Anomalies of craniocervical arteries are of medical and surgical importance. These are more detected after the widespread introduction of cranial angiography and more use of neurointerventional procedures. Here we describe the uncommon variations of craniocervical arteries.
QuainR: The anatomy of the arteries of the human body. London, Taylor & Walton1844.
2.
GrayH: Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. Philadelphia, Blanchard & Lea1859.
3.
Tode: Med Chir Biblio (Kopench)10: 408, 1787.
4.
ClarosPBandosRGileaI: Case report: Major congenital anomalies of the internal carotid arteryagenesis, aplasia & hypoplasia. Int J Paediatr Otorhinolaryngol49: 69–76, 1999.
5.
PadgetDH: The development of the cranial arteries in the human embryo. Contrib Embryol Carnegie Inst. 32: 205–261, 1948.
6.
LieTA: Congenital anomalies of the carotid arteries. Amsterdani: Excerpta Medica1968: 35–51.
7.
ElefanteRFucciFGranataF: Agenesis of right ICA with an unusual transsellar intracavernous intercarotid connection. Am J Neuroradiol4: 88–89, 1983.
8.
StaplesGS: Transsellar intracavernous intercarotid collateral artery associated with agenesis of the ICA: Case report. J Neurosurgery50: 393–394, 1979.
9.
SmithRRKeesCJHoggID: Agenesis of ICA with an unusual primitive collateral. Case report. J Neurosurgery37: 460–62, 1972.
10.
PadgetDM: Designation of the embryonic intersegmental arteries in reference to the vertebral artery and subclavian stem. Anat Rec119: 349, 1954.
11.
HaughtonVMRosenbaumAE: The normal and anomalous aortic arch and brachiocephalic arteries. In: NewtonTMPottsDG (eds) Radiology of the skull and brain, vol. 2. Book 2. Mosby, St Louis1974, 1145.
KowadaMYamaguchiKTakahashiH: Fenestration of the vertebral artery with a review of 23 cases in Japan. Radiology103: 343–6, 1972.
14.
WindleWFZeissFRAdamskiMS: Note on case of anomalous right vertebral and subclavian arteries. J Anat62: 512–514, 1928.
15.
PoynterCMW: Arterial anomalies pertaining to the aortic arches and the branches arising from them, Nebr. Univ. Studies16: 229–345, 1916.
16.
GluncicVIvkicGMarinD: Anomalous origin of both vertebral arteries. Clin Anat. 12: 281–4, 1999.
17.
RauchRRauchAKochA: Cervical Origin of the Subclavian Artery as a Specific Marker for Monosomy 22q11. Am J Cardiol89: 481–484, 2002.
18.
KutscheAMVan MieropLHS: Cervical Origin of the Right Subclavian Artery in Aortic Arch Interruption: Pathogenesis and Significance. Am J Cardiol53: 892–895, 1984.
19.
MaybodyMUszynskiMMortonE: Absence of Common Carotid Artery: A Rare Vascular Anomaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol24: 711–713, 2003.
20.
HorowitzMBansalSDasturK: Aortic Arch Origin of the left External Carotid Artery and Type II Proatlantal Fetal Anastomosis. Am J Neuroradiol24: 323–325, 2003.
YoonSMChunYIKwonY: Vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms associated with fenestration: Experience of five cases treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. Surg Neurol. 61: 248–54, 2004.
23.
SaatciICekirgeHSKarcaaltincabaM: Endovascular treatment of kissing aneurysms at the fenestrated basilar artery. Case report with literature review. Surg Neurol. 58: 54–58, 2002.
24.
UchinoASawadaATakaseY: Extreme fenestration of the basilar artery associated with cleft palate, nasopharyngeal mature teratoma, and hypophyseal duplication. Eur Radiol. 12: 2087–90, 2002.
25.
De CaroRSerafiniMTGalliS: Anatomy of segmental duplication in the human basilar artery: Possible site of aneurysm formation. Clin Neuropathol14: 303–309, 1995.
26.
BerryADKepesJJWetzelNM: Segmental duplication of the basilar artery with thrombosis. Stroke119: 256–260, 1988.
27.
KaoCLTsaiKTChangJP: Large extracranial vertebral aneurysm with absent contralateral vertebral artery. Tex Heart Inst J.30: 134–6, 2003.
28.
WoodcockRJCloftHJDionJE: Bilateral type 1 proatlantal arteries with absence of vertebral arteries. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22: 418–20, 2001.
29.
LiechtyJDShieldsTWAnsonBJ: Variations pertaining to the aortic arches and their branches; with comments on surgically important types. Q. Bull. Northwest. Univ. Med. School31: 136–143, 1957.
30.
EpsteinDADebordJR: Abnormalities associated with aberrant right subclavian arteries-a case report. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 36: 297–303, 2002.
CloftHJRazackNKallmesDF: Prevalence of cerebral aneurysms in patients with persistent primitive trigeminal artery. J Neurosurg. 90: 865–7, 1999.
35.
HattoriTKobayashiHInoueS: Persistent primitive trigeminal artery associated with absence of internal carotid artery. Surg Neurol. 50: 352–5, 1998.
36.
JaegerHJMehringUMGisslerHM: Congenital absence of the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery with persistent trigeminal artery associated with coarctation of the aorta. Eur Radiol. 10: 1805–9, 2000.
37.
LasjauniasPDoyonD: The ascending pharyngeal artery and the blood supply of the lower cranial nerves. J Neuroradiol5: 287–301, 1978.
38.
De CaroRParentiAMunariPF: The persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: A rare anatomic variation with frequent clinical implications. Anat Anz177: 193–198, 1995.
39.
ChaljubGGuintoFCJCrowWN: Persistent Hypoglossal Artery: MRI and MRA findings. J Comp Ass Tomog19: 668–671, 1995.
40.
HahnelSHartmannMJansenO: Persistent hypoglossal artery: MRI, MRA and digital subtraction angiography. Neuroradiol43: 767–769, 2001.
41.
KanaiHNagaiHWakabayashiS: A large aneurysm of the persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Neurosurg30: 794–797, 1992.
42.
WagnerAL: Isolated stenosis of a persistent hypoglossal artery visualized at 3D CT angiography. Am J Neurorad22: 1613–1614, 2001.
43.
ShibataYHyodoASaitoA: Large arteriovenous malformation associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery-case report. Neurol Med Chir31: 804–808, 1991.
44.
KatohMKamiyamaHKobayashiN: Severe stenosis of internal carotid artery presenting as loss of consciousness due to presence of primitive hypoglossal artery; case report. Surg Neurol51: 310–312, 1999.
45.
Al-MemarAThrushD: Unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy due to aneurysm of the stump of persistent hypoglossal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64: 405, 1998.
46.
WeltenRJEikelboomBCAckerstaffRG: A persistent hypoglossal artery arising from the external carotid artery. Eur J Vasc Surg. 2: 269–72, 1988.
47.
KuroseKKishiHNishijmaY: Type 2 proatlantal artery associated with a ruptured aneurysm — Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)30: 191–193, 1990.
48.
TsaiFYMahonJWoodruffJV: Congenital absence of bilateral vertebral arteries with occipitobasilar anastomosis, Am J Roentgenol124: 281–186, 1975.
49.
LuiCCLiuYHTsaiCC: Persistence of both proatlantal arteries with absence of vertebral arteries. Neuroradiology29: 304–305, 1987.