Four New Acyclic Diterpenes From Siegesbeckia orientalis

Abstract

Four new acyclic diterpenes, siegetalises A-D (1-4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The effects of the isolated compounds on the activity of xanthine oxidase were evaluated by the oxidative reaction with xanthine as a substrate. At a concentration of 50 µM, compounds 1-4 exhibited xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity at levels of 13.59% ± 0.51%, 19.64% ± 1.54%, 17.45% ± 1.26%, and 21.36% ± 1.40%, respectively.

Keywords

compositae acyclic diterpene siegetalis xanthine oxidase activity

Introduction

The Siegesbeckia genus (Compositae family) comprises about 20 species worldwide. They are distributed in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas of the world and mainly found in Central China, Northern Vietnam, and other South-East Asian countries.^1,2 Three Siegesbeckia species have been popularly used as traditional medicines, S orientalis, S glabrescens, and S pubescens.³ Phytochemical study of the Siegesbeckia genus has, therefore, mostly focused on those three species. Up to date, over 250 compounds have been identified and divided into three main groups, sesquiterpenoids (germacrane, guaiane, and cadinene types), diterpenoids (kaurane and pimarane types), and phenolics (flavone, flavanone, isoflavone, and chalcone).^4-8 The secondary metabolites from Siegebeckia species have been reported having antioxidative, antiallergic, fertility, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities.^6,9 S orientalis L is an annual herb. Its aerial parts are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat hypertension, rheumatic arthritis, malaria, and neurasthenia, along with other topical injuries.¹⁰ In traditional Vietnamese medicine, the aerial parts of S orientalis have been additionally used to treat gout and reducing pain.³ Our previous study revealed benzoate esters from the aerial part of S orientalis as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors.¹¹ Continuing our study of the chemical constituents of S orientalis and their role in the treatment of gout, herein, we describe the identification of four new acyclic diterpenes from S orientalis (Figure 1). Their effects on the activity of xanthine oxidase were evaluated by the oxidative reaction with xanthine as substrate.

Figure 1.

Chemical structures of compounds 1 to 4 isolated from Siegesbeckia orientalis.

Results and Discussion

The aerial parts of S orientalis was ultrasonically extracted with methanol. The crude extract was fractionated by open column chromatography and later purified by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to give compounds 1-4.

Compound 1 was obtained as a white amorphous powder. Its molecular formula was determined to be C₂₀H₃₄O₄ by the quasimolecular ion peaks at m/z 373.2138 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 375.2127 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ (calculated for C₂₀H₃₄O₄Cl, 373.2146 and 375.2116) in the high-resolution electron spray ionization mass spectrum (HRESIMS), indicating four degrees of unsaturation. The ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra of 1 showed signals assigning to four olefinic protons (δ_H 5.53 [1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz], 5.45 [1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz], 5.33 [1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz], and 5.09 [1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz]), three oxygenated methylene groups (δ_H 4.22 [2H, s], 4.08 [2H, s], and 4.06 [2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz]), an oxygenated methine group (δ_H 4.13 [1H, dd, J = 6.5 and 6.0 Hz]), and three singlet methyl groups (δ_H 1.75, 1.72, and 1.63 [each 3H, s]). The ¹³C NMR and HSQC spectra of 1 revealed signals for 20 carbon atoms, including eight olefinic carbons (four quaternary and four tertiary), four oxygenated carbons (three methylenes and one methine), and eight aliphatic carbons (five methylenes and three methyl groups). The presence of four double bonds and four degrees of unsaturation indicated 1 to be an acyclic diterpene. Moreover, the NMR data of 1 were similar to those of 18-acetoxy-12,19-dihydroxy geranyl nerol (1a), except for the lack of signals for the acetyl group.¹² The structure of 1 was further demonstrated by H-H correlation spectroscopy and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) correlations, as shown in Figure 2. The HMBC correlations between H₂-1 (δ_H 4.06)/H₃-20 (δ_H 1.75) and C-2 (δ_C 124.7)/ C-3 (δ_C 139.5) confirmed the locations of a hydroxy group at C-1 and a double bond at C-2/C-3. The HMBC correlations between H₂-19 (δ_H 4.08) and C-6 (δ_C 128.7)/C-7 (δ_C 138.4)/C-8 (δ_C 35.6) confirmed the locations of a hydroxy group at C-19 and a double bond at C-6/C-7. The HMBC correlations between H₂-18 (δ_H 4.22) and C-10 (δ_C 130.8)/ C-11 (δ_C 139.5)/C-12 (δ_C 76.7) confirmed the location of a hydroxy group at C-18, C-12 and a double bond at C-10/C-11. Later, the HMBC correlations between H₃-16 (δ_H 1.63)/H₃-17 (δ_H 1.72) and C-14 (δ_C 120.1)/C-15 (δ_C 134.8) confirmed the double bond at C-14/C-15. The geometric configuration of the double bonds at C-2/C-3 and C-6/C-7 were determined to be 2Z and 6Z by δ_C values of C-20 (δ_C 23.5) and C-19 (δ_C 60.0), respectively, in comparison with the previous reports (2Z: δ_C−20 23.4, 2E: δ_C−20 16.3, 6Z: δ_C−19 60.1, 6E: δ_C−19 67.0, Supplemental Figure 35).^13,14 The geometric pattern of the double bond at C-10/C-11 was deduced to be similar to that of the double bond at C-6/C-7 by the δ_C value of C-18 (δ_C 57.9). However, according to the priority of substituted groups at C-11, the geometric configuration of the double bond at C-10/C-11 was then determined to be 10E. Consequently, compound 1 was determined to be 12,18,19-trihydroxygeranylnerol (1,12,18,19-tetrahydroxyphyta-2Z,6Z,10E,14-tetraene) and named siegetalis A (Figure 1 and Supplemental Figures S1-S9).

