The potential role of machine learning and deep learning in differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and FTD using imaging biomarkers: A review

Abstract

Introduction

The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has significantly increased, necessitating a deeper understanding of their symptoms, diagnostic processes, and prevention strategies. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are two prominent neurodegenerative conditions that present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping symptoms. To address these challenges, experts utilize a range of imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These techniques facilitate a detailed examination of the manifestations of these diseases. Recent research has demonstrated the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in automating the diagnostic process, generating significant interest in this field.

Materials and Methods

This narrative review aims to compile and analyze articles related to the AI-assisted diagnosis of FTD and AD. We reviewed 31 articles published between 2012 and 2024, with 23 focusing on machine learning techniques and 8 on deep learning techniques. The studies utilized features extracted from both single imaging modalities and multi-modal approaches, and evaluated the performance of various classification models.

Results

Among the machine learning studies, Support Vector Machines (SVM) exhibited the most favorable performance in classifying FTD and AD. In deep learning studies, the ResNet convolutional neural network outperformed other networks.

Conclusion

This review highlights the utility of different imaging modalities as diagnostic aids in distinguishing between FTD and AD. However, it emphasizes the importance of incorporating clinical examinations and patient symptom evaluations to ensure comprehensive and accurate diagnoses.