La tomografia computerizzata allo xenon è una nuova tecnica per la misurazione dell'irrorazione ematica cerebrale che permette di ottenere immagini ad alta risoluzione indicative e proporzionali alla irrorazione stessa. La tecnica è eseguibile con un apparecchio TC normale, dotato di un dispositivo aggiuntivo apposito utilizzando i dati delle immagini ottenuti per tomografia di trasmissione (TC) relativi all'aumento di densità che interviene nei 5 min successivi all'inalazione del gas xenon. Il dosaggio di 1 gr di acetazolamide (Diamox®) permette di determinare la capacità di riserva cerebrovascolare. Per quanto riguarda i costi di acquisizione di un simile sistema, accessorio del TAC già in uso, la xenon-TC risulta nettamente al di sotto dell'investimento necessario per un impianto importante di medicina nucleare. La risoluzione del quadro di irrorazione ematica è superiore rispetto alla maggior parte delle tecniche di medicina nucleare e si situa nell'ordine di grandezza della risoluzione ottenibile con i più moderni apparecchi PET.
AritakeKSegawaH: Cerebral blood flow study in patients with intracranial tumors by CT with stable Xenon enhancement. In: HartmannAHoyerS: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism measurement. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg1985.
2.
BeckerHHaubitzB: Optimized demonstration of cerebral blood flow with colour coded Xenon CT. In: NadjmiM, (ed): Imaging of brain metabolism, spine and cord, interventional neuroradiology, free communications. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg1989.
3.
BelloJ: Xenon-enhanced CT in partial epilepsy. Int. Conference on stable Xenon CT/CBF. Orlando, FL1990: 23.
4.
CullenSCGrossEG: The anesthetic properties of Xenon in animals and human beings with additional observation on Krypton. Science113: 580–582, 1951.
5.
DrayerBPSidneyW: Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion and blood flow. Stroke9: 123–130, 1978.
6.
GaabMRHollK: Mapping of rCBF and cerebrovascular reserve capacity by stable Xenon CT in cerebrovascular disease: Pathophysiological aspects and effect of operative theraphy. Psychiatry Research29: 309–312, 1989.
7.
GurDGoodWF: In vivo mapping of local cerebral blood flow by Xenon-enhanced computed tomography. Science215: 1267–1268, 1982.
8.
GurDYonasH: Measurement of cerebral blood flow during Xenon inhalation as measured by microspheres method. Stroke16: 871–874, 1985.
9.
GurDYonasH: Simultaneous measurements of cerebral blood flow by the Xenon-CT method and the microsphere method. A Comparison. Radiology20: 672–677, 1985.
10.
HartmannASolymosiL: Tumor blood flow with Xe/CT CBF. Conference on stable Xenon CT/CBF. Orlando FL, 1990: 39.
11.
HaubitzBBergerT: Additional diagnostic information in cerebrovascular patients by Xenon-CT. 17th Int. Congress of Radiology, Paris1989: 1919.
12.
HaubitzBBergerT: Korrelieren Hirndurchblutung und Angiographic bei cerebrovaskulär erkrankten Patienten? In: Hirndurchblutung und zerobrovaskuläre Reservekapazität. Symposium Hannover 1989, Tagungsband. Thieme-Verlag1990, in stampa.
13.
HollKNematiMN: Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency on the Xenon CT scan. Neurosurg Rev12: 205–210, 1989.
14.
HollKNematiMN: Xe-CT, Acetazolamide: Bestimmung der cerebrovaskulären Reseve. In: Hirndurchblutung und zerebrovaskuläre Reservekapazität. Symposium Hannover 1989, Tagungsband. Thieme-Verlag1990, in stampa.
15.
HollKNematiMN: Stable-Xenon-CT: Effects of Xenon inhalation on EEG and cardio-respiratory parameter in the human. Acta Neurochir87: 129–133, 1987.
16.
De JongRHEgerEI: MAC expanded: AD-50 and AD-95 values of common inhalation anesthetics in man. Anesthesiol42: 384–389, 1975.
17.
KetySSSchmidtCF: The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest27: 476–483, 1948.
18.
KirkhamFJPadayacheeTS: Transcranial measurements of blood velocities in the basal cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler ultrasound: Velocity as an index of flow. Ultrasound in Med & Biol12: 15–21, 1986.