Figure 2.

Important HMBC correlations of 1 to 4 and COSY correlations of 1 and 2.

Compound 2 was obtained as a white amorphous powder. Its molecular formula was determined to be C₂₂H₃₈O₇ by the quasimolecular ion peaks at m/z 449.2302 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 451.2292 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ (calcd. for C₂₂H₃₈O₇Cl, 449.2306 and 451.2277) in the HRESIMS (Supplemental Figures S10 and S11), indicating four degrees of unsaturation. As shown in Table 1, the ¹H and ¹³C NMR data of 2 are partially identical to those of 1, indicating that they shared the same structural fragment from C-1 to C-9. The appearance of additional signals corresponding to carbonyl (δ_C 171.3) and methyl groups (δ_C 21.1 and δ_H 2.06) indicated the presence of an acetoxy group in 2. The HMBC correlations between H₂-18 (δ_H 4.72 and 4.65) and C-1′ (δ_C 171.3)/C-10 (δ_C 133.3)/C-11 (δ_C 136.3)/C-12 (δ_C 75.5) demonstrated the location of the acetoxy group at C-18 and a hydroxy group at C-12. On the other hand, HMBC correlations between H₃-16 (δ_H 1.17)/H₃-17 (δ_H 1.21) and C-14 (δ_C 78.5)/C-15 (δ_C 72.6) indicated the presence of hydroxy groups at C-14 and C-15. Thus, the structure of 2 was determined to be 18-acetoxy-1,12,14,15,19-pentahydroxyphyta-2Z,6Z,10E-triene, and named siegetalis B (Figure 1 and Supplemental Figures S10-S18).

Table 1.

¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR Spectroscopic Data for Compounds 1 to 4.

