and safe. As in the other studies discussed in this review, no patients developed inhibitory or treatment-related FIX binding antibodies during treatment with either product or upon switching products. Safety profiles were similar for the two FIX products. There were no deaths, severe allergic reactions, anaphylactic reactions, thrombotic events or serious AEs related to treatment. There were 38 AEs (all unrelated to treatment) in 45.5% of patients during Immunine therapy. After switching to BAX326, there were 51 AEs in 56.8% of patients, only 2 of which (dysgeusia on 2 occasions in the same patient) were considered related to study treatment [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014].

Of the 32 patients who had incremental recovery data for Immunine, 13 (40.6%) did not experience any bleeds with this agent. Of all 44 patients who had incremental recovery data for BAX326, 21 (47.7%) had no bleeds. The ABR after ≥3 months of prophylaxis was slightly lower with BAX326 than with Immunine (mean 2.3 ± 3.3 versus 4.3 ± 7.6 in patients aged 12–64 years and 2.2 ± 2.38 versus 5.7 ± 7.33 in those aged <12 years); the differences were not statistically significant. A higher ABR was observed for joint and spontaneous bleeds treated with Immunine (independent of baseline arthropathy) in patients aged ≥12 years (respective mean paired differences 2.2 and 1.0). This was likely attributable to these patients having received on-demand treatment before their entry into the pretreatment study, which resulted in a gradual ABR decrease during a period of transition and, in turn, resulted in a lower ABR over time (as observed in the BAX326 pivotal study [Windyga et al. 2014a]. Most bleeds showed an ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ response to either Immunine or BAX326: 94.8% with BAX326 and 97.7% with Immunine [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014].

As expected, incremental recovery was lower for BAX326 than for Immunine in both age categories: median 0.89 versus 1.07 IU/dl:IU/kg for patients aged ≥12 years, and 0.67 versus 0.90 IU/dl:IU/kg for children aged <12 years. This could be related to differences between pdFIX and rFIX in post-translational FIX polypeptide modification that may affect the PK properties of these agents [Ewenstein et al. 2002; White et al. 1997]. In vivo recovery appeared lower in children than in adolescents/adults, irrespective of treatment type. However, patient numbers were insufficient for definitive conclusions [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014].

Comments and conclusions

The development of the novel rFIX BAX326 is a significant step in the direction of increasing the global supply of rFIX and has the potential to reduce healthcare costs by introducing product competition. While many pdFIX products have been available for some time and viral inactivation and purification methods have improved considerably over the past two decades, rFIX products are not sourced from blood products and may offer additional safety advantages. The manufacturing procedure for BAX326, summarized briefly in this review, is designed to maximize product security in this respect.

Emerging data from the clinical study program for BAX326 show the safety and efficacy of the product in routine prophylaxis, in the management of acute bleeding episodes and in surgery, and after switching from another FIX product. The pivotal study has shown PK equivalence between BAX326 and nonacog alfa in addition to statistically and clinically significant improvements in control of bleeding relative to historic controls [Windyga et al. 2014a]. Moreover, BAX326 treatment was associated with significant improvements in HRQoL scores in this study; these improvements were seen across the full spectrum of patients, including those with pre-existing joint damage [Windyga et al. 2014a]. Early data obtained in children aged up to 12 years are similarly encouraging, with the large majority of bleeding episodes controlled with ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ efficacy, and median ABR of zero for spontaneous bleeds. Interim results from the phase III surgery study show consistent high hemostatic efficacy for patients undergoing invasive procedures [Windyga et al. 2014b].