19.
KobariMMeyerJS: Cortical and subcortical Hyper-perfusion during migraine and cluster headache measured by Xe CT-CBF. Neuroradiology32: 4–11, 1990.
20.
KreisigTSchmiedekP: 133Xe-DSPECT: Normal-werte von zerebraler Ruhedurchblutung und Reservekapazität. Nuklearmedizin67: 525–534, 1987.
21.
LatchawREBrunbergJ: Correlation of cerebral angiography and cerebral blood flow mapping using the Xenon-CT technique in patients with intra-and extracranial vascular occlusive disease. Radiology153: 142, 1984.
22.
MajewkiAHollK: Die Hirndurchblutung im Xenon-CT. Röntgenpraxis41: 311–318, 1988.
23.
MarionDW: Acute regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with severe head injury. Int Conference on stable Xenon-CT/CBF, Orlando, FL, 1990a.
24.
MarionDW: Determination of cerebral vasoresponsivity to CO2 with Xenon/CT CBF studies following head injury. Int Conference on stable Xenon-CT/CBF, Orlando, FL, 1990b.
25.
MeyerJSKitagawaY: Evaluation of treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg62: 513–521, 1985.
26.
MurphyJP: Cerebrovascular disease. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago1954: 408.
27.
OkabeTMeyerJS: Xenon-enhanced CT CBF measurements in cerebral AVM's before and after excision. J Neurosurg59: 21–31, 1983.
28.
PlougmannJPedersenJAstrupJ: ICP during stabel Xenon inhalation for CT-CBF in severe head injury. Int Conference on stable Xenon-CT/CBF, Orlando, FL, 1990.
29.
RzesaczEHNematiMN: Die Wirkung der Xenon-Inhalation und der Diamox-Stimulation auf das EEG von Patienten. In: Hirndurchblutung und cerebrovaskuläre Reservekapazität. Symposium Hannover, 1989. Thieme-Verlag1990, in stampa.
30.
SclabassiRJLofinkRM: Effect of flow concentration stable Xenon on the EEG power spectrum. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiology67: 340–347, 1987.
31.
SeveringhausJWCotevS: Carbonic acidosis and cerebral vasodilatation after Diamox. Scand J Lab Clin InvestSuppl 102: 1968.
32.
SpetzlerRFWilsonCB: Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough theory. Clin Neurosurg25: 651–672, 1978.
33.
StewardAAllottPR: Solubility coefficients for inhaled anaesthetics for water, oil and biological media. Brit J Anaesth45: 282–293, 1973.
34.
TakeshitaHSakabeT: Effects of anesthetics on cerebral circulation. In: AlturaHalevy (eds): Cardiovascular Actions of Anesthetics and Drugs used in Anesthesia. Karger-Verlag, Basel1986, vol 2: 35–65.
35.
VorstrupSHenriksenLPaulsonOB: Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. J Clin Invest74: 1634–1639, 1984.
36.
WittJPHollK: Validierung der Xenon-CT. Hirndurchblutungsmessung mit Transkranieller Dopplersonographie. In: Hirndurchblutung und cerebrovaskuläre Reservekapazitat. Symposium Hannover, 1989. Thieme-Verlag1990, in stampa.
37.
YonasHGrundyB: Side effects of Xenon inhalation. J Comput Assist Tomogr5: 591–592, 1981.
38.
YonasHSnyderJV: Local cerebral blood flow alterations (Xe-CT method) in an accident victim. J Computer Assisted Tomogr8: 990–991, 1984.
39.
YonasHSekharL: Determination of irreversible ischemia by Xenon-enhanced computed tomographic monitoring of cerebral blood flow in patients with symptomatic vasospasm. Neurosurgery24: 368–372, 1989.
40.
YonasH: Symtomatic vasospasm: Diagnosis and management with Xenon computed tomography cerebral blood flow. Int Conference on stable Xenon-CT/CBF, Orlando FL, 1990.
41.
YonekawaYGotohY: EC-IC bypass as a potent functional collateral circulation. In: SuzukiJ, (Ed): Advances in surgery for cerebral stroke. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg1988.
42.
ZilkhaEKendallBE: Diagnosis of subdural haematoma by computed axial tomography: Use of xenon inhalation for contrast enhancement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat41: 370–373, 1978.