No.	1 (CDCl₃)		2 (CDCl₃)		3 (CDCl₃)		4 (CD₃OD)
No.	δ _C	δ_H (mult., J in Hz)	δ _C ^a,c	δ_H (mult., J in Hz)	δ _C	δ_H (mult., J in Hz)	δ _C	δ_H (mult., J in Hz)
1	58.7	4.06 (d, 7.0)	58.8	4.07 (d, 7.0)	58.8	4.07 (d, 7.0)	64.0	3.55 (dd, 11.5, 7.5) 3.75 (dd, 11.5, 3.5)
2	124.7	5.45 (t, 7.0)	124.8	5.47 (t, 7.0)	124.6	5.46 (t, 7.0)	78.5	3.49 (dd, 7.5, 3.5)
3	139.5	-	139.5	-	139.8	-	74.8	-
4	32.1	2.14 (m)/2.18 (m)	32.0	2.14 (m)/2.18 (m)	32.1	2.14 (m)/2.18 (m)	39.6	1.50 (m)/1.60 (m)
5	26.2	2.18 (m)/2.21 (m)	26.3	2.18 (m)/2.21 (m)	26.4	2.18 (m)/2.21 (m)	22.9	2.20 (m)
6	128.7	5.33 (t, 7.0)	128.3	5.32 (t, 7.0)	129.3	5.33 (t, 7.0)	129.8	5.34 (t, 7.5)
7	138.4	-	138.4	-	138.3	-	139.0	-
8	35.6	2.20 (m)	34.8	2.21 (m)	35.7	2.20 (m)	35.8	2.21 (m)/2.28 (m)
9	26.3	2.25 (m)/2.35 (m)	25.9	2.31 (m)	26.5	2.30 (m)	27.6	2.20 (m)/2.30 (m)
10	130.8	5.53 (t, 7.0)	133.3	5.79 (t. 7.0)	131.5	5.55 (t. 6.5)	134.1	5.73 (t, 6.5)
11	139.5	-	136.3	-	138.3	-	137.3	-
12	76.7	4.13 (dd, 6.5, 6.0)	75.5	4.37 (dd, 9.0, 3.0)	80.4	4.51 (dd, 9.0, 5.5)	75.9	4.07 (t, 6.5)
13	34.9	2.24 (m) 2.38 (m)	36.7	1.62 (m) 1.70 (m)	40.1	2.60 (ddd, 14.0, 9.0, 6.5) 1.98 (ddd, 14.0, 5.5, 2.0)	35.8	2.21 (m) 2.28 (m)
14	120.1	5.09 (t, 7.0)	78.5	3.61 (dd, 10.0, 2.0)	77.9	3.91 (dd, 6.5, 2.0)	121.8	5.14 (t, 6.5)
15	134.8	-	72.6	-	84.2	-	134.1	-
16	18.1	1.63 (s)	24.0	1.17 (s)	24.8	1.17 (s)	18.1	1.64 (s)
17	25.9	1.72 (s)	26.2	1.21 (s)	22.2	1.32 (s)	26.0	1.72 (s)
18	57.9	4.22 (s)	59.7	4.65 (d, 12.5) 4.72 (d, 12.5)	57.5	4.36 (d, 12.5) 4.24 (d, 12.5)	60.5	4.65 (d, 12.5) 4.71 (d, 12.5)
19	60.0	4.08 (s)	60.0	4.10 (s)	60.3	4.08 (s)	59.9	4.14 (s)
20	23.5	1.75 (s)	23.4	1.75 (s)	23.5	1.75 (s)	22.7	1.17 (s)
1′			171.3	-			172.9	-
2′			21.1	2.06 (s)			20.9	2.05 (s)

Compound 3 was obtained as a white amorphous powder. Its molecular formula was determined to be C₂₀H₃₄O₅ by quasimolecular ion peaks at m/z 389.2089 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 389.2075 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ (calcd. for C₂₀H₃₄O₅Cl, 389.2095 and 391.2065) in the HRESIMS (Supplemental Figures S19 and S20), indicating four degrees of unsaturation. Like 1 and 2, the ¹H and ¹³C NMR data of 3 were partially identical to those of 1 and 2 (Table 1, Supplemental Figures S21-S26), indicating that compounds 1-3 shared the same structural fragment from C-1 to C-9. Furthermore, the similar pattern of HMBC correlations between 2 and 3 (Figure 2) demonstrated additional oxygenated carbons at C-12, C-14 and C-15. Although the HMBC spectrum did not clearly show a correlation between H-12 (δ_H 4.51) and C-15 (δ_C 84.2), the downfield movement of δ_C-12 (δ_C 80.4) and δ_C-15 (δ_C 84.2) in comparison with those of 2 (δ_C-12 75.5 and δ_C-15 72.6) suggested the presence of an epoxide bridge between C-12 and C-15. This deduction was consistent with a molecular formula of C₂₂H₃₈O₇, obtained by HRESIMS analysis. The relative configuration between C-12 and C-14 was proposed to be cis by comparison of the δ_C-12 value (δ_C-12 80.4) with those of previous reports (cis [3a]: δ_C-12 80.7 and trans [3b]: δ_C-12 82.2) (Supplemental Figure 36).¹⁵ Because the difference between 80.7 for cis and 82.2 for trans in the literature is small, the substituent is slightly different from that of 3, and the nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy (ROESY) spectra did not give enough data for the relative configuration to be established of the 4′-hydroxy-5′,5′-dimethyltetrahydrofuranyl group,¹⁵ the relative configuration of 3 is still undetermined. Consequently, compound 3 was determined to be 12,15-epoxy-1,14,18,19-tetrahydroxyphyta-2Z,6Z,10E-triene, and named siegetalis C.