Most recently, results have become available from the first prospective comparison of a pdFIX and rFIX in the same group of patients with hemophilia B after switching from Immunine to BAX326. Safety considerations have been a concern for patients who switch products because of the potential for the formation of neoantigens, but there is a consensus in the literature that the overall risk of inhibitor formation is low for hemophilia B patients when switching FIX products [Matino et al. 2014]. Data are fewer than for patients with hemophilia A, but this is partly because of the lower incidence of hemophilia B relative to hemophilia A, and the lower frequency of inhibitor formation in hemophilia B [DiMichele, 2012]. The emerging results of the Immunine switching study align with these observations [Solano Trujillo et al. 2014]. None of the 44 patients who transitioned from Immunine to BAX326 developed inhibitory or specific binding antibodies, which implies that differences in protein cleavage and pharmacokinetics do not affect any potential antigenicity of either product. In clinical studies to date, no FIX inhibitors have been observed in relation to treatment with BAX326 [Warrier et al. 1997; Roth et al. 2001; Poon et al. 2002].

Overall, safety results in the clinical study program to date have been strong. There have been no serious AEs, no severe allergic reactions or thrombotic events associated with BAX326, and the large majority of nonserious AEs have been unrelated to study treatment.

Studies continue to show that the incremental recovery of BAX326 is lower than that of pdFIX, in accordance with earlier data comparing rFIX with pdFIX products [Ewenstein et al. 2002; Poon et al. 2002]. Lower recoveries noted in younger patients are thought to relate to the higher plasma volume seen in young children relative to older persons [Poon et al. 2002].

In conclusion, rFIX products in general have shown excellent safety and efficacy profiles in patients with hemophilia B. Accumulating data for BAX326 continue to show this pattern, with significant HRQoL benefits and no evidence to date of inhibitor formation, anaphylaxis or specific antibody formation. Ongoing work, such as the continuation study mentioned in this review, will continue to provide further clinical and safety data.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement

J.W. and M.H.S.T. have each received honoraria or research funding from Baxter Healthcare Corporation for conducting the clinical studies included in this review. A.E.H. is an employee of Baxter Healthcare Corporation, the sponsor of these studies.

Funding

Medical writing support for this article was provided by Christopher Dunn and Scott Malkin at Gardiner-Caldwell Communications, Macclesfield, UK. Funding for this support was provided by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Westlake Village, CA, USA.

References

Aznar

Magallón

Querol

Gorina

Tusell

(2000) The orthopaedic status of severe haemophiliacs in Spain. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 6: 170–176.

Baxter Healthcare Corporation (2014), RIXUBIS [Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant)]. Available at: http://www.baxter.com/healthcare_professionals/products/rixubis.html (accessed 27 August 2014).

Berting

Farcet

Kreil

(2010) Virus susceptibility of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and detection of viral contaminations by adventitious agent testing. Biotechnol Bioeng 106: 598–607.

Biss

Chan

Blanchette

Iwenofu

McLimont

Carcao

. (2008) The use of prophylaxis in 2663 children and adults with haemophilia: results of the 2006 Canadian national haemophilia prophylaxis survey. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 14: 923–930.

Björkman

Berntorp

(2001) Pharmacokinetics of coagulation factors: clinical relevance for patients with haemophilia. Clin Pharmacokinet 40: 815–832.

Brooker

(2012) Registry of clotting factor concentrates, 9th edn. Report No. 6. Montreal, Canada: World Federation of Hemophilia.

CDC (2011) Universal data collection (UDC) system. Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dietrich

Schiviz

Hoellriegl

Horling

Benamara

Rottensteiner

. (2013) Preclinical safety and efficacy of a new recombinant FIX drug product for treatment of hemophilia B. Int J Hematol 98: 525–532.

DiMichele

(2007) Inhibitor development in haemophilia B: an orphan disease in need of attention. Br J Haematol 138: 305–315.

10.

DiMichele

(2012) Immune tolerance in haemophilia: the long journey to the fork in the road. Br J Haematol 159: 123–134.

11.

Elander

Barry

(2003) Analgesic use and pain coping among patients with haemophilia. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 9: 202–213.

12.

Ewenstein

Joist

Shapiro

Hofstra

Leissinger

Seremetis

. (2002) Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma-derived and recombinant F IX concentrates in previously treated patients with moderate or severe hemophilia B. Transfusion (Paris) 42: 190–197.

