As for all the central nervous system (CNS) defects, the severity of eye malformations is related to the time a teratogenic factor occurs: the earlier the insult, the more serious the eye abnormalities are.
Magnetic resonance imaging perfectly depicts most eye defects. Considering that several CNS malformations have been described to occur simultaneously in the case of eye abnormalities, MRI is considered the imaging modality of choice nowadays.
TittarelliRSalvoliniU: Malformazioni congenite: Microftalmia. Ed Mattioli, Fidenza (Pr)1994: 225.
10.
SmaltinoF: Patologia intraoculare: Malformazioni congenite del globo oculare. In: Imaging in Oftalmologia, Ed. Guido Gnocchi, Napoli1994: 65–71.
11.
SmirniotopoulosJGBargalloN: Differential diagnosis of leukokoria: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics14: 1059–1064, 1994.
12.
HaddadRFontRL: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: A clinicopathologic study of 62 cases and review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol23: 123–134, 1978.
13.
KasteSCJenkinsJJIII: Persistent hyperplastic primitive vitreous: Imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Am J Radiol162: 437–440, 1994.
14.
De PotterPFlandersAE: The role of fat suppression technique and gadopentate dimeglumine in magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intraocular tumours and simulating lesions. Arch Ophthalmol112: 340–348, 1994.
15.
ShermanJLMcLeanIW: Coat's disease. CT pathologic correlation in two cases. Radiology146: 77, 1983.
16.
De PotterPShieldsJA: Congenital anomalies. In: MRI of the eye and orbit. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia1995: 119–143.
17.
AlbernazVCastilloM: Imaging in Microphthalmos. International Journal of Neuroradiology2: 522–533, 1996.
18.
GoldenharM: Associations malformatives de l'oleil et de l'oreille, en particulier le syndrome dermoide epibulbaire-appendices auriculaires-fistula auris congenita et ses relations avec la dysostose mandibulo-faciale. J Genet Hum1: 234–282, 1952.
19.
AndersonDR: The development of the trabecular mesh-work and its abnormality in primary infantile glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol79: 458–485, 1981.
20.
GriffithsPDBoodramMB: Abnormal ocular enhancement in Sturge-Weber syndrome: Correlation of ocular MR and CT findings with clinical and intracranial imaging findings. Am J Neuroradiol17: 749–754.
21.
MafeeMFJampolLM: Computed tomography of optic nerve colobomas, morning glory anomaly and colobomatous cyst. Radiol Clin North Am25: 693–699, 1987.
22.
PyhtinenJLindholmEL: Imaging in optic nerve coloboma. Neuroradiology38: 171–174, 1996.
23.
SkarfBHoytCS. Optic nerve hypoplasia in children. Arch Ophthalmol102: 62–67, 1984.
24.
KorchmarosISlzlaayE: Spontaneous opening rate of congenital blocked nasolacrimal ducts. In: YamaguchiM, (ed): Recent advances in the lacrimal system. Asahi, Tokio1980: 30–35.
25.
ManfrèLLombardoF: Mucocele del dotto nasolacrimale. Rivista di Neuroradiologia9: 221–226, 1996.