Compound 4 was obtained as a white amorphous powder. HRESIMS analysis of 4 showed quasimolecular ion peaks at m/z 449.2300 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 451.2272 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻, which indicated its molecular formula to be C₂₂H₃₈O₇, an isomer of 2 (Supplemental Figures S27 and S28). Different to 2, however (Supplemental Figures S29 and S34) were the HMBC correlations between H₃-16 (δ_H 1.64)/H₃-17 (δ_H 1.72) and C-14 (δ_C 121.8)/C-15 (δ_C 134.1), which indicated the presence of a double bond at C-14/C-15, and the HMBC correlations between H₃-20 (δ_H 1.17)/H₂-1 (δ_H 3.75 and 3.55) and C-2 (δ_C 78.5)/C-3 (δ_C 74.8), which indicated the presence of hydroxy groups at C-2 and C-3. Thus, compound 4 was determined to be 18-acetoxy-1,2,3,12,19-pentahydroxyphyta-6Z,10E,14-triene, and named siegetalis D. The absolute configurations of the secondary hydroxy groups in compounds 1-4 were attempted using a modified Mosher's method.¹⁶ Compounds 1-4 contain, in total, four secondary and primary hydroxy groups in each molecule. Unfortunately, the desired Mosher's ester products of the secondary hydroxy groups were not successfully obtained among the reaction products. Therefore, the absolute configurations of the secondary hydroxy group in compounds 1-4 are undetermined.

Acyclic diterpenes are basic diterpenoids and structurally characterized by dimerization of geranyl and/or neryl groups. Their main backbone is a linear C16 with four double bonds bearing six olefinic methyl groups. A huge diversity of substitutions such as oxygenation at the terminal methyl groups, different patterns of unsaturation, formation of an epoxy ring, and geometric isomerization of double bonds leads to high stereochemical diversity of acyclic diterpenes. Acyclic diterpenes were reported to be the largest natural product class from lipophilic extracts of seaweed, with numerous biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antitubercular, and anticancer.¹⁷ A few geranylnerol-type acyclic diterpenes have been previously isolated from S orientalis.¹⁸

The raw materials of S orientalis have been used in traditional medicines to treat gout. Thus, compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their effect on xanthine oxidase activity, an important enzyme causing gout. The assay was carried out based on the oxidative reaction of xanthine to uric acid in the presence of xanthine oxidase as a catalyst. At a concentration of 50 µM, compounds 1-4 weakly inhibited xanthine oxidase activity with inhibitory percentages of 13.59% ± 0.51%, 19.64% ± 1.54%, 17.45% ± 1.26%, and 21.36% ± 1.40%. Allopurinol (6.25 µM) was used as a positive control with an inhibitory rate of 80.2% ± 4.8%.

Material and Methods

General Experimental Procedures

Optical rotation was measured on a Jasco P-2000 polarimeter, HRESIMS on an Agilent 6530 Accurate Mass Quadrupole Time of Flight (Q-TOF) system, and NMR spectra on a Bruker Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer. Preparative HPLC was acquired on an Agilent 1260 Infinity II system equipped with a YMC J′sphere ODS-H80 (20 × 250 mm, 4 µm) HPLC column. Flash column chromatography was performed using either silica gel or reversed phase (RP-18) resins as adsorbent. Thin layer chromatography was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ and/or RP-18 F_254S plates.

Plant Material

The plant samples were collected at Hoa Binh province in February 2020. The scientific name of the plant was determined to be S orientalis L. (Compositae) by Dr Nguyen The Cuong (Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, VAST). A voucher specimen (code: NCCT-P88) is kept at the Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST.

Extraction and Isolation

Aerial parts of S orientalis were air dried and pulverized into fine powder. The sample material (9 kg) was extracted with methanol in an ultrasonic bath, three times (20 L of methanol and 60 min at room temperature each time). After removal of the solvent in vacuo, the dark residue (250 g) was suspended in water and successively extracted with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The EtOAc extract was roughly fractionated by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient solvent system of dichloromethane/methanol (40/1→0/1, v/v) to obtain four fractions, E1-E4. Fraction E1 was continuously separated on a RP-18 column eluting with methanol/water (2/1,v/v) to obtain three subfractions, E1.1-E1.3. Subfraction E1.2 was purified by preparative HPLC with acetonitrile (ACN)/water (25/75, v/v) to give compound 2 (12.0 mg, t_R 32.3). Sub-fraction E1.3 was purified by preparative HPLC using ACN/water (45/55, v/v) to give compound 1 (10.0 mg, t_R 29.1). Fraction E2 was first chromatographed on a silica gel column with dichloromethane/acetone (3/1, v/v) and then further purified by preparative HPLC using ACN/water (25/75, v/v) to yield compound 3 (9.0 mg, t_R 47.6). Fraction E4 was subjected to silica gel column chromatography eluting with dichloromethane/acetone (1/1. v/v) to yield three fractions, E4.1-E4.3. Fraction E4.1 was purified by preparative HPLC using ACN/water (30/70, v/v) to yield compound 4 (20 mg, t_R 55.4).