13.

Franchini

Frattini

Crestani

Sissa

Bonfanti

(2013) Treatment of hemophilia B: focus on recombinant factor IX. Biol Targets Ther 7: 33–38.

14.

Furie

Limentani

Rosenfield

(1994) A practical guide to the evaluation and treatment of hemophilia. Blood 84: 3–9.

15.

Giordano

Franchini

Lassandro

Faienza

Valente

Molinari

(2013) Issues in pediatric haemophilia care. Ital J Pediatr 39: 24.

16.

Gray

Tubbs

Thomas

Oates

Boisclair

Kemball-Cook

. (1995) Measurement of activated factor IX in factor IX concentrates: correlation with in vivo thrombogenicity. Thromb Haemost 73: 675–679.

17.

Gringeri

Ewenstein

Reininger

(2014) The burden of bleeding in haemophilia: is one bleed too many? Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 20: 459–463. Jan 29; Epub ahead of print

18.

Key

Negrier

(2007) Coagulation factor concentrates: past, present, and future. Lancet 370: 439–448.

19.

Kim

Choi

Kang

Sung

Sohn

Kim

(2008) Improvement of virus safety of an antihemophilic factor IX by virus filtration process. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18: 1317–1325.

20.

Kim

McMillan

White

Bergman

Horton

Saidi

(1992) Purified factor IX using monoclonal immunoaffinity technique: clinical trials in hemophilia B and comparison to prothrombin complex concentrates. Blood 79: 568–575.

21.

Ludlam

Turner

(2006) Managing the risk of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease by blood products. Br J Haematol 132: 13–24.

22.

Makris

(2009) Is VIII worse than IX? Blood 114: 750–751.

23.

Manco-Johnson

Abshire

Shapiro

Riske

Hacker

Kilcoyne

. (2007) Prophylaxis versus episodic treatment to prevent joint disease in boys with severe hemophilia. N Engl J Med 357: 535–544.

24.

Mann

(1999) Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation. Thromb Haemost 82: 165–174.

25.

Mannucci

Franchini

(2013) Is haemophilia B less severe than haemophilia A? Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 19: 499–502.

26.

Maruish

(2011) User’s Manual for the SF-36v2 Health Survey, 3rd edn. Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric Incorporated.

27.

Matino

Lillicrap

Astermark

Dolan

Kessler

Lambert

. (2014) Switching clotting factor concentrates: considerations in estimating the risk of immunogenicity. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 20: 200–206.

28.

Miners

Sabin

Tolley

Jenkinson

Kind

Lee

(1999) Assessing health-related quality-of-life in individuals with haemophilia. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 5: 378–385.

29.

Molho

Rolland

Lebrun

Dirat

Courpied

Croughs

. (2000) Epidemiological survey of the orthopaedic status of severe haemophilia A and B patients in France. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 6: 23–32.

30.

Negrier

Knobe

Tiede

Giangrande

Moss

(2011) Enhanced pharmacokinetic properties of a glycoPEGylated recombinant factor IX: a first human dose trial in patients with hemophilia B. Blood 118: 2695–2701.

31.

Østergaard

Bjelke

Hansen

Petersen

Pedersen

Elm

. (2011) Prolonged half-life and preserved enzymatic properties of factor IX selectively PEGylated on native N-glycans in the activation peptide. Blood 118: 2333–2341.

32.

Pfizer Inc. (2014), BeneFIX® coagulation factor IX (recombinant). Available at: http://www.pfizerpro.com/hemophilia/BENEFIX-Home (accessed 27 August 2014).

33.

Poon

Lillicrap

Hensman

Card

Scully

(2002) Recombinant factor IX recovery and inhibitor safety: a Canadian post-licensure surveillance study. Thromb Haemost 87: 431–435.

34.

Rezvan

Motallebi

Jalili

Mousavi Hosseini

Pourfathollah

(2006) Safety of blood and plasma derivatives: pathogen reducing technologies. Med J Islam Repub Iran 20: 86–92.