Siegetalis A ( 1 )

White amorphous powder, $[α]_{D}^{25}$ : −44.1 (c 0.1, MeOH); infrared spectrum (IR) (KBr): ν_max 3404, 2956, 2890, 1622 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 373.2138 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 375.2127 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ (calculated for C₂₀H₃₄O₄Cl, 373.2146 and 375.2116); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) data are given in the Table 1.

Siegetalis B ( 2 )

White amorphous powder, $[α]_{D}^{25}$ : +31.5 (c 0.1, MeOH); IR (KBr): ν_max 3410, 2970, 2892, 1705, 1628, 1180 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 449.2302 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 451.2292 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ (calcd. for C₂₂H₃₈O₇Cl, 449.2306 and 451.2277); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) data are given in Table 1.

Siegetalis C ( 3 )

White amorphous powder, $[α]_{D}^{25}$ : +54.0 (c 0.1, MeOH); IR (KBr): ν_max 3400, 2968, 2883, 1624, 1184 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 389.2089 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 389.2075 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ (calcd. for C₂₀H₃₄O₅Cl, 389.2095 and 391.2065); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) data are given in Table 1.

Siegetalis D ( 4 )

White amorphous powder, $[α]_{D}^{25}$ : −62.7 (c 0.1, MeOH; IR [KBr]: ν_max 3406, 2988, 1708, 1618, 1192 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 449.2300 [M + ³⁵Cl]⁻ and m/z 451.2272 [M + ³⁷Cl]⁻ [calcd. for C₂₂H₃₈O₇Cl, 449.2306 and 451.2277]; ¹H NMR [CD₃OD, 500 MHz] and ¹³C NMR [CD₃OD, 125 MHz] data are given in Table 1.

Xanthine Oxidase Assay

Compounds 1-4 and allopurinol were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at a concentration of 10 mM and diluted with buffer to the required concentrations. The xanthine oxidase activity assay was performed using xanthine as the substrate, as previously described.^19,20 In brief, 100 µL solution of xanthine oxidase (0.03 U/mL) in phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5) was mixed with 50 µL solution of samples (200 µM) in a 96-well plate. The plate was incubated for 5 min at 37°C and then the reaction was initiated by adding 50 µL of a solution of xanthine (0.60 mM) to each well. The absorbance of the reaction mixture at 295 nm was recorded every minute for 10 consecutive minutes by microplate reader (Infinite 200Pro, Tecan Group Ltd). For comparison, 50 µL of buffer solution and allopurinol (25 µM) were used as a vehicle and positive control, respectively. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was deduced by the difference in absorbance between samples and vehicle wells [(A_vehicle− A_sample)/A_vehicle].

Conclusions

Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of S orientalis revealed four new acyclic diterpenes, 1,12,18,19-tetrahydroxyphyta-2Z,6Z,10E,14-tetraene (siegetalis A, 1), 18-acetoxy-1,12,14,15, 19-pentahydroxyphyta-2Z,6Z,10E-triene (siegetalis B, 2), 12,15-epoxy-1,14,18,19-tetrahydroxyphyta-2Z,6Z,10E-triene (siegetalis C, 3), and 18-acetoxy-1,2,3,12,19-pentahydroxy phyta-6Z,10E,14-triene (siegetalis D, 4). At a concentration of 50 µM, compounds 1-4 exhibited weak xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with inhibitory rates in the range of 13.59% ± 0.51% to 21.36% ± 1.40%.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X211056140 - Supplemental material for Four New Acyclic Diterpenes From Siegesbeckia orientalis

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X211056140 for Four New Acyclic Diterpenes From Siegesbeckia orientalis by Do Thi Trang, Phan Thi Thanh Huong, Nguyen Thi Cuc and Duong Thi Dung, Bui Thi Thu Trang, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Bui Huu Tai, Phan Van Kiem in Natural Product Communications

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (grant number ĐLTE00.07/20-21).

Author Contributions

BH Tai and PV Kiem contributed to research idea; DT Trang, PTT Huong, NT Cuc, DT Dung contributed to isolation; BH Tai, BTT Trang, NX Nhiem, PV Kiem contributed to structure elucidation and writing.

Ethical Approval

Our institution does not require ethical approval for reporting individual cases or case series.

ORCID iD

Phan Van Kiem

Statement of Human and Animal Rights

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Statement of Informed Consent

There are no human subjects in this article and informed consent is not applicable.

Trial Registration

Not applicable, because this article does not contain any clinical trials.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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