35.

Roth

Kessler

Pasi

Rup

Courter

Tubridy

. (2001) Human recombinant factor IX: safety and efficacy studies in hemophilia B patients previously treated with plasma-derived factor IX concentrates. Blood 98: 3600–3606.

36.

Santagostino

Negrier

Klamroth

Tiede

Pabinger-Fasching

Voigt

. (2012) Safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel recombinant fusion protein linking coagulation factor IX with albumin (rIX-FP) in hemophilia B patients. Blood 120: 2405–2411.

37.

Schulman

Eelde

Holmström

Ståhlberg

Odeberg

Blombäck

(2008) Validation of a composite score for clinical severity of hemophilia. J Thromb Haemost JTH 6: 1113–1121.

38.

Shapiro

Ragni

Valentino

Key

Josephson

Powell

. (2012) Recombinant factor IX-Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) demonstrates safety and prolonged activity in a phase 1/2a study in hemophilia B patients. Blood 119: 666–672.

39.

Solano Trujillo

Stasyshyn

Rusen

Serban

Lamas

Perina

. (2014) Safe switching from a pdFIX (Immunine®) to a rFIX (BAX326). Haemophilia, 20: 674–681.

40.

Srivastava

Brewer

Mauser-Bunschoten

Key

Kitchen

Llinas

. (2013) Guidelines for the management of hemophilia. Haemoph Off J World Fed Hemoph 19: e1-e47.

41.

Therapeutic Goods Administration (2014) Rixubis nonacog gamma, 500 IU, powder and solvent for solution for injection, glass vials. Report No. ARTG 204769. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

42.

Turecek

Auer

Rottensteiner

Schrenk

Hollriegl

Schiviz

Scheiflinger

Schwarz

Muchitsch

(2013) Impact of factor IXa content on function, safety and efficacy of recombinant factor IX products. J Thromb Haemostasis. 11(Suppl. 2): 290–1019.

43.

Urasinski

Stasyshyn

Andreeva

Rusen

Perina

. (2013) Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of a recombinant factor IX (BAX326) in previously-treated pediatric patients <12 years of age with severe or moderately severe hemophilia B. Poster presented at the American Society of Hematology 55th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.

44.

Warrier

Ewenstein

Koerper

Shapiro

Key

DiMichele

. (1997) Factor IX inhibitors and anaphylaxis in hemophilia B. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19: 23–27.

45.

WFH (2013) World Federation of Hemophilia report on the Annual Global Survey 2012. Montreal, Canada: World Federation of Hemophilia.

46.

Windyga

Lin

Epstein

Ito

Xiong

Abbuehl

. (2014a) Improvement in health-related quality of life with recombinant factor IX prophylaxis in severe or moderately severe haemophilia B patients: results from the BAX326 Pivotal Study. Haemophilia 20: 362–368.

47.

Windyga

Lissitchkov

Stasyshyn

Mamonov

Ghandehari

Chapman

. (2014b) Efficacy and safety of a recombinant factor IX (BAX326) in previously treated patients with severe or moderately severe hemophilia B undergoing surgical or other invasive procedures: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled, multicenter, phase III study. Haemophilia 20: 651–658.

48.

Windyga

Lissitchkov

Stasyshyn

Mamonov

Rusen

Lamas

. (2014c) Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of BAX326, a novel recombinant factor IX: a prospective, controlled, multicentre phase I/III study in previously treated patients with severe (FIX level <1%) or moderately severe (FIX level ≤2%) haemophilia B. Haemophilia 20: 15–24.

49.

White

2nd Beebe

Nielsen

(1997) Recombinant factor IX. Thromb Haemost 78: 261–265.

50.

Millar

(2014) Measurement of factor IX activity in plasma-derived and recombinant concentrates: insights from thrombin generation and activation-based assays. J Thromb Haemostasis, 12: 62–70